• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.207-207
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• 2017

The proso millet is vulnerable to lodging due to high plant height and shallow root. A lodging results in a hard mechanical harvesting and yield loss. One of solutions on this problem is inhibition of internode elongation. The objective of this study was to set up use time and dose of prohexadium-calcium, is growth inhibitor. The experimental variety was Ibaekchal. The experiment design was a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments were as follow: Main-plots were 25 and 35 day after sowing(DAS) as use time and sub-plots were 0%, 50%, 100%(diluted solution of 1000 times, $1000{\ell}\;ha^{-1}$), 150% as dose. The amount of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilization were 90, 70, $80kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. The size of high ridge and plant spacing were $90{\times}30cm$ and $60{\times}15cm$, respectively. Proso millet was sown on June 9, 2016 by hands and was adjusted at 2 plant per hill. The growth survey of vegetative growth stage was conducted at 1 day before treatment and with one week interval after treatment. Data were collected: (1) grain yield: weight of grain in $kg\;ha^{-1}$, (2) 1000 grain weight: average weight of 1000 grain, (3) plant height: distance from soil to top of panicle or leaf in cm, (4) ear length: distance from top of stem to top of ear in cm, (5) stem diameter: diameter of second internode (6) degree of lodging: percentage of lodging area, etc. Analyses of variance were performed using R version 3.3.1(https://www. r- project. org). The Duncan's multiple range test(DMR) was used to separate treatment means at P < 0.05. There was a significant difference in plant height and number of stem among the use time and dose of prohexadium-calcium during vegetative growth stage. At 25 DAS, the difference with no treatment increased until 25 day after treatment and decreased since then. The difference in number of stem increased until 18 day and decreased since 25 day. At 35 DAS, the difference with no treatment in plant height and number of stem increased until 22 day after treatment and decreased since then. We assumed that the effect of prohexadium-calcium was inhibition of internode elongation and promotion of tillering, continued untel 25day after treatment. At 25 DAS, the degree of lodging deceased to 100%, 30%, 10% and 0% as dose increased. At 35 DAS, the degree of lodging decreased to 100%, 20%, 0% and 0% as dose increased. At 25 DAS, the yield was 2910, 2710, 3190, $2310kg\;ha^{-1}$ among dose. At 35 DAS, the yield was 2750, 2630, 2220, $2050kg\;ha^{-1}$. We recommend that the optimum use time and dose of prohexadium-calcium for proso millet is 1000 times diluted solution of $1000{\ell}$ per ha at 25 day after sowing.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제28권
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• pp.2.1-2.7
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• 2013

Objectives Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the toxic potential of phosphate compounds in the aquatic environment. Methods An aquatic toxicity test of phosphate was conducted, and its physico-chemical properties were obtained from a database recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance manual. An ecotoxicity test using fish, Daphnia, and algae was conducted by the good laboratory practice facility according to the OECD TG guidelines for testing of chemicals, to secure reliable data. Results The results of the ecotoxicity tests of tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are as follows: In an acute toxicity test with Oryzias latipes, 96 hr 50% lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was >100 (measured:>2.14) mg/L and >100 (measured: >13.5) mg/L, respectively. In the Daphnia test, 48 hr 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) was >100 (measured: >5.35) mg/L and >100 (measured: >2.9) mg/L, respectively. In a growth inhibition test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 hr $EC_{50}$ was >100 (measured: >1.56) mg/L and >100 (measured: >4.4) mg/L, respectively. Conclusions Based on the results of the ecotoxicity test of phosphate using fish, Daphnia, and algae, $L(E)C_{50}$ was above 100 mg/L (nominal), indicating no toxicity. In general, the total phosphorus concentration including phosphate in rivers and lakes reaches levels of several ppm, suggesting that phosphate has no toxic effects. However, excessive inflow of phosphate into aquatic ecosystems has the potential to cause eutrophication due to algal growth.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.400-404
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• 2011

홍화는 예로부터 '사람의 건강에 도움이 된다'고 해서 '잇꽃'으로 불려져 왔으며 동의보감에서는 꽃잎이 홍색을 나타내기 때문에 홍화(紅花)로 소개되어 있다. 예로부터 홍화는 꽃잎을 압착후 정제된 색소를 이용하여 옷감에 천연색소를 입히는 염료와 연지의 재료로 사용되기도 하였다. 현대에 와서는 홍화의 주성분인 폴리페놀 화합물(Polyphenol cocktail) 성분이 건강식품업계에서 항노화 및 항산화물질로 알려지면서 관심의 대상이 되고 있다. 금번연구에서는 홍화의 주성분인 폴리페놀 화합물이 청소년기 혹은 장년기에서도 고민거리가 되고 있는 여드름균의 생성을 억제시킬 수 있는 항균, 항염효능이 있음을 DDT(Disk Diffusion Test) assay, MTT assay, NF-${\kappa}$B Luciferase activity inhibition assay의 in vitro법으로 확인하고 더불어 인체안면에 대한 임상시험에 사용할 세안화장품 제형의 화장비누 시제품을 제조하여 여드름피부의 개선 효과가 있음을 시험하고자 한다. 또한 이번 연구는 여드름용 화장비누 개발에 진일보하여 약용화장품 산업의 발전에 기여할 것임을 확신한다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.81-86
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• 1999

소프트 콘택트렌즈는 HEMA(Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate)를 재질로 하여 사용하기 시작하여 현재는 실리콘을 이용한 재질까지 발달하고 있다. 본 연구는 국내에서 유통되는 7개 회사의 콘택트렌즈 재질에 대한 세포독성과 보존 용액의 세포독성을 평가하기 위해 시행하였다. 수집된 콘택트렌즈를 $121^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 동안 용출한 용액과 렌즈 보존용액을 배양 생쥐 섬유모세포와 각막 상피세포에 25% 농도로 48시간 동안 처리하여 세포증식 저해 정도를 조사하였다. 렌즈의 용출액은 세포독성이 없었으나 보존용액 중 3개회사 제품에서 세포증식 저해가 나타났다. 본 연구는 렌즈의 재질이나 보존용액에 대한 독성평가의 중요한 지침으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2012

Various nanomaterials may flow into the aquatic ecosystem via production, use, and treatment processes. Especially, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were categorized as manufactured nanomaterials presented by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (OECD WPMN) in 2010. AuNPs have been used in medical area, however, they were reported to induce cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage, as well as down-regulation of the DNA repair gene in mice and human cell lines. In this study, the aquatic toxicity data of AuNPs and gold ions were collected, with the specific test methods analyzed with respect to the form and size of AuNPs, test species, exposure duration, and endpoints. Currently, aquatic toxicity data of AuNPs and gold ions have been presented in 14 studies including 4 fish, 6 crustacean, 2 green algae, and 2 macrophytes studies, as well as a further 8 studies including 4 fish, 4 crustacean, 1 platyhelminthes, and 1 green algae, respectively. The AuNPs were 0.8-100 nm in size, as gold nanoparticles, gold nanorod, glycodendrimer-coated gold nanoparticles, and amine-coated gold nanoparticles. The tested endpoints were the individual toxicities, such as mortality, malformation, reproduction inhibition, growth inhibition and genetic toxicity such as oxidative stress, gene expression, and reactive oxygen species formation. The accumulation of AuNPs was also confirmed in the various receptor organs. These results are expected to be useful in understanding the aquatic toxicity of AuNPs and gold ions, as well as being applicable to future toxicity studies on AuNPs.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.42-48
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of metabolites produced form Streptomyces rimosus in controlling the growth of sapwood - inhabiting fungi. In order to carry out this task, the following specific fungi were tested : sapstain fungi - Ceratocystis pilifera, Ceratocystis piceae, and Aureobasidium pullulans ; mold fungi - Trichoderma hazianum, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium cirtrinum, and Aspergillus niger. Based on the tests, the following observations can be drawn. 1. The conidial germination of sapstain and mold fungi was completely inhibited leaving a clear zone around the paper disc treated with metabolites. The best inhibition was observed in A. pullulans plate and the least in T. viride. 2. Concentration of SB medium for the production of metabolites from St, rimosus affected antifungal activity of metabolites against sapwood - inhabiting fungi. Metabolites prepared from 1/3${\times}$SB medium showed the best activity and the least activity was observed in metabolites form 1/4${\times}$medium. 3. in vivo and in vitro test using wood blocks, treatment of pine sapwood blocks with metabolites also inhibited conidial germination and thus prevented discoloration. 4. Treatment with metabolites did not change the macroscopic structure of wood and did not cause the discoloration of the surface of wood by pigments produced form St. rimosus. In conclusion the results of this study indicate that antifungal metabloites of St, rimosus could be used for the biological control of sapstain and mold fungi.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.82-86
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• 1992

복숭아로부터 polyphenoloxidase를 추출하여 polyphenol 화합물인 caffeic acid, hydroxyhydroquinone, homocatechol 그리고 pyrogallol과 반응시켜 얻어진 4종류의 효소적 갈변반응 생성물의 생리작용을 검토한 결과 rec-assay와 돌연변이원성시험에서 돌연변이원성을 나타내지 않았다. 4종류의 시료모두 S-9Mix를 첨가한 돌연변이원성 억제활성 실험에서 B(a)p, Trp-P-1의 변이물질에 대한 Ca-PEBRP와 HCa-PEBRP가 80% 이상의 강한 돌연변이원성 억제활성을 나타내었음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 rec-assay에서도 강한 대조구인 MMC와 MNNG에 대해 Py-PEBRP경우 생육저지대차를 17 mm에서 5 mm로 감소시켜 돌연변이 억제활성이 있는 것으로 나타났고, Hca-PEBRP, HHQ-PEBRP 그리고 Py-PEBRP에 $Zn^{2+}$의 첨가로 생육저지대의 차가 5 mm로써 DNA 손상에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2021

The effects of various feeding ratios on the growth, body composition, and blood chemistry of the juvenile mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri (initial body weight 9.6 g) were examined in recirculating freshwater system equipped with 21, 300 L tanks at 20 fish per tank. The triplicate groups of seven feeding ratios treatments were prepared: 100% (control), 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, and 70% of satiation. The feed amount of control group was determined by supplying with apparent satiation and then the feed amounts of the other six feeding groups were determined based on the feed amount of the control group. Fish were hand-fed with test diet (55.4% crude protein) for 10 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of fish fed to 100% satiation were not significantly (p > 0.05) different from those of fish fed to ≥ 80% satiation but were significantly higher than those of fish fed to 75% and 70% satiation. Feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and protein retention of 100% satiation were not significantly different from those of 95% and 90% satiation but were significantly (p <0.05) lower than ≤ 85% satiation. Condition factor, hepatosomatic index, and coefficient variation were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by feeding ratio. Whole body composition and contents of hematocrit, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glucose, total protein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in blood serum were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by the feeding ratio; however, content of total cholesterol tended to decrease as the feeding ratio decreased. Using broken-line analysis of WG, it was suggested that the optimum feeding ratio of juvenile mandarin fish, ranging from 9.0 g to 37.0 g, appeared to be 87.7% of satiation without growth inhibition.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.163-176
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• 1995

Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride(TCC) reduction test is simple and sensitive to some residual antibiotics (especially to penicillin) in milk, but comparatively insensible to sulfo-namides. The volumn of sample is also large. Thus this study was undertaken to increase the detectable level of sulfonamides in raw milk. In this study, we used small transparent plastic hole and pulp disc instead of 10m1 test tube and made test medium in which was added 0.08%TTC, 0.3% agar, 10% skim milk, approximately $10^6$ CFU/ml streptococcus thermophilus and 5ppm Trimethoprim to enhance the sensitivity for sulfonamides The results of TCC reduction test by disc plate method were summarized as follows : 1. sensitivity to residual sulfonamides were much higher than official TCC reduction test. Detectable limites of sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, sulfathiazole, sulfachloropy-ridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamononethoxine, sulfadiazine and sulfaquinoxaline were 0.1-0.5ppm levels. 2. Detectable limites to some antibiotics were simillar or good than that of official method as 0.005-0.1ppm to three ${\beta}$ -lactams, 0.25-0.5ppm to one macrolide, 2-10ppm to three aminoglycosides, 0.2-0.5ppm to three tetracycline, 0.1-0.5ppm to chloramphenicol. 3. Only 0.1ml of milk was needed to test and the test medium could be stored appnoximatly 7days in the refrigerator. So test procedure was convenient than offcial method. 4. These results suggest that disc plate method is more useful to detect bacterial growth inhibition substances including sulfonamides in raw milk.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.403-408
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• 2002

마가목 잎, 수피, 열매 추출물의 Spore-rec assay와 Ames test에 의한 항돌연변이 활성탐색 결과, 추출물 모두 돌연변이원성을 나타내지 않았으며 열매와 수피의 에탄올 추출물에서 MNNC에 대하여 높은 항돌연변이원성을 나타내었다. 인간 암세포주를 이용한 항암효과 실험은 먼저 정상간세포인 WRL68에 대한 세포독성효과를 검토한 결과, 0.75mg/ml 이하의 농도에서 수피의 물 추출물을 제외하고는 모두 20% 이하의 낮은 세포독성을 나타내어 추출물 자체의 세포 독성은 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 인간 폐암세포(A549), 유방암세포(MCF7), 간암세포(HepG2)에 대한 세포독성 결과, 수피의 에탄올 추출물이 폐암세포주인 A549에 대하여 1.0 mg/ml의 농도에서 94%의 가장 높은 암세포 생육억제능을 나타내었으며, 0.75mg/ml 이상의 농도에서 65%이상의 생육억제 활성을 나타내었다. 유방암세포주인 MCF7에 대하여서는 0.75mg/ml 이상의 농토에서 58%이상의 생육억제능을 나타내었으며, 열매의 에탄올 추출물이 1.0mg/ml의 농도에서 91%의 생육을 억제하였다. 간암세포주인 HepG2에 대하여서는 수피와 열매의 추출물들이 0.75mg/ml 이상의 농도에서 56%이상의 생육억제활성을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과로부터 마가목 잎, 열매, 수피 추출물들은 시료자체의 독성은 낮은 반면 항돌연변이원성 및 암 세포주에 대한 생육억제활성이 높아 앞으로 이들 추출물을 이용한 기능성 식품소재로의 이용 가능성이 높을 것으로 사료된다.