• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 1992

The effect of various supplies of lead singly and in combination with aluminium on growth and chlorophyll biosynthesis was investigated in 7-day-old Vigna anguluris seedlings. Expose to 50 $\mu$N Pb or more drastically reduced root elongation rate. Significant depressions in root growth was observed within 1 day and no recovery of growth was seen over the duration of treatment period. Root elongation decreased depending on the Pb concentrations. Root growth inhibition was stronger than shoot growth inhibition. The initiation of lateral roots appeared to be more sensitive to Pb than the growth of main roots. Inhibition of root and shoot elongation by Pb was lessened by combined exposure of Pb and Al, suggesting that the presence of AA reverse the inhibitory effect of Pb alone. With the histochemical sodium rhodizonate method the rate of Pb uptake was dependent on the Pb concentration and exposure time of the roots to Pb salts. Pb was first deposited on the root surface and then translocated radially in the root cap cells. During a longer Pb administration (up to 72 h) Pb penetration was nonuniform, with accumulation within the cortex or endodermis. There was drastic reduction in chlorophyll content by Pb. The Pb inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis was concentration dependent. 5-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity exhibited distinct inhibition from control. Reduction in chlorophyll content was accompanied by proportional changes in ALAD activity. Chlorophyll content and ALAD activity were less affected by combined exposure of Pb and Al, suggesting that Al has a protective effect against the inhibiting action of Pb on photosynthetic activity.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 1997

The effect of various supplies of lead singly and in combination with aluminium on growth and chlorophyll biosynthesis was investigated in 7-day-old Vigna angularis seedlings. Expose to 50 uM Pb or more drastically reduced root elongation rate. Significant depressions in root growth was observed within 1 day and no recovery of growth was seen over the duration of treatment period. Root elongation decreased depending on the Pb concentrations. Root growth inhibition was stronger than shoot growth inhibition. The initiation of lateral roots appeared to be more sensitive to Pb than the growth of main roots. Inhibition of root and shoot elongation by Pb was lessened by combined exposure of Pb and Al, suggesting that the presence of Al reverse the inhibitory effect of Pb alone. With the histochemical sodium rhodizonate method the rate of Pb uptake was dependent on the Pb concentration and exposure time of the roots to Pb salts. Pb was first deposited on the root surface and then translocated radially in the root cap cells. During a longer Pb administration (up to 72 h) Pb penetration was nonuniform, with accumulation within the cortex or endodermis. There was drastic reduction in chlorophyll content by Pb. The Pb inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis was concentration dependent. $\delta-Aminolevulinic$ acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity exhibited distinct inhibition from control. Reduction in chlorophyll content was accompanied by proportional changes in ALAD activity. Chlorophyll content and ALAD activity were less affected by combined exposure of Pb and Al, suggesting that Al has a protective effect against the inhibiting action of Pb on photosynthetic activity.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.349-366
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• 1994

The method of treatment in skeletal Class III malocclusion must be chosen according to an etiology and timing of the treatment. Maxillry protraction has been used as an effective treatment method in growing children with maxillary deficiency. The efficacy of maxillary protraction has been viewed as a result of downward-backward displacement of mandible and compensatory dental displacement during the treatment rather than forward -downward growth of maxilla itself. In this study, 104 subjects treated with maxllary protraction, and 19 males and 21 females with known annual growth amount have been chosen longitudinally as treated group and normal group, respectively. And changes in position of maxilla, mandible and dentition have been comparatively analyzed on the lateral cephalometric radiographs by age. The results were as follows : 1. Treated group showed more forward movement of maxilla compare to the normal group and the mandible displaced backward compare to the normal group. 2. Downward movement of maxilla in treated group was similar to that of normal group with statistical signigicance in female 12 year old group and downward movement of mandible in treated group was similar to that of normal group. 3. In treated group, maxillary central incisor moved more forward than the normal group with statistical significance in male 8, 10 year-old groups and female 8, 9, 10 year-old groups. In treated group, downward movement of maxillary central incisor was similar to that of the normal group with statistical significance in male and female 7,8 year-old groups. Considering the above results and the duration of the treatment, the forward movement of maxilla due to maxillary protraction was effective compared to normal growth amount of the normal group.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.49-57
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• 2017

This is a convergence study about influences of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on children growth. For this explanatory survey research, data were collected with medical record of 112 children with malignant and hematological diseases received HSCT from February to March, 2009. To analyze the growth after HSCT, mixed-effects model was used. The mean SDS of height and weight were negative values in HSCT. The mean value of SDS were significantly lower in autologous HSCT group by height(p=0.0008) and weight(p= 0.0012). Significant factors on changes of SDS of height growth were age at HSCT(p=0.0251), autologous HSCT(p=0.0020) and total dose of steroid in allogeneic HSCT (p=0.0403) and age at HSCT(p=0.0042), autologous HSCT(p=0.0035), and duration of TPN(p=0.0159) for weight growth. According to the results, we must learn to recognize the predicting growth impairment after HSCT in children. regarding nursing interventions should be conducted in the care of these children.

• Journal of Interdisciplinary Genomics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.35-38
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• 2022

Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disease associated with growth impairment, severe obesity and metabolic dysfunctions. High proportion of PWS patients are born small for gestational age (SGA) than normal children, which also increase the risk of growth impairment and metabolic dysfunction in PWS. We aimed to compare growth outcome and metabolic profiles between SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) PWS patients. Methods: Data of 55 PWS children and adults aged more than 2 years old (32 male and 23 female, age 2-18.8 years) from single center were studied. Only patients who were treated with GH were included. The clinical characteristics and laboratory findings were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Among 55 subjects, 39 had 15q11-13 deletion and 16 had uniparental disomy (UPD). Twenty (36.3%) were born SGA. All patients received GH treatment, and 11 (20%) discontinued GH treatment. Mean age at GH treatment initiation was 2.5 (range 0.3-12.4) years, and mean duration of treatment was 6.3 (range 1.0-11.3) years. Current height-SDS (-0.36 vs -0.16) and BMI-SDS (1.44 vs 1.33) did not differ between AGA and SGA group. Two patients in SGA group, but none in AGA group had diabetes mellitus. Mean glucose level was also higher in SGA group (100.1 vs 114.4 mg/dL). Conclusion: Our report gives an overview of growth profile and metabolic dysfunctions recorded in GH treated PWS patients. Growth profile did not differ between AGA and SGA group. Glucose level was higher in SGA group, so more careful monitoring and prevention for DM will be required in SGA group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.381-387
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• 1996

An experiment was carried out for 12 weeks to study the feeding behaviour, growth and carcass characteristics of cross-bred goats. Nine bucks with an average live weight of $18.02{\pm}0.9kg$ were allocated in a completely randomized block design arrangement, consisting of three feeding regimes and three blocks. The feeding regimes consisted of 100% natural grass (Treatment A), 100% gliricidia leaf (Treatment B) and 100% ficus leaf (Treatment C). Frequency of turning-over and sniffing the feed and duration and frequency of ruminating, defaecating, and urination of goats in treatment B were longer, while duration of masticating and jaw movement of chewing one bolus was shorter than those of goats in treatments C and A (p < 0.05). Furthermore, goats in treatment B gained more live weight, consumed more feed, consumed less water and was more efficient in utilizing the feed than goats in treatments C or A (p < 0.05). The dressing percentage, carcass length and carcass fat of goats in treatment B were higher and their bone percentages were lower than those in treatments C and A (p < 0.05). There is an indication that feeding gliricidia and ficus leaves during the dry season could not only increase the body weight and improve carcass quality of the goat but also save water for household needs.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.86-92
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• 1992

Green buckwheat seedlings have been used as a pollution free vegetable and medicinal crop for a long time. Some of the reasons are the rapid growth rate, the high protein and rutincontent, and a more favorable ratio of leaf to stem than mature plants. Off-crop season cultivation techniques were developed for growing the young and green buckwheat vegetable of higher quality and yield, and for its increased value-added income. The effects of planting season, seeding rate, seed bed soil fertility and type, and seedling growth period on yield and rutin content were determined for vegetable and medicinal use. The young vegetable yields. in the off season culture ranged from 2.62t/ha to 22.7t /ha. The highest vegetable yield was 22.7t /ha for 25 days old seedlings grown in the polyethylene film tunnel from March 30 to April 25, 1991 where seedling rate was 360kg /ha. Buckwheat vegetable quality and income were dependent upon planting season, seeding rate, growing duration and temperature, and facilities of raising seedlings. Protein content of buck-wheat seedlings was from 21.5% to 17.2%. Rutin content of the vegetable was 53.9～31.7mg /100g for the whole plant in average. The protein and rutin content was significantly varied due to the different environmental conditions including fertility and type of seed bed soil, growing duration, temperature of the green house, and polyethylene film house and tunnel.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.5 s.112
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• pp.83-93
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• 2005

Research was initiated to investigate turf performance under USGA soil system. USGA system 45 centimeters deep was built with rootzone layer, intermediate layer, and drainage layer. Six turfgrass entries were comprised of 3 blends and 3 mixtures from cool-season grasses (CSG). Turfgrass color and quality ratings were best in spring and fall, especially early May to early July and late August to early November. Kentucky bluegrass (KB) consistently produced the greatest performance, while perennial ryegrass (PR) the poorest. Intermediate turf performance between KB and PR was observed with tall fescue (TF). Among CSG mixtures it increased with KB but decreased with PR. There were considerable variations in summer turf Performance. No summer drought injury was found in KB and TF. However, PR showed poor performance through summer as compared with others. Among mixtures, it decreased with PR. It was suggested that PR mix in less than $20\%$ in the mixtures to have an acceptable quality in summer. Cultural intensity also affected it. With lowering mowing height, KB of rhizomatous-type in growth habit kept good quality, while PR and TF with bunch-type in growth habit poor quality. Mowing quality was greatly different among CSG. KB produced clean-cut surface, but PR unclean one. If had an intermediate mowing quality between KB and PR. A great difference in green color retention was observed among CSG. The longest CSG was PR that kept green for 339 days, while the shortest one TF for 267 days. KB continued to keep green for 290 days. The mixtures kept green in color for 292 to 315 days, depending on turfgrass mixing intensity. The greater the PR in content, the longer the green color duration. These results demonstrate that KB was the best and PR the worst among CSG grown in USGA system under a domestic climate, in regards of turf quality, color, mowing quality, summer turf performance and green color duration. KB and TF are most adequate for high-maintenance and low-maintenance area, respectively. In case of mixtures for high-quality turf, it was desirable to use KB-based mixture with PR of below $20\%$ in seeding rate.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 1987

Germination and seedling length of soybean seeds (cultivar: Williams) with and without polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG) treatments were measured following preconditioning at two temperatures (15 and 30$^{\circ}C$) and two moisture levels 〔low (30 percent) and high (50 percent seed water content)〕 for 0, 2, 4, or 8 days. A split-split plot in time was used with four replications. Observations were made after two days of germination at 30$^{\circ}C$ Seedling growth accelerated with two days of preconditioning at 30$^{\circ}C$, but was reduced as preconditioning duration increased up to eight days at the same temperature. PEG treated preconditioned seeds exhibited reduced moisture uptake and seedling growth. Preconditioning at a high moisture level increased seedling moisture content and also increased seedling length until four days of preconditioning duration. Seedling dry weight decreased when preconditioning temperature was 30$^{\circ}C$ and when the high moisture level of preconditioning was continued for eight days.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2016

Background: Knowledge on microclimate conditions under artificial shades in a ginseng field would facilitate climate-aware management of ginseng production. Methods: Weather data were measured under the shade and outside the shade at two fields located in Gochang-gun and Jeongeup-si, Korea, in 2011 and 2012 seasons to assess temperature and humidity conditions under the shade. An empirical approach was developed and validated for the estimation of leaf wetness duration (LWD) using weather measurements outside the shade as inputs to the model. Results: Air temperature and relative humidity were similar between under the shade and outside the shade. For example, temperature conditions favorable for ginseng growth, e.g., between $8^{\circ}C$ and $27^{\circ}C$, occurred slightly less frequently in hours during night times under the shade (91%) than outside (92%). Humidity conditions favorable for development of a foliar disease, e.g., relative humidity > 70%, occurred slightly more frequently under the shade (84%) than outside (82%). Effectiveness of correction schemes to an empirical LWD model differed by rainfall conditions for the estimation of LWD under the shade using weather measurements outside the shade as inputs to the model. During dew eligible days, a correction scheme to an empirical LWD model was slightly effective (10%) in reducing estimation errors under the shade. However, another correction approach during rainfall eligible days reduced errors of LWD estimation by 17%. Conclusion: Weather measurements outside the shade and LWD estimates derived from these measurements would be useful as inputs for decision support systems to predict ginseng growth and disease development.