• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.120-132
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• 1984

In order to clarify the effect of the fish meat hydrolysate on the growth of lactic acid bacteria(Str. lactis, Str. thermophibus, L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, and L. helveticus), the optimum conditions for hydrolyzing the fish meat were examined, and changes of the acid production, viable cell count of lactic acid bacteria and the charge of pH of the culture medium by addition of the fish meat hydrolysate were tested. The results were as follows: 1. When the hydrolysis of back muscle of mackerel was proceeded at $50^{\circ}C$ and at pH 8, for 48 hours adding 6% pancreatin of the protein content in the substrate, the best result was obtained. 2. The composition of the fish meat hydrolysate were 53.6% moisture, 32.4% protein, 1.0% fat, 10.7% carbohydrate, and 3.2% ash. 3. Above 0.1% of the fish meat hydrolysate in the culture medium, the acidity of the culture medium by Sir. lactis and Str. thermophilus were increased remarkably. The acidity of the culture medium by L. acidophilus and L. helveticus were increased in above 0.2% fish meat hydrolysate in the culture medium. but L. bulgaricus was not effected by the fish meat hydrolysate. 4. The pH of the culture medium during incubating Str. laclis and Sir. thermophilus failed obviously by adding the fish meat hydrolysate. But in the cases of L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, and L. helveticus, the pH were not changed clearly. 5. The viable cell count in all bacterial strains tested here were elevated by increasing the concentration of the fish meat hydrolysate.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2006

The objective of this research was to know useful genetic characteristics for breeding program of corn. These materials were inbreds after selfing of six or eight generations and had useful genetic informations. The emergence of Danyang Waxy Corn was faster than those of other inbred lines at 2~3 days in field conditions. The plant height of Dangyang Waxy Corn was the highest at 8 days after emergence. However the plant height of New Dangjin was the shortest with 6.25cm at 8 days after emergence, the fresh weight of New Dangjin was 0.046g at 2 days after emergence but that of Dangyang was the heaviest with 0.180g. The fresh weight of 9 inbred lines had more increments in 2 days after emergence. The mean values of dry weight also showed similar trends in 9 inbred lines. The shoot dry weight of inbred lines, Dangyang and New Dangjin was 0.045g and 0.018g at 8 days after emergence, respectively. The root length of inbred line, Dangyang, was the longest with 64.4cm at 8 days after emergence. But the root length of New Dangjin was the shortest with 20.4cm at 8 days after emergence. The fresh weight of endosperm was 0.35g at 2 days after emergence and 0.26g at 8 days after emergence in Dangyang Waxy Corn, because of reduced nutrition of endosperm.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.757-767
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• 1995

This experiment was done to determine the optimum concentration of IAA for root development in plants regenerated from the callus culture of barley embryos. Two concentrations of 2,4-D, 3ppm and 5ppm selected as an optimum among five different concentrations in the previous experiment were used for callus induction and proliferation in this experiment. For callus induction, 3ppm of 2,4-D produced 35.6% in immature embryos and 4.4% in mature embryos, while 5ppm gave 33.8% in immature and 5.6% in mature embryos. Out of 320 immature embryos cultured, 111 embryos were induced to calli and 684 plants were produced from them, while only 16 embryos were induced to calli from 320 mature embryos and 92 plants were restored. The rates of callusing and plant regeneration were 34.7%, 214% in immature embryos and 5.0%, 28.7% in mature embryos, respectively. The average root lengths and root numbers of plants restored from callus at five different IAA concentrations of 0ppm, Ippm, 5ppm, l0ppm and 30ppm were 7.9mm, 3.6; 18.4mm, 5.2; 16.1mm, 3.9; 8.5mm, 3.5 and 6.4mm, 3.4, while plants directly obtained from mature embryos were 14.8mm, 4.9; 4.9mm, 3.6; 4.3mm, 3.1; 3.6mm, 2.6 and 3.2mm, 2.1, respectively. Therefore, 1ppm gave the best result for the root. promotion in callus, whle 0ppm, a control, gave the largest root developmemt in embryos. High concentration of lAA(30ppm) in callus and any exogeneous supplement of lAA in embryos negatively affected to the root lengths and root numbers. Genotypic effect was also observed in given four varieties, Bruce, Klages, Olbori and Albori. For chromosome doubling, when 0.1% colchicine was applied on 428 plants under three different conditions such as air circulation, temperatures and growth stages, 319 plants of doubled haploids were obtained so that the rate was 74.5%

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.459-469
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• 2015

The effects of elevated spring temperatures on the growth and fruit quality of the mandarin hybrid 'Shiranuhi' [(Citrus unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis) ${\times}$ C. reticulata] were investigated in plastic greenhouses, to develop a cropping system to improve the quality of the fruit and increase the income of growers on Jeju Island, South Korea. Under conditions of elevated temperature I ($25/15^{\circ}C$, day/night) and elevated temperature II ($28/18^{\circ}C$, day/night) during early spring, budburst was advanced by 11 and 15 d, and full bloom by 22 and 45 d, respectively, compared to those of the plants grown at ambient air temperature in a plastic greenhouse. Elevated temperatures decreased the number of spring shoots but increased mean spring shoot length and leaf area. Growing 'Shiranuhi' trees at elevated temperatures resulted in increases in mean fruit weight and fruit L/D ratio (> 1.0). In addition, fruit color development was significantly advanced in trees grown under elevated temperatures during early spring, which allowed the fruit to be harvested 1-2 months earlier than trees grown under ambient air temperature. Fruit soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) at harvest were similar between elevated temperature I and ambient air temperature, but were significantly higher than at elevated temperature II. Considering fruit quality, harvest time, and yield, the elevated temperature treatment regime of $25/15^{\circ}C$ (day/night) during early spring could be useful for cultivation of the mandarin hybrid 'Shiranuhi' to increase the income of growers.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop an efficient mass propagation method for the mature $Prunus$ $yedoensis$ Matsumura (43 to 58 years old). Cutting was conducted depending on cutting time, auxin treatments (IBA and NAA treatments mixed with talc powder), and cuttings position on shoots in a plastic house equipped with a fog system without heating. Rooted cuttings were transplanted to a nursery bed, and their growth characteristics were investigated in order to check whether the cuttings are successful or not for roadside tree planting. The average rooting rate was highly significant ($P$ < 0.0001) in all treatments: cutting on June 1st (61.4%) was more than two times greater in rooting rate than that on August 1st (23.6%); IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (90.8%) and IBA 500 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (89.2%) showed much greater rooting rates than those of the other treatments; upper part of the cuttings treated with IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ showed the highest rooting rate, 96.7%. The interactions among treatments in the average rooting rate were also significant. There were significant differences ($P$ < 0.0001) among the auxin treatments in the survival rate of leafed cuttings transplanted to a nursery bed. The average survival rate was 46.5%, and IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment was the highest in leafed cuttings 79.2%, but most of leafless cuttings were dead. There were significant differences ($P$ < 0.0001) among the cuttings, grafts, and in the seedlings height, diameter at root collar, the number of roots, branches, and leaves, etc., and the cuttings was the best. We can expect a possibility of mass propagation of improved $P.$ $yedoensis$ Matsumura and a high planting survival rate through the transplanting of cuttings to a nursery bed in which the cuttings should be the following conditions: cutting in June to July, use of the upper part of cuttings, IBA treatment, and rooting in August in a cutting-greenhouse equipped with a fog system.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.509-518
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heat shock treatments on the phytochemicals including antioxidants and anticancer materials in kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) sprouts. In study I, kale sprouts grown under the growing system for four days were soaked at 40, 50, or $60^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 10, 30, or 60 seconds, and in study II, kale sprouts were soaked at $50^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 10, 20, 30, 45, or 60 seconds. After the heat shock treatments, the sprouts were transferred into normal growing conditions and recovered there for two days. Fresh and dry weights, electrolyte leakage, total phenolic concentration, antioxidant capacity, total flavonoid concentration, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, and glucosinolates content of the sprouts were measured before and after the heat shock treatments. As a result, there was a significant decrease in the fresh and dry weight of kale sprouts treated with heat shock compared with control at harvest in study I. Especially, heat shock at $60^{\circ}C$ lead to more pronounced growth inhibition compared with heat treatments at 40 and $50^{\circ}C$. Electrolyte leakage by cell collapse was the highest in the sprouts exposed to $60^{\circ}C$ distilled water, which agreed with the growth results. Heat shock at $50^{\circ}C$ significantly induced the accumulation of phenolic compounds. In study II, fresh weight of kale sprouts at $50^{\circ}C$ heat shock showed a significant decrease compared with the control at one and two days after the treatment. However, the decrease was minimal and dry weight of kale sprouts was not significantly different from that in control. In contrast, the heat shock-treated kale sprouts had higher level of total phenolic concentration than control at harvest. Heat shock treatments at $50^{\circ}C$ for 20 seconds or more showed at least 1.5 and 1.2 times higher total phenolic concentration and antioxidants capacity than control, respectively. The change of the total flavonoid concentration was similar with that of antioxidants. PAL activity after 24 hours of heat shock was higher in all the heat shock-treated sprouts than that in control suggesting heat shock may stimulate secondary metabolic pathway in kale sprouts. Seven glucosinolates were identified in kale sprouts and soaking the sprouts with $50^{\circ}C$ water for 20 seconds had a pronounced impact on the accumulation of total glucosinolates as well as two major glucosinolates, progoitrin and sinigrin, at harvest. In conclusion, this study suggests that heat shock using hot water would be a potential strategy to improve nutritional quality of kale sprouts by inducing the accumulation of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anticancer properties.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2009

Background: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the major catechin in green tea, and has shown antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, antimetastatic and cell cycle pertubation activity in various tumor models. Hypoxia can be induced because angiogenesis is insufficient for highly proliferating cancer. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1$\alpha$ (HIF-1$\alpha$) and its downstream target, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are important for angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. The aim of this study was to determine how hypoxia could cause changes in the cellular phenomena and microenvironment in a non-small cell culture system and to examine the effects of EGCG on a HIF-1$\alpha$ and VEGF in A549 cell line. Methods: A549 cells, a non-small cell lung cancer cell line, were cultured with DMEM and 10% fetal bovine serum. A decrease in oxygen tension was induced using a hypoxia microchamber and a $CO_2-N_2$ gas mixture. Gas analysis and a MTT assay were performed. The A549 cells were treated with EGCG (0, 12.5, 25, 50 ${\mu}mol/L$), and then examined by real-time-PCR analysis of HIF-1$\alpha$, VEGF, and $\beta$-actin mRNA. Results: Hypoxia reduced the proliferation of A549 cells from normoxic conditions. EGCG inhibited HIF-1$\alpha$ transcription in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Compared to HIF-1$\alpha$, VEGF was not inhibited by EGCG. Conclusion: HIF-1$\alpha$ can be inhibited by EGCG. This suggests that targeting HIF-1$\alpha$ with a EGCG treatment may have therapeutic potential in non-small cell lung cancers.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of elevated temperatures on the growth and physiological responses of peach 'Mihong' (Prunus persica). We simulated three different temperature conditions in the sunlight phytotron rooms from April 25 to July 5, 2019; Control (average temperature in normal years in Jeonju city), +3.4℃ treatment (expecting temperature in mid-21st century), +5.7℃ treatment (expecting temperature in late 21st century). The shoot numbers and lengths were increased while the temperature was increased, but the leaf areas were not statistically different. The harvest dates were July 1, June 24 and 21 at the control, +3.4℃, and +5.7℃, respectively. The fruit weights were increased at +3.4℃ but decreased at +5.7℃ compared to the control. The tree yield was the highest in the +3.4℃ (2,898g), followed by the control (2,746g) and the +5.7℃ (2,404g). These are related to the result that the average of maximum photosynthesis rate at 3.4℃ (14.93μmol·CO₂·m^-2·s^-1) was higher than those at the control (13.79μmol·CO₂·m^-2·s^-1) and +5.7℃ (13.20μmol·CO₂·m^-2·s^-1) from mid-May to early June, the fruit growing season. Also, the stomatal densities were higher at the +3.4℃ (229ea/㎟), compared to the control (181ea/㎟). The rate of floral bud differentiation affecting the yield in the following year was the lowest at the +5.7℃. These results suggest that a temperature elevated to 3.4℃ in the future may give a positive effect on the yield and quality of peach 'Mihong' while a temperature elevated above 5.7℃ may affect negatively.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2004

Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is one of the most widely cultivated and important edible mushrooms in the world. In order to study the developmental process of P. ostreatus and its regulatory mechanism, a new culturing method needs to be established for inducing the fruiting body and sporulation in the laboratory. In this study, we have examined whether the fruiting body of P. ostreatus can be formed on the plastic petri dish which are commonly used for cell culture in the laboratory. The strain was cultured on $60{\times}15mm$ plastic petri dish with potato dextrose agar media at $28^{\circ}C$ for mycelial growth and then at $18^{\circ}C$ for the formation of primordia and fruiting bodies within plant growth chamber. The development of primordia into fruiting bodies was achieved on cultured dishes under air ventilation. At the primordia stage, the normal formation of fruiting body was blocked by sealing the plastic dish with parafilm. The periods requiring for the formation of primordia and fruiting bodies were examined on the dish culture. About 96% and 76% of cultured samples formed primordia and fruiting bodies under the optimal conditions during ten weeks of culture, respectively. These culturing periods, however, were changed by the mechanical injury treatment to mycelia. As other factors affecting the fruiting body formation, the effects of light and cold shock have been tested. No fruiting formation was observed on the cultured dishes under the dark. The cold shock treatment by storing cultured dishes for one day at $4^{\circ}C$ did not have any significant effects in the fruiting body formation. Spores of fruiting bodies acquired from the petri dishes could be germinated on culture media at $28^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus can be formed on the experimental petri dish and this dish-culturing method is useful for understanding of the developmental process of P. ostreatus in the laboratory. Furthermore, the dish-culturing method is able to shorten the life cycle of P. ostreatus without requiring large area and expensive device.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.4-18
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• 1969

This experiment was conducted, making use of the "NONG-RlM 6", a recommended variety of rice for year of 1968. Main purposes of the experiment are to explore possibilities of: a) ways and means of saving irrigation water and, b) overcoming drought at the same time so that an increased yield in rice could be resulted in. Specifically, it was tried to determine the effects of the circulation irrigation method combined with differentiated thickness of lining upon the growth and yield of rice. Some of the major findings are summarized in the following. 1) The different thicknesses show a significant relationship with the weight of 1,000 grains. In the case of 9cm-lined plot, the grain weight is 23.5 grams, the heaviest. Next in order are 3cm-lined plot, 6cm-lined plot, control plot, and wheat straw lined-plot. 2) In rice yield, it is found that there is a considerably moderate significant relationship with both the different thickness of lining and the number of irrigation, as shown in the table. 3) There is little or no difference among different plots in terms of a) physical and chemical properties of solid, b) quality of irrigation water, c) climatic conditions, and rainfalls. 4) It is found that there is a significant relationship between differences in the method of rotation irrigation and the number of ears per hill. The plot irrigated at an interval of 7 days shows 17.4 ears and the plot irrigated at an interval of 6 days, 16.3. 5) In vinyl-treated plots, it is shown that both yield and component element are greatest in the case of the plot with hole of 3$cm/m^2$. Next in order are; the plot with a hole of 2$cm/m^2$; the plot with a hole of 1$cm/m^2$. In the case of the plot with no hole, it is found that both yield and component elements are decreased as compared to the control plot. 6) The irrigation water requirement is measured for the actual irrigation days of 72 which are the number subtracted the days of rainfall of 30 from the total irrigation days of 102. It is found that the irrigation water requirement for the un control plot is 1,590 mm, as compared to 876 mm (44.9% saved) for the 9cm-lined plot, 959mm(39.7% saved) for the 6cm-lined plot, 1,010mm (36% saved) for the 3cm-lined plot, and 1,082mm (32% saved) for the wheat straw lined plot. In the case of the rotation irrigation method, it is found that the water requirement for the plot irrigated at an interval of 8 days is 538mm (65.3% saved), as compared to 617mm (61.1% saved) for the plot irrigated at an interval of 7 days, 672mm (57.7% saved) for the plot irrigated at an interval of 6 days, 746mm (53.0% saved) for the plot irrigated at an interval of 5 days, 890mm (44.0% saved) for to plot irrigated at an interval of 4 days, and 975mm (38.6% saved) for the plot irrigated at an interval of 3 days. 7) The rate of evapo-transpiration is found 2.8 around the end of the month of July, as compared to 2.6 at the begining of August, 3.4 around the end of August, and 2.6 at the begining of September. 8) It is found that the saturaton quantity of 30 mm per day is decreased to 20mm per day through the use of vinyl covering. 9) The husking rate shows 75 per cent which is considered better.