• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.20-29
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• 2006

Modeling urban climate caused by land use conversion is critical for human welfare and sustainable development, but has hampered because detailed information on urban characteristics is hard to obtain. With the advantage of satellite observations and the new statistical boundary system, this paper measures the economic and environmental effects of green area loss due to land use conversion in urban areas. To perform this purpose, data were collected from the various sources basic statistical unit data from the National Statistical Office, digital maps from the National Geographic Information Institute, satellite images, and field surveys when necessary. All data (maps and attributes) are built into the geographic information system (GIS). This paper also utilizes Landsat TM 5 imagery of Daegu city to derive vegetation index and to measure average surface temperature. The satellite data were examined using standard image processing software, ERDAS IMAGINE, and the results of the digital processing were presented with ARCVIEW(v.3.3). SAS package was used to perform statistical analyses. This study presents that there exists a strong relationship between land use change and climatic change as well as land price change. Based on results of the analysis, this paper suggests that planners should implement effective tools and policies of urban growth management to detect environmental quality and to make right decisions on policies concerning smart urban growth.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2017

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of vacuum, 60% $N_2/40%$ $CO_2$, 100% $N_2$ and 100% $CO_2$ were examined to preserve fried fish cakes and extend their shelf life. When product packages in air were stored at 5, 10, and $15^{\circ}C$ with measurement in quality attributes, aerobic bacterial growth was found to be primary quality factor to determine the shelf life of the product. Huang's model was adopted to obtain the parameters for use in shelf life determination for a variety of packaging and storage conditions. Temperature dependence expressed in Arrhenius equation showed activation energies of 139.4 and 41.8 kJ/mol for inverse of lag time and growth rate of the microbial spoilage, respectively. MAP of 100% $CO_2$ could double the product shelf life at $10^{\circ}C$ compared to air package. High $CO_2$ concentration MAP at low temperature was found to be effective to prolong the shelf life.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.454-462
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• 2014

This study was carried out to determine the effect of tree height on light transmission, spray penetration, tree growth performance, fruit quality attributes, and labor productivity in the slender-spindle system of 'Hongro'/M.9 apple trees. With increasing tree height, the light penetration into the internal parts of the canopy decreased, especially in the lower canopy. Leaf area index (LAI) increased with increasing tree height, thereby leading to a reduction in the extent of spray penetration into the interior of the canopy. With increasing tree height, shoot growth was more vigorous but produced slender shoots in the upper canopy compared to the lower canopy. Although the soluble solid content and coloration of fruit decreased, there was no difference in fruit firmness and acidity. In addition, the number of final fruit set increased, although the production of large fruit (> 305 g) decreased. The increase in tree height also significantly increased the labor required for practices such as thinning of flowers and fruits, pruning, and harvesting. Nevertheless, this problem of increased in labor input in taller trees would was eased by use of a mechanical lift. Utilizing a lift for thinning the flowers of trees 4.5 m in height saved 14.6 min per tree, compared to the use of ladder. Therefore, it is highly considerable that in order to enhance light transmission and fruit coloration, light conditions should be improved in the internal tree canopy of slender-spindle systems.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2003

As part of studies on the high quality dunggule tea, made of Polygonatum odoratum root with different growth year were analyzed for their flavor compounds. The quality attributes related to flavors were compared between raw and roasted samples which were treated at $130^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. Free sugars in the roots were mainly composed of fructose ($3.59{\sim}4.83%,\;d.b.$), sucrose ($1.78{\sim}2.49%$), and glucose ($1.60{\sim}1.80%$). Threonine ($1,239{\sim}1,444\;mg/100g,\;d.b.$), arginine ($589{\sim}689$), histidine ($289{\sim}370$) were three major free amino acids. The root grown for three years showed the highest content in total free sugar and amino acids (p<0.05). There was negligible difference in proximate composition and Hunter's color parameter depending on the growth year of the roots. However, sensory scores on color, taste and aroma were highest in 3 years' root, which is found most suitable for the preparation of dunggule tea. The roasting of 3 years old root significantly reduced the content of fructose and sucrose (p<0.01). It caused most apparent changes in the decreasing amount of threonine and in the decreasing rate of lysine, showing the significant decrease in total free amino acid content (p<0.01).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2019

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the plane of nutrition (PN) for growing-finishing pigs on growth performance and meat quality in summer. One hundred and two barrows and 102 gilts weighing approximately 44 kg were placed on a high-, medium-, or low-plane grower diet (HPG, MPG, or LPG) with ME and lysine concentrations ranging from 3.33 to 3.40 Mcal/kg and 0.93% to 1.15%, respectively, for 29 days in 6 replicates (pens) in total. Pigs from each grower pen were divided into two finisher pens and provided with a high-plane finisher diet (HPF) containing 3.40 Mcal ME and 9.5 g lysine/kg and a low-plane finisher diet (LPF; 3.25 Mcal ME and 8 g lysine/kg), respectively, up to approximately 110 kg, and slaughtered. Growth performance of the pigs, including average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed ratio, was not influenced by the grower-phase PN during any of the grower phase, a 31-d finisher phase I, and ensuing phase II. However, both the ADG and gain:feed ratio were greater (p < 0.05) for the HPF group than for the LPF group during the finisher phase I (748 vs. 653 g with SEM = 13 g and 0.333 vs. 0.299 with SEM = 0.008, respectively). The ADG, but not gain:feed ratio, was greater for the HPF group vs. LPF during the finisher phase II (673 vs. 623 g with SEM = 15 g for ADG and 0.322 vs. 0.323 with SEM = 0.005 for the gain:feed ratio). The carcass backfat thickness (BFT) was greater for the LPF group vs. HPF within the pigs which had been placed on LPG during the grower phase, but not within the pigs from the HPG or MPG group. Physicochemical characteristics of the longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) and sensory quality attributes of fresh and cooked LM were not influenced by either the grower-phase or finisher-phase PN. In conclusion, high PN is necessary for finishing pigs during the hot season to minimize the reduced rate of weight gain and also to prevent the increase of BFT that could result from low PN.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.91-124
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• 2009

With the intensity of competition and the standardization of technical attributes in telecommunications service market increasing, differentiated activity and customer experience in service encounter is regarded as an important means for creating customer value, however, there is a dearth of good literature examining what MOT activity is composed of according to consumption chain, and how service quality of MOT has influenced customer performance. Especially there exist various services across different phase of Product life cycle(PLC) in household telecommunication service market, customer requirement for MOT might depend on whether its phase is introduction-growth stage or maturity-decline stage, the empirical study is completely lacking. This study classified household telecommunication services into two types by PLC, VOIP and IPTV as Introduction-growth stage services, Internet and PSTN as maturity-decline stage service, and investigated whether there exists a gap between service types in how consumer have experienced MOT, what they consider as important and the relative importance of quality dimension how service quality of MOT has influence on consumer performance. The empirical result from 858 participants shows that there is a difference in consumer experience and requirements across different phases of the PLC, tangibles and assurance are regarded as the most important service quality factors which have a positive influence on customer performance (consumer satisfaction, repurchase intention and word of mouth) at the introduction-growth stage, whereas, reliability, empathy and interactivity are at the maturity-decline stage. Finally, managerial implication is made, limitation is clarified and a direction for further studies is suggested.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.528-536
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• 2016

This study was conducted to examine the effect of 0.4% of $CaCl_2$, $2H_2O$, $1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of Calmodulin (CaM)-SH, 250-folds of coating agent (WE-36), 1,000-folds of $GA_{4+7}+BA$ and 3 types of paper bagging treatments on russet incidence and fruit quality attributes of 'Gamhong' apple. The pattern of russet occurrence was slightly different for 4 years (from 2012 to 2015) in 'Gamhong' apple. The russet occurrence was lowest in $GA_{4+7}+BA$ treatment at 20 days after full bloom (DAFB), compared with other treatments. The $GA_{4+7}+BA$ treatment increased fruit weight at 20 DAFB, while the other fruit quality attributes were not influenced. The russet occurrence was lower not only in a single bag application than in untreated ones but also in yellow bagging and discolored bagging applications than in a white bagging application. The russet occurrence in a bagging application was lower at 20 DAFB than at 30 and 40 DAFB, while fruit quality attributes were not affected by bagging applications. The russet incidence was lower in $GA_{4+7}+BA$ twice treatments at 20 and 30 DAFB, and calcium coated bag at 30 DAFB after $GA_{4+7}+BA$ treatment at 20 DAFB than in untreated fruit. The rate of russet incidence was lowest at equator region in $GA_{4+7}+BA$ treatment, compared with the other fruit regions. Overall, the results suggest that one and/or two applications of $GA_{4+7}+BA$ (1,000-folds) treatment at 20 DAFB should reduce the risk of russet incidence in 'Gamhong' fruit.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2015

This study was conducted to obtain a growth correlation of basal information from the development of disease resistant Flammulina velutipes cultivars through back-crossing between the strains of wild-type brown monokaryon 4019-20 and the derivative of commercial quality white monokaryons 3. The two strains were selected to back-cross for further enhancing their latent attributes and growth characteristics. The parents of 4019-$20{\times}M3$ back-crossed to reproduce $F_1$, M3-Sn. Using $F_1$, M3-Sn procured and isolated into 94 monokaryon strains. Further examination of growth characteristics carried out by back-crossing between M3 and $BC_1F_1$ from M3-n dikaryon. Monokaryon exhibited an irregular growth pattern and demonstrated to be sluggish development in the sawdust medium. However $BC_1F_1$(M3-n) dikaryon strains confirmed mostly regular growth pattern and demonstrated ordinary growth in the sawdust medium. The fruitbody of $BC_1F_1$ confirmed as light-brown colour to be the dominant gene. The colour distributions of fruitbody, $BC_1F_1$, resulted as follows; 7% of dark brown, 25% of brown, 27% of light brown, 16% of ivory and 25% of white. The ratio of the other color to white showed 3 to 1 which suggested two major genes were related to fruitbody color.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.543-550
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• 2005

Demand for better services in the Internet has been increasing due to the rapid growth of the Internet, and hence next generation routers are required to perform intelligent packet classification. For a given classifier defining packet attributes or contents, packet classification is the process of identifying the highest priority rule to which a packet conforms. A notable characteristic of real classifiers is that a packet matches only a small number of distinct source-destination prefix pairs. Therefore, a lot of schemes have been proposed to filter rules based on source and destination prefix pairs. However, most of the schemes are based on sequential one-dimensional searches using trio which requires huge memory. In this paper, we proposea memory-efficient two-dimensional search scheme using source and destination prefix pairs. By constructing binary prefix tree, source prefix search and destination prefix search are simultaneously performed in a binary tree. Moreover, the proposed two-dimensional binary prefix tree does not include any empty internal nodes, and hence memory waste of previous trio-based structures is completely eliminated.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.2503-2508
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• 2013

Single-person households in the Seoul Metropolitan Area have increased sharply during recent 20-30 years. Despite of decreasing in the total population, the number of single-person household is predicted to increase continuously. However, the effect of single-person household growth on the domestic transport sector has not been studied concretely. In this study, the differences on trip generation characteristics by household size and attributes were figured out by analyzing Seoul Metropolitan Area Household Travel Behavior Survey (SMA-HTBS). Firstly, trip generation rates (trips/day/person) were produced by household attribute, household member attribute and trip attribute based on SMA-HTBS. Secondly, trip generation rate of single-person household and that of multi-person (2 or more) household were compared by significance test. It was found that trips generation characteristics of single-person household is quite different from those of multi-person household by housing type, residential type, living area, and transport mode. The result of this paper is expected to contribute developing more sophisticated trip generation model and transport policy reflecting trip generation characteristics of single-person household.