Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) fungi naturally colonise American ginseng roots and this relationship is highly beneficial to enhance plant productivity. Our goal was to determine the effect of adding two Glomus species (Glomus etuticatum, G. intraradices) on survival, photosynthetic capacity, growth, morphology and root ginsenoside content of one-year-old American ginseng plants grown in a broadleaf forest. While our study revealed that VAM inoculations significantly affected root morphology and Re ginsenoside content, the survival, photosynthetic capacity and root growth of American ginseng plants were not significantly influenced by VAM inoculations. Surface area and volume of rootlets were 16-25% higher for ginseng grown in VAM-inoculated soil compared to those grown in the control plots. Also, Re ginsenoside content was 18 % higher in YAM-inoculated roots compared to controls.
Pinus thunbergii plantations in Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, are of low ecological quality, with arrested succession and a high proportion of ruderal species. To improve the quality of the habitat, we created canopy gaps ($\sim42\;m^2$) and monitored changes in abiotic (light availability, canopy openness) and biotic (survival and growth of seedlings and understory communities) variables in 2007 and 2008 in plots that had received one of five types of treatment: cutting of canopy trees and removal of the understory (CU), cutting of canopy trees only (C), girdling of canopy trees and removal of the understory (GU), girdling of canopy trees (G) or control. Each treatment was applied to three replicate plots. Abiotic variables did not significantly differ among treatments. Survival rates of target species were slightly lower in the CU, G and control conditions. Based on logistic regression analysis, the only significant growth factor affecting survival was height growth. Positive effects of seedling height and leaf area growth on survival were also detected, but did not reach statistical significance. In treatment G, gradual improvement of overstory conditions and mitigation of competition by limitation of disturbance to the understory community were likely to have promoted seedling growth. There were no significant effects of gap treatments on changes in species abundance (cover and richness) and composition of understory between the study years. This result implies that the small gaps created in our study may be below the threshold size to affect understory growth. However, the results of this study are based on a short-term investigation of only two years. Long-term research is strongly recommended to clarify the effects of gap treatment on plant communities in afforested areas.
This study was conducted to investigate effects of soil amendments on survival rate and growth of seedlings in a semi-arid region, Mongolia. 2-year-old Populus sibirica and Ulmus pumila seedlings were planted in alkaline sandy soils and treated with 2 levels of nitrogen, elemental sulfur, artificial moisture retention and converted loess. After 4 months, the seedling survival rate of both species decreased as the amount of nitrogen increased. Nitrogen has been generally known to increase seedling survival rate and growth by supplying nutrients, however, reduced survival rate in this study might be affected by consequential increase in soil osmotic pressure, which was caused by excessive nitrogen fertilization. The root collar diameter (RCD) growth of both species increased significantly by the treatment of converted loess, and only RCD growth of P. sibirica increased by the artificial moisture retention treatment. Although P. sibirica is drought-tolerant, it is in the group of Populus spp. which requires a high capacity of available water. Conversely, the elemental sulfur treatment showed no effect on survival rate and RCD growth for both species due to the low oxidation of sulfur in arid soils. The extended monitoring of seedling growth and soil characteristics is required to elucidate the long-term effects of soil amendments in the semi-arid region, and the further studies are also needed to examine the appropriate amount of fertilizers for both species.
Here, we report the physiological changes and growth in disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus, in relation to dietary supplementation with citrus pomace (CP) 6%, Ecklonia cava residue (ECR) 6%, and CP + ECR (3% + 3%). The composition and nutrient content, survival rate and growth rate were measured 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after feeding the supplemented diets of CP and/or ECR. Moreover, the experiment of low salinity stress (25psu) for environmental resistance was examined for a period of 48 hours after feeding the supplemented diets for 12 weeks. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lysozymes, respiratory burst, and phenoloxidase were measured. The moisture content and crude protein condition of the body were increased with the addition of ECR only (P<0.05). We observed higher levels of survival in the experimental group compared with the control group. Moreover, the growth disk abalone that were fed a diet containing ECR was higher compared with the control group. However, the growth of abalone fed a diet containing CP was similar to the control group. With a rearing condition of low salinity stress, survival rate and lysozyme activity were increased in the ECR group compared with the control group. Dietary ECR reduced the level of CAT activity to approximately 30% of the control, however the level of CAT activity in the ECR group was similar to the start level of the previous stress. These results suggest that dietary ECR gives rise to an enhanced immunity in disk abalone, as a result of the decrease in CAT and lysozyme activity in particular. Accordingly, the growth and survival rate were increased by feeding an ECR-supplemented diet in the rearing of disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus.
This study was carried out to select the utilizable vegetations for the stabilization of slopes and river banks, landscape creation and water quality cleansing in dams, lakes and streams. In this study, 4 species were investigated for their survival and growth characteristics in the complete and partly flooding conditions with various flooding periods. The results are as followings; Acorus calamus var. angustatus showed the highest flooding tolerance based on survival rate and growth condition. Equisetum hyemale, Acorus gramineus and Salix gracilistyla followed after Acorus calamus var. angustatus in the order of flooding tolerance. Particularly, A. calamus var. angustatus and E. hyemale showed higher survival rate and grew well even when they were completely submerged in the water up to 120 days. As they were partially submerged longer, they grew better. This ascertained that they had strong flooding tolerance. When A. gramineus were completely submerged in the water, their growth was disturbed but they did not die in the complete submergence up to 120 days. A. gramineus had a small growth disturbance and showed the highest vitality of leaves among the species. Though S. gracilistyla showed somewhat low growth rate in the complete water submergence and died in 90 days, it also can grow back to normal with some changes of water level.
The effect of individual density on the growth and survival of Laminaria japonica was experimentally evaluated. Four density treatments of young sporophytes (0.63 cm In maximum length) grown in the laboratory were transplanted to the southeastern coast of Korea and their survivorship and growth rate were measured twice a month from January to July, 1996. Plants showed higher survivorship at low density. Final densities at three lowest densities were similar, ranging from 34 to 38 inds${\cdot}100 cm^{-2}$. Planis at the highest density, however, suffered greater decline than at lower densities, and only 21 plants remained at the end of this study. Mean frond size (length and width) fluctuated throughout the study period at four densities. During the first two mouths after outplanting, mean frond size was negatively correlated with initial density, However, the size was density independent after three months. As stand density increased, size-frequency distribution through time tended to be more positively skewed. The 10 largest plants grew faster in frond size and attained larger size in the lower density. There was a positive relationship between plant size and relative growth rate (or survival). The slope of yield-density (Y-D) relationships at four densities ranged from -0.060 to -0.137. The study suggests that density can strongly affect the survival and growth of this alga. The density-dependent survival and growth patterns, however, were not strictly consistent with those of terrestrial plants.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of environmental factors such as water temperature and rearing density on the survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei under low salinity conditions. Overall, in the higher water temperature, the higher survival rate comes out and in the lower rearing density, the higher the survival rate does. In a study on feed efficiency, weight gain (WG) increased significantly as water temperature increased, and weight gain according to rearing density significantly decreased as rearing density increased. The growth rate of L. vannamei was faster when the water temperature was higher (water temperature 31℃) under low salinity conditions. In addition, in the evaluation of the growth rate according to the rearing density, it was confirmed that the growth rate was accelerated at a low rearinging density. It is believed that the results of this study will be usefully applied to the determination of the optimal rearinging density and breeding water temperature of L. vannamei in low salinity condition.
To investigate conditions for the survival and growth of Dungeness crab zoeae in situ, spatial and monthly changes of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), Chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ (Chl ${\alpha}$), and zooplankton biomass were measured in four transects: upper Chatham, Icy Strait, Cross Sound, and Icy Point in southeastern Alaska from May to September, 1997-2004. Monthly mean SST was coldest in May, increased throughout the summer months, and decreased in September. SST was coldest in the Cross Sound transect, intermediate in the upper Chatham and Icy Strait transects, and warmest in the Icy Point transect. SSS of northern stations in the upper Chatham and Icy Strait transects decreased throughout the summer months and increased in September, while that of other transects did not vary. Monthly mean Chl ${\alpha}$ was highest in May and decreased thereafter. Chl ${\alpha}$ in the upper Chatham and Icy Strait transects were relatively higher from May through September than those in the Cross Sound and Icy Point transects. Mean zooplankton biomass was highest in the Icy Strait transect in May and lowest in the Icy Point transect in September. This research suggests that oceanographic conditions during the season of Dungeness crab zoeae in southeastern Alaska may not constrain the survival and growth of Dungeness crab zoeae.
Lim, Bora;Lee, Hee Jung;Kim, Min Chul;Kim, Byung Joo
Journal of Pharmacopuncture
/
v.16
no.2
/
pp.55-61
/
2013
Objective: Ulmi Pumilae Cortex (UPC) is a deciduous tree with uneven pinnate leaves and is classified as a subfamily of Ulmuceae and contains many pharmacologically active constituents. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of UPC on the growth and survival of AGS cells, the most common human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines. Methods: The AGS cells were treated with varying concentrations of UPC. Analyses of the sub G1, caspase-3 activity, and mitochondrial depolarization were conducted to determine whether AGS cell death occured by apoptosis. Furthermore, to identify the role of the transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) 7 channels in AGS cell growth and survival, we used human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells overexpressed with TRPM7 channels. Results: The addition of UPC to a culture medium inhibited AGS cell growth and survival. Experimental results showed that the sub G1, caspase-3 activity, and mitochondrial depolarization were increased. Furthermore, TRPM7 channel overexpression in HEK 293 cells exacerbated UPC-induced cell death. Conclusion: These findings indicate that UPC inhibits the growth and survival of gastric cancer cells due to a blockade of the TRPM7 channel activity. Therefore, UPC is a potential drug for treatment of gastric cancer, and TRPM7 channels may play an important role in survival in cases of gastric cancer.
This test was conducted to determine the appropriate conditions of temperature, storage period, and soil moisture content when using cold storage of potted mother plants of as a means of sufficient dormant breaking and safe overwintering of the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Sulhyang) mother plants. In the treatment by temperature for the dormant breaking of strawberry mother plants, the survival rate of natural overwintering was 91%, whereas the survival rate was 100% at 0, - 2, and - 5℃. As the storage temperature was decreased, the plant height of the mother plants became shorter which tended to decrease after planting. Survival of the mother plants was possible at - 5℃, but after planting, the growth and number of daughter plants decreased significantly. The number of daughter plants was highest at 22.8 per plant at - 2℃ storage. The strawberry mother plants could be stored for up to 8 months in cold storage. However, when the mother plants were stored for a long period, the number of daughter plants was small. When they were stored for 4 months, the growth of the mother plants was vigorous, and the number of runners and daughter plants was high. When the water content of the soil was less than 10 percent (%, w/w) in the cold storage of the pot, the survival rate was 85 percent, which was high due to the dryness. The survival rate was 100 percent at 30 and above, and the growth of the mother plants after planting and the number of daughter plants were high at 30 to 50.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.