• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.308-313
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• 2004

Recently, the steel parts used for automobiles and trains are required to be used under higher stress than ever before in need of the weight down. In this study, high strength and superior toughness spring steels as the suspension material, used for automobile and railroad industries were utilized to carry out the following in vestigations; 1) To evaluate the characteristics of fatigue crack propagation, the experiments of fatigue crack growth were respectively carried out at the room temperature(RT), $100^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$ 2) Peening and unpeening materials at the each temperature were investigated for the effect on fracture toughness by compressive residual stress generated from the shot peeing.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2022

Purpose: This study is aimed to map the provinces in Indonesia based on the education and ICT indicators using several unsupervised learning algorithms. Research design, data, and methodology: The education and ICT indicators such as student-teacher ratio, illiteracy rate, net enrolment ratio, internet access, computer ownership, are used. Several approaches to get deeper understanding on provincial strength and weakness based on these indicators are implemented. The approaches are Ensemble K-Mean and Fuzzy C Means clustering. Results: There are at least three clusters observed in Indonesia the education quality, participation, facilities and ICT Access. Cluster with high education quality and ICT access are consist of DKI Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Riau Islands, East Kalimantan and Bali. These provinces show rapid economic growth. Meanwhile the other cluster consisting of six provinces (NTT, West Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, North Maluku, and Papua) are the cluster with lower education quality and ICT development which impact their economic growth. Conclusions: The provinces in Indonesia are clustered into three group based on the education attainment and ICT indicators. Some provinces can directly implement e-learning; however, more provinces need to improve the education quality and facilities as well as the ICT infrastructure before implementing the e-learning.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.153-173
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• 2007

Wood-plastic composites (WPC) are gaining market share in the building industry because of durability/maintenance advantages of WPC over traditional wood products and because of the removal of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) pressure-treated wood from the market. In order to ensure continued market share growth, WPC manufacturers need greater focus on reliability, quality, and cost. The reliability methods outlined in this paper can be used to improve the quality of WPC and lower manufacturing costs by reducing raw material inputs and minimizing WPC waste. Statistical methods are described for analyzing stiffness (tangent modulus of elasticity: MOE) and flexural strength (modulus of rupture: MOR) test results on sampled WPC panels. Descriptive statistics, graphs, and reliability plots from these test data are presented and interpreted. Sources of variability in the MOE and MOR of WPC are suggested. The methods outlined may directly benefit WPC manufacturers through a better understanding of strength and stiffness measures, which can lead to process improvements and, ultimately, a superior WPC product with improved reliability, thereby creating greater customer satisfaction.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.46-52
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• 2009

Nowadays, many components in automobile, aircraft, offshore structure and industry require lightness and high strength. However, since developments of advanced materials have limitations, it mainly is applying to method of surface hardening. This study offered research about camshaft that is one among engine important component. The material used in this study is 0.53% carbon steel as structure material of camshaft, splineshaft, coupling, pulley, driveshaft et cetera. Camshaft is processed using mainly carbon steel, and receives wear and fatigue by special quality high speed of parts. Therefore, camshaft need surface hardening to improve camshaft's fatigue life and increase durability of engine. This study compare to residual stress and martensite microstructure created by high frequency induction treatment, and these results lead to the conclusion of fatigue crack growth characteristics.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.348-352
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• 2004

Recently the steel parts used for automiles and trains are required to be used under higher stress than ever before in need of the weight down. However, threr are a lot of problems with developing such of fatigue strength and fatigue life are mainly focused on by adopting residual stress. And got the following characteristics from crack growth test carried out stress ratio. Fatigue life shows more improvement in the Un-peening material. And Compressive residual stress of surface on the Shot-peening processed operate resistance force of fatigue. So we cam obtain fallowings. (1) The fatigue crack growth rate on stage II is conspicuous with the size of compressive residual stress and is dependent of Paris equation. (2) Although the maximum compressive residual stress is deeply and widely formed from surface, fatigue life does not improve than when maximum compressive residual stress is formed in surface. (3) The threshold stress intensity factor range is increased with increasing compressive residual stress.

• 한국노년학
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.91-109
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate the interdependence of Korean middle and old-aged couples in the association between exercise and life satisfaction through grip strength trajectory. Data were drawn from the nationally representative Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) collected from 2006 to 2016. The sample included couples over 45 years of age in the first wave and participated in all six waves of the survey (Ncouple=1,997). There were three steps for analyses: correlation, parallel latent growth curve model, tests of indirect effects of the mediation paths. Covariates included in the models were husbands and wives' characteristics (age, education, work status, chronic diseases, marital satisfaction, contact frequency with friends or neighbors) and couple's household income. Results showed husbands' and wives' life satisfaction and grip strength were interdependent upon each other. Also, exercise participation of both husbands and wives was associated with both husbands' and wives' life satisfaction via the initial level of grip strength of husbands. Moreover, exercise participation of only husbands was associated with wives' life satisfaction through the initial grip strength of husbands. These results suggest the aging processes of middle and old-aged couples need to be understood in the context of gender dynamics and couple interdependence.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.166-175
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• 2019

Grit, a concept conceived in 2007 by Duckworth and others in the United States, is based on positive psychology that focuses on growth and development through individual strengths. Recently, "Grit", which means patience and enthusiasm for long-term goals, has emerged as a key factor of personality strength. In Korea, Joo-hwan Kim (2013) was the first to conceptualize and study the subject of Grit. However, there have been no overview studies that systematically summarize the overall trends and flow in the research of Grit so far. There have been 147 research papers on Grit published so far in Korea. The purpose of this study was to conduct trend analysis on the subject of Grit by analyzing forty-three (43) master's and doctoral dissertations, thus presenting the direction of future research on Grit through careful analysis. In the studies conducted, it was found that Grit is a very significant variable linked to self-efficacy. It is also a subjective belief that can help an individual achieve his/her educational goals, and go through failure resynchronization. In addition, Grit is very significant as a practical core indicator of how fusion talent is fostered for the fourth industrial revolution. Therefore, there is a need for more in-depth research from the viewpoints of workplace learning, experiential learning, or informal learning, as well as research into Grit characteristics.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.545-554
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• 2020

Background and objective: Moth orchids in the vegetative stage are suitable for a multi-layer growing environment in a closed-type plant factory which can be a good alternative that can reduce production costs by reducing cultivation time and energy cost per plant. This study was conducted to find out the optimal rhizospheric environment for different irrigation methods without a potting medium and rhizospheric ventilation for the vegetative growth of young Phalaenopsis hybrid 'Blanc Rouge' (P. KV600 × P. Kang 1) and Phalaenopsis Queen Beer 'Mantefon' in a closed-type plant factory system. Methods: The one-month-old clonal micropropagules with bare roots rapped with a sponges were fixed on the holes of styrofoam plates above growth beds, and were watered using the ebb-and-flow (EBB) and aeroponic (AER) methods with Ichihashi solution (0.5 strength) once a day at 06:00 (P) or 18:00 (S), and both (PS). Rhizospheric ventilation (V) was also applied to change the temperature, relative humidity, and CO₂ concentration of the beds. Plants potted into sphagnum moss and watered once a week were used as the control group. Results: After 12 months of treatment, the growth characteristics of the EBB groups were the best among the treatment groups without a medium, but no effect of irrigation timing was observed. V reduced the temperature, relative humidity and CO₂ concentration of the beds. Whereas, EBB+V (ebb-and-flow with ventilation) improved plant growth and reduced the occurrence of disorders and withering. Especially, EBB+V showed a similar performance to the control group. Conclusion: The results indicated that the optimal irrigation method without a potting medium for producing middle-aged potted moth orchids was the EBB system with forced rhizospheric ventilation. Therefore, further studies on the optimal ventilation method and moisture control of the crown need to be carried out to develop the irrigation system without a potting medium for vertical farming in closed-type plant factories.

• Carbon letters
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2009

Carbon fibers are a new breed of high-strength materials. The existence of carbon fiber came into being in 1879 when Edison took out a patent for the manufacture of carbon filaments suitable for use in electric lamps. However, it was in the early 1960s when successful commercial production was started, as the requirements of the aerospace industry for better and lightweight materials became of paramount importance. In recent decades, carbon fibers have found wide applications in commercial and civilian aircraft, along with recreational, industrial, and transportation markets as the price of carbon fiber has come down and technologies have matured. The market for carbon fiber has experienced a good growth in recent years. The growth rate for the last 23years was about 12%. The article reviewed 9,641 Korea, U.S., Japan, Europe patents issued in the carbon fibers in order to offer additional insight for researchers and companies seeking to navigate carbon fiber patent landscape. This article will provide you with all the valuable information and tools you will need to investigate your study successfully within the carbon fiber field. This article also will save you hundreds of hours of your own personal research time and will significantly benefit you in expanding your business in the carbon fiber market.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.203-210
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• 2011

Bake hardening steels have to resist strain aging to prevent the yield strength increment and stretcher strain during press process and to enhance the bake hardenability during baking process after painting. The bake hardening steels need to control the solute carbon and the solute nitrogen to improve the bake hardenability. Ti and/or Nb alloying for nitride and carbide precipitation and low carbon content below 0.003% are used to solve strain aging and formability problem for automotive materials. However, in the present study, the effect of micro-precipitation of copper sulfide on the bake hardenability and fatigue properties of extremely low carbon steel has been investigated. The bake hardenability of Cu-alloyed bake hardening (Cu-BH) steel was slightly higher (5 MPa) than that of Nb-alloyed bake hardening (Nb-BH) steel, but the fatigue limit of Cu-BH steel was far higher (45 MPa) than that of Nb-BH steel. All samples showed the ductile fracture behavior and some samples revealed distinct fatigue stages, such as crack initiation, stable crack growth and unstable crack growth.