• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.197-209
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• 1985

To investigate the relationship between the pubertal spurt in body height and bone maturity of the hand-and-wrist in normal occlusion, the author X-rayed the hand-and-wrists of 1,141 students (male 614, female 527) and assessed their bone maturity. In this study, eleven skeletal stages were selected. The bones used to determine skeletal maturity were the ulnar sesamoid of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the first finger, the epiphyses of the proximal, middle, distal phalanges of the third finger, and middle phalanx of the fifth finger, and distal epiphysis of the radius. From the longitudinal data for height, an assessment was made of the change in growth velocity. The pubertal growth stage was divided into onset and peak height velocity phases. The results were as follows; 1. The onset of the pubertal growth was between the $PP_3=\;and\;MP_3=$ stage for boys, and between the $MP_3=\;and\;MP_5=$ stage for girls; the mean age of onset was 10.6 years for boys and 9.0 years for girls. 2. The peak height velocity was between the S and $MP_{3_{cap}}$ stage for boys, and between the $MP_{3_{cap}}$ and $MP_{5_{cap}}$ stage for girls; the mom age of peak height velocity was 12.5 years for boys and 10.9 years for girls. 3. As the stages of bone maturity progressed from $DP_{3u},\;to\;PP_{3u},\;MP_{3u}$, Ru, the peak height velocity had been reached, and the growth rate retarded, therefore the approach to full physical maturity was attained. 4. The evidence for the period of onset, peak height velocity and bone maturation suggested that girls were in advance of boys. During the latter part of pubertal growth, the rate of boys' bone maturation was faster than that of girls'.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.2 s.67
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• pp.285-295
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• 1998

In clinical orthodontics, it is significant to understand the stage of growth in a growing patient. In order to assess the skeletal maturity of the patients, the hand-wrist radiograph and the cervical vertebrae (Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Indicators : CVMI) was evaluated from the lateral cephalograph and the skeletal maturity determined from the hand-wrist X-ray (Skeletal Maurity Indicators : SMI) taken on the same day in the same patients, and its interrelationship examined to come up with the following results: 1. The skeletal maturity evaluated from the hand-wrist radiograph and the maturation of the cervical vertebrae from the lateral cephalograph showed a significant interrelationship with each other. 2. In the evaluation of the skeletal maturity using the SMI and CVMI, the CVMI 1 showed a siginificant correlation with SMI 1, 2, the CVMI 2 with SMI 3, 4, CVMI 3 with SMI 6, 7, CVMI 4 with SMI 7, 8, CVMI 5 with 9, 10 and CVMI 6 with SMI 11. 3. When the morphological changes in the 2nd and 3rd cervical vertebrae were separately observed, it was seldom that the concavity appeared in the lower border of the 2nd cervical vertebra and at the same time not appear in the 3rd cervical vertebra (CVMI 2 : 10.38%, CVMI 3 : 6.56%) 4. In each of the skeletal maturation stage evaluated from the hand-wrist and the cervical vertebra, the average age and its standard deviation in male and female patients appeared to have large differences among individuals. Skeletal maturation seemed to appear earlier for the girls than for the boys, and its termination 24 months faster for girls.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 2007

Despite many efforts to improving canine in vitro maturation(IVM), the efficiency is still low compared to that of other mammalian species. The present study investigated the effects of gonadotropin, epidermal growth factor and cysteine supplementation on in vitro maturation of canine oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in basic medium (TCM-199 containing 10% FBS, 0.11mg/ml sodium pyruvate supplemented with or without $10{\mu}g/ml$ FSH, 10ng/ml EGF and 0.57mM cysteine) for 72 hr at $38.5^{\circ}C$ in humidified atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$ in air. After culture, oocytes were stained with Hoechst 33342 $(10{\mu}g/ml)$ for 30 min at $4^{\circ}C$, and assessed their nuclear status (GV: germinal vesicle, GVBD: germinal vesicle break down, MI: metaphasse I, MII: metaphase II, UK: unknown stage). No differences were observed in GV, MI and MII rate except GVBD rate between with and without gonadotropins addition respectively (6.7%, vs. 17.2%). Supplementation of 10ng/ml of EGF in hormones added IVM medium resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher MII rate (4.54% vs.7.06%). Although there are no significantly difference, total of MI and MII rates were increased by adding cysteine. In conclusion, the present study indicates that supplementation of $10{\mu}g/ml$ LH and FSH, 10ng/ml EGF and 0.57mM cysteine in canine IVM medium show a positive influence on the progression of maturation to MII at 72 hr.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.120-129
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• 2009

Objective: To estimate dental maturity using the Demirjian Index for the mandibular third molar and investigate the relationships between dental maturity and skeletal maturity among growing children. Methods: The samples were derived from panoramic, lateral cephalometric and hand-wrist radiographs of 270 female subjects registered as patients at the orthodontic department, dental hospital, Yonsei University. Dental maturity [Demirjian Index (DI)] and skeletal maturity [skeletal maturation indicators (SMIs)] and cervical vertebrae maturation indicators (CVMIs)] were estimated from these radiographs. Results: There was a significant correlation (r = 0.64) between SMIs and DI, and a similar correlation (r = 0.59) was observed between CVMIs and DI (p < 0.001). If DI was above Stage E, then the SMI was above Stage 10 and the CVMI was above Stage 5. There was a weak correlation (r = 0.26) between age at menarche and DI (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in DI among Class I, II or III malocclusions. Conclusions: Dental maturity evaluation using the mandibular third molar will be an adjunctive tool in combination with cervical vertebrae and hand-wrist maturity evaluations.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.311-318
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• 2015

This study had been conducted to investigate the effect of some plant growth regulators inducing fruit enlargement and optimal harvest time in Sageretia thea. Two hundred fifty $mg/{\ell}$ mepiquat chloride treatment, $1mg/{\ell}$ thidiazuron treatment on full bloom, and $200mg/{\ell}$ gibberellic acid treatment on 7 days before full bloom resulted in the increase of 21.7% in weight, and $200mg/{\ell}$ gibberellic acid treatment 7 days before full bloom, 10$mg/{\ell}$ forchlorfenuron treatment 14 days after full bloom, and $1mg/{\ell}$ thidiazuron treatment on full bloom also brought about positive effects on the enlargement of the fruit, increasing 6.3%, 6.3% and 8.1% in its transverse diameter, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of the plant growth regulator treatments on the harvest time of Sageretia thea were determined as follows: the increase in the optimal harvest time of 57.2 - 75.4%, shorter maturation period, by the treatments with $500mg/{\ell}$ mepiquat chloride 7 days after full bloom, $100mg/{\ell}$ gibberellic acid treatment on full bloom, $2.5mg/{\ell}$ forchlorofenuron 7 days after full bloom and $2mg/{\ell}$ thidiazuron treatment 7 days before full bloom; and the greater effects of plant growth regulator treatments on the fruit maturation in the following order, gibberellic acid > thidiazuron > forchlorofenuron > mepiquat chloride. The results of this study are expected to be used as a reference data to develop Sageretia thea as a new local specific crop for Jeju island.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.112-122
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to present and evaluate a new deep learning model for determining cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) degree and growth spurts by analyzing lateral cephalometric radiographs. Methods: The study sample included 890 cephalograms. The images were classified into six cervical stages independently by two orthodontists. The images were also categorized into three degrees on the basis of the growth spurt: pre-pubertal, growth spurt, and post-pubertal. Subsequently, the samples were fed to a transfer learning model implemented using the Python programming language and PyTorch library. In the last step, the test set of cephalograms was randomly coded and provided to two new orthodontists in order to compare their diagnosis to the artificial intelligence (AI) model's performance using weighted kappa and Cohen's kappa statistical analyses. Results: The model's validation and test accuracy for the six-class CVM diagnosis were 62.63% and 61.62%, respectively. Moreover, the model's validation and test accuracy for the three-class classification were 75.76% and 82.83%, respectively. Furthermore, substantial agreements were observed between the two orthodontists as well as one of them and the AI model. Conclusions: The newly developed AI model had reasonable accuracy in detecting the CVM stage and high reliability in detecting the pubertal stage. However, its accuracy was still less than that of human observers. With further improvements in data quality, this model should be able to provide practical assistance to practicing dentists in the future.

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.81.1-81.1
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• 1997

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.77-85
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• 2015

One of the key factors of early development is the specification of competence between the oocyte and the sperm, which occurs during gametogenesis. However, the starting point, growth, and maturation for acquiring competence during spermatogenesis and oogenesis in mammals are very different. Spermatogenesis includes spermiogenesis, but such a metamorphosis is not observed during oogenesis. Glycosylation, a ubiquitous modification, is a preliminary requisite for distribution of the structural and functional components of spermatids for metamorphosis. In addition, glycosylation using epididymal or female genital secretory glycans is an important process for the sperm maturation, the acquisition of the potential for fertilization, and the acceleration of early embryo development. However, nonemzymatic unexpected covalent bonding of a carbohydrate and malglycosylation can result in falling fertility rates as shown in the diabetic male. So far, glycosylation during spermatogenesis and the dynamics of the plasma membrane in the process of capacitation and fertilization have been evaluated, and a powerful role of glycosylation in spermatogenesis and early development is also suggested by structural bioinformatics, functional genomics, and functional proteomics. Further understanding of glycosylation is needed to provide a better understanding of fertilization and embryo development and for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools for infertility.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.169-176
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• 1987

Naturally occurring canine transmissible venereal tumors of genital organs in mature and regressive stages from 6 dogs were examined by transmission electron microscope. The tumor cells at the stage of maturation were comprised of large round and ovoid cells with prominent nuclei and nucleoli, a few spindle-shaped cells, and irregularly shaped cells. The mature round cells were characterized by the presence of a central ovoid to irregularly round nucleus with a large eccentric nucleolus, vesicular endoplasmic reticulum, round to oval swollen mitochondria with few cristae, Golgi's apparatus, and plasma membranes with numerous microvilli. As the tumor degenerated, the tumor cells were increased in the number of spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like and irregularly shaped cells, collagen bundles, and mainly lymphocytes, in contrast to those of the stage of maturation. Regressing tumor cells were characterized by the swelling and vacuolation of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, membrane-bound granules, lamellar complex, tubular structures, and dense bundles of collagen. It was suggested that transformation might occur in the course of tumor growth causing morphological change from the round to the fibroblast-like cells, and that there was the evidence of cell-mediated tumor cell lysis by lymphocyte infiltration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.495-499
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• 2006

In our previous studies, we demonstrated that Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) enhances bovine oocyte maturation and early embryonic development in serum supplemented media. In this experiment, to determine the synergistic effect of VEGF with serum components on early embryonic development in vitro in cattle, 1 mg/ml polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) was replaced with foetal bovine serum (FBS) in maturation and culture media. Bovine oocytes were matured in Synthetic Oviduct Fluid (SOF) supplemented with PVA, PVA+5 ng/ml of VEGF, FBS, or FBS+VEGF. Fertilized oocytes were cultured in the same conditions for 8 days. The development of embryos was examined at 48 h post- insemination and on days 6, 7 and 8. The results were analyzed using repeated measures two- factor ANOVA, in which the effects of VEGF and serum were assigned as two factors. The development rate to 4- to 8-cell embryos at 48 h was significantly higher in the PVA+VEGF group than in the PVA group (44.7% and 31.5%, respectively). However, the highest development rate to 4- to 8-cell embryos was obtained from the FBS+VEGF group (58.8%). On day 8, the blastocyst rates were higher in the PVA+VEGF (22.8%), FBS (32.1%, p<0.05) and FBS+VEGF (42.1%, p<0.05) groups than in the PVA group (17.1%). Two- factor ANOVA of the development rates indicates that VEGF had a significant effect, but had no synergistic effect with serum components on early embryonic development. The results of the present study demonstrate that VEGF improves the in vitro developmental competence of bovine oocytes and/or embryos independent of the effect of serum components.