• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.400-413
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of informational intervention on postoperative pain following tonsillectomy in children. This study was performed on 30 children, aged 5-15 years, undergoing tonsillectomy and their parents by providing informational intervention with colored figure; operation procedure and information. Pain assessment was done by Pain Questionnaire. The results from this study were as follows : 1. Children in experimental group with mean 16.07 had lower pain scores than control group with mean 14.87 at 4th hours after operation(p<0.05). It showed 'significant difference' and first hypothesis was adopted. 2. Children in experimental group with mean 20.60 had lower pain scores than control group with mean 17.27 at 8th hours after operation(p<0.05). It showed 'significant difference' and second hypothesis was adopted. 3. Children in experimental group with mean 28.80 had lower pain scores than control group with mean 25.70 at 24th hours after operation(p<0.05). It showed 'significant difference' and third hypothesis was adopted. 4. When we analyzed the time difference and difference between two groups simultaneously by repeated measure ANOVA, the significant difference was not found. And so 'the experiential group with operation-related information will show the lower pain sense than the control group just as the time flows after operation', fourth hypothesis was rejected. Generally, it was found that providing information about operation to children and their parents reduced effectively postoperative pain in children, but in clinical settings there are minimum preoperative information-providing because of insufficient time and inconvenience although nursing staffs and patients know its needs. Conclusionally providing preoperative information should help children and their parents cope with Pre, Peri and Post operative events effectively.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.300-310
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• 1996

Recently, there have been attempts to obstruct the dentinal tubules and remove the smear layer by way of laser irradiation in the root canal during endodontic treatment. This treatment was designed to make the root canal to be nonporous. Using 33 extracted single rooted teeth, 30 teeth were divided into 3 groups (10 each), and 3 teeth were used as samples for SEM. Using Nd : YAG laser, the control group was not irradiated, experimental group l(1W group) was irradiated with 1W, 15pps, 15sec., 3 times, 6.7mJ and experimental group 2(3W group) was irradiated with 3W, 15pps, 15sec., 3 times 20mJ. Thereafter the roots were immersed in methylene blue for 8 hours, and the dye infiltration pattern was observed under stereomicroscope and canal wall surface change was observed under SEM. The results are as following ; 1. As a result of evaluating the dye infiltration rate of the apical and middle 1/3, there was significant difference between control group and 1W group, control group and 3W group and there was no significant difference between 1 W group and 3W group. 2. In each group, as a result of comparing the dye infiltration rate of the apical and middle 1/3, there was no significant difference in control and 1W group but significant difference in 3W group. 3. In the control group smear layer was scarecely found and many dentinal tubules were found to be open. 4. In the 1W group, the number of dentinal tubules were decreased and gradual changes of the dentin surface could be seen and 3W group, almost no dentinal tubules could be found and the dentin surface was changed a little more and showed signs of partial fusion.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.357-374
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• 1997

In order to investigate the effects of Sakunjatang(四君子湯) and Samultang(四物湯) aqua-acupuncture on immune response, Sprague-Dawley male rats were used and randomly divided into four group. Normal group was normal control, Control group was injected i.v. with 2mg/kg MTX on 9th and 11th day after sensitization with SRBC on 5th day, Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group(Sample A) was aqua-acupunctured daily for 18 days into the locus corresponding Bisu(B20) locus of the human body to Rat and MTX was administered 9th and 11th experimental day, Samultang aqua-acupunctured group(Sample B) was aqua-acupunctured daily for 18 days into the locus coresponding Bisu(B20) locus of the human body to Rat and MTX was administered 9th and 11th experimental day. In the 9th day and the 11th day after aqua-acupuncture, MTX was injected to reduce immune function in the tail of rat. leukocyte count, lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte count of spleen, lymphocyte count of bonemarrow, contact hypersensitivity to DNFB, morphologic change of thymus cell, and electropherogram of serum protein. The result were summarized as follows: 1. Before MTX injection, leukocyte count had no significant difference in Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group and Samultang aqua-acupunctured group compared to control group and after MTX injection, leukocyte count had no significant difference Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group and Samultang aqua-acupunctured group. 2. Before MTX injection, lymphocyte ratio was decreased significantly Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group and Samultang aqua-acupunctured group compared to control group. 3. After MTX injection, lymphocyte ratio was increased significantly Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group, Samultang aqua-acupunctured group had no significant difference compared to control group. 4. The lymphocyte count of spleen was increased significantly Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group and Samultang aqua-acupunctured group compared to control group. 5. The lymphocyte count of bonemarrow was increased significantly Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group, Samultang aqua-acupunctured group had no significant difference compared to control group. 6. Contact hypersensitivity was no significant difference in Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group and Samultang aqua-acupunctured group compared to control group. 7. In the morphologic change of thymus cell, control group compared to normal group had a indistinct boundary between cortex and medulla, and lymphocyte cell density of thymus was low, Sakunjatang aqua-acupuryctured group had a distinct boundary between cortex and medulla, and lymphocyte cell density of thymus was high. 8. In the SDS-PAGE electrophorogram of serum protein, Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group and Samultang aqua-acupunctured group had a wide band of nearby 50,000 and 25,000 Dalton which meant IgG generate more activity.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.101-112
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• 2000

The aim of this study is to compared the cerebral palsy children with normal children in the exercise and cardio vascular ability after this study as the fundamental data fer mating programs for the cerebral palsy children. The test of this study is about twenty girls, the control group of the normal children(n=10) and the experiment group of cerebral palsy children(n=10). They were studied in four aspects which were the anthropometry, the medical check in the rest, the physical fitness or exercise roads test and the change of the target heart rate during exercise. The result were as follows : 1. The characteristic of the physical type : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the standing height and the body weight but their's little difference between them (p<0.05). The control group is lower than the experiment group in the body fat. 2. The characteristic of the medical check in the rest : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the vital capacity and flood expiratoryvolume one second. The control group is higher that the experiment group in the blood pressure of systolic and Diastolic. There's little difference between them(p<0.01). The control is lower than the experiment group in the heart pulse rate. There's little difference between them(p<0.005). 3. The characteristic of basic physical strength evaluation : The experiment group is the lowest dynamic muscular endurance, balance, agility and endurance which need to move the body with weight. The control group is much higher than the experiment group in the flexibility and muscle strength(Back strength). There's no difference between them(p<0.05). 4. The characteristics of the exercise stress last : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the endurance, the maximum of oxygen intake, endurance level and the out take of calory. There's little difference between them(p<0.01). 5. The characteristic of the change of the target heart rate during exercise : The control group is lower than the experiment group exchange of target heart rate, There's no difference them.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.311-327
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of diaphragmatic breathing on activation of trunk muscles of patients with low back pain. Diaphragmatic breathing may affect activation of trunk muscles. The assumptions are as follows: the crural diaphragm attatches to the lumbar vertebrae from L1 to L3, the voluntary downward pressurization of the diaphragm increases intra-abdominal pressure, and this increases the stiffness of the spine. Diaphragmatic breathing increases intra-abdominal pressure and the increased intra-abdominal pressure may contribute to the lumbar stability. Sixty patients with low back pain were randomly divided into two groups. Experimental group performed diaphragmatic breathing exercise with six breathing positions and control group performed only the breathing positions for five times per week during six weeks. % maximal voluntary contraction(% MVC) of trunk muscles on six breathing positions of experimental and control group was measured according to testing period of pre test, three weeks, and six weeks. The repeated measures of one-way ANOVA were used to analyze % MVC on trunk muscles of experimental and control group according to testing period. The results of this study were as follows: First, % MVC of right and left erector spinae in the right leg extension position indicated the statistically significant difference in experimental group which performed diaphragmatic breathing exercise rather than control group (p<0.05). Second, % MVC of right and left erector spinae in all-four positions indicated the statistically significant difference in experimental group which performed diaphragmatic breathing exercise rather than control group (p<0.05). Third, % MVC of right and left erector spinae, external oblique in the sitting position indicated the statistically significant difference in experimental group which performed diaphragmatic breathing exercise rather than control group (p<0.05). Fourth, % MVC of right and left erector spinae, external oblique in the standing position indicated the statistically significant difference in experimental group which performed diaphragmatic breathing exercise rather than control group (p<0.05). Fifth, % MVC of right and left erector spinae, external oblique in the supine position indicated the statistically significant difference in experimental group which performed diaphragmatic breathing exercise rather than control group (p<0.05). Sixth, % MVC of right and left erector spinae, external oblique in the lying on prone position indicated the statistically significant difference in experimental group which performed diaphragmatic breathing exercise rather than control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, as experimental group performed diaphragmatic breathing exercise according to the period of pre-test, post three weeks, and post six weeks, experimental group showed the greater significant effect on the activation of right, left erector spinae, and external oblique muscle. Diaphragmatic breathing exercise which resulted in activation of trunk muscles can be effective for managing the patients with back pain and should be utilized as the new therapeutic intervention.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.108-127
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• 1996

The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not a education program of low back pain would have benificial effect on nurses. Nonequivalent control group pre-post test research was designed. Subjects for this study were 50 selected from nurses who work at a general hospital in Taegu. Of them, twenty seven were assigned to experimental group, twenty-three to control group. The data were collected during the period from June 27 to August 31, 1994. The instruments used in this study were Visual Analog Scale for low back pain, Sit-and-reach test for trunk flexibility, and 1 min sit up test for abdominal muscle endurance. Data related to general chracteristics and factors of low back pain were collected with questionnaire developed by this reseacher. The data were analyzed by $X^2-test$, t-test and paired t-test, using the SAS package program. The results of this study are summerized as follows : 1. The numbers of the experimental group with low back pain were not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting($X^2=0.77$, p=.379), and the numbers of the control group with low back pain were also not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting($X^2=0.09$, p=.767). 2. The severity of low back pain of the experimental group was not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting(t=-0.55, p=.5857), and the severity of low back pain of the control group was also not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting(t=-0.70, p=.3101). 3. The trunk flexibility of the experimental group was not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting(t= 1.08, p=.2835), and the control group's trunk flexibility was also not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting(t=0.85, p=.4026). 4. The abdominal muscle endurance of the experimental group was a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting(t=-2.42, p=.0190), but the control group's abdominal muscle endurance was not a statistically significant difference from pre to posttesting(t=-0.06, p=.9556) This study suggest that replication of study with more sample and more rigid treatment should be needed. And furthermore, the longitudinal research is needed to determine the effectiveness of education program.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors of osteoporosis. The data were collected from women who visited Physical Examination Center of a university hospital located in Taejon during the period of September 1997-August 1998. The sample was divided into two groups(the osteoporosis group of 44 cases and the control group of 66 cases). The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Sociodemographic characteristics(education and family income) and BMI showed no significant difference between the osteoporosis group and the control group. 2. There was no significant difference in coffee, unbalanced diet, diet method and meal habit between the osteoporosis group and the control group. 3. The osteoporosis group reported more incidence of operative menopause due to hysterectomy and oophorectomy, but this was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in use of oral pill use, past disease and family history of fracture between the osteoporosis group and the control group, but the odds ratio(OR 3.11, 95% CI : 1.30-7.41) of present illness was statistically significant in the osteoporosis group. 4. There was no significant difference in the reproductive history including number of delivery and abortion and feeding method between the osteoporosis group and the control group. 5. The osteoporosis group showed significant results of lower menopausal age, shorter duration of menstruation and longer duration after menopause compared to the control group. 6. The osteoporosis group reported significantly lower level of physical activity in such variables as work activity and walking time. 7. A logistic analysis showed that shorter period of menstruation, lower level of physical activity, non-alcohol drinking group, and presence of disease were related to the possibility of occurring of osteoporosis.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.22-39
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• 1997

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of rehabilitation education on the reduction of the stress of family members who have patients suffering from stroke and to find a new way to nurse the patients and their family. Subjects & Methods: The subjects were sixty-one family members with the patients who had been hospotalized in K hospital of oriental medicine from september the 9th, 1996 to september the fourteen, 1996. This study was performed by simulated control group pretest-posttest design; pretest was done on the control group through a questionnaire, counselling and observation while posttest was done on the experimental group 1-2 days after systemic rehabilitation education. To teach the patients and their family, the amended version of a book written by Lee Hae-jin was used as a tool for systemic rehabilitation education. As a method to estimate ADL score, modified Kang's method was applied and ADL score was measured by well-trained technician. As for the tool to estimate the degree of family stress, Choi's method adjusted to this study was applied. In the analysis of the data, social property of the patient and the characteristic of the disease were surveyed in $X^2$ examination to confirm the consistency between the experimental group and the control group. The diffrence in the degree of the stress, which is a dependent factor, was examined by t-test. The difference in ADL score between the experimental group and the control group was examined by t-test. The difference in the degree of the stress according to the general feature of the family with stroke patient, social property of the patients and the characteristic of the disease were surveyed by F examination. The difference in family stress according to the degree of ADL was surveyed by F examination. RESULTS: 1. After hypothetically-examined systemic rehabilitation education, the total of the score of family stress surveyed in 34 items of three domains was compared between the experimental group and the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between two groups; mean score of experimental group=2.28, that of control group=2.93(t=.17, df=59, p=. 66). 2. In the survey on family stress in 34 items, the items over mean score 3.0 were firstly the anxiety of possible disability and relapse of the disease and secondly to watch the patient's suffering without doing anything in the domain of the change of the disease and the difficulty in caring. And the items of the lowest stress with less than mean 2.0 score were little chance to meet the relative and friends, inconsistent treatment and attitude of the medical workers and the change of the attitude of the relative due to the patient orderly in the domain of social and personal relation and the responsibility as the family. The items which showed the difference between two groups were aggravation of neighboring patient(t=3.36, df= 59, p=.001) and the possibility of patient's death(t=2.19, df=58.38, p=.033) in the domain of the change of the disease and the difficulty in caring. 3. In the study on the stress difference according to general features of the family with the stroke patient, the score of family stress with the occupation was higher with mean 2.49 than that of the family stress without occupation with mean 2.16, but there was no significant difference. (F=5.21, df=1/59, p=.026). 4. In the study on the stress difference according to social property of the patient and the characteristic of the disease, there was significant difference in the age of the patients (F=2.98, df=3/57, p=.039). These results show that even if there is no statistically significant difference between two groups, sixteen of the experimental group are less than 3.0 in ADL score(standard 6 score)while eight of the control group are less than 3.0 and that ten of the experimental group are in the year range of 39-49 while four of the control group are in the year range of 39-49 which showed significant difference in family stress. These imply that there is a possibility that the experimental group have serious and fundamental stress resulting in high pretest stress compared with the control group. It might be due to the characteristic of simulated control group pretest-posttest design that the psychologic-supportive effect by the education was not observed. On the basis of these results, the followings are suggested. 1) A study on the nursing-mediated method to reduce the stress in the items which are not resolved by rehabilitation education, a study on nursing according to the patient's age and a study on the supportive nursing toward the family with occupation are required. 2) More than two times consecutive nursing-mediated rehabilitation education to measure the family stress is required. 3) Comprehensive and multilateral systemic education program including the instruction on western-eastern medicine, physical therapy, exercise and diet through collaboration of the experts in each field is required. 4) Family stress at home as well as in the hospital needs to be estimated and home rehabilitation and home-nursing needs to be continued.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.133-146
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• 1999

First I chose a patient group and a comparative group composed of 23 members each. Then the body temperature differences in these groups was taken with D.I.T.I. The results are as follows. 1. Average body temperature of the Hwa-Byung patient group is $36.6^{\circ}C$ and that of the comparative group is $36.4^{\circ}C$. So there is no meaningful body temperature difference. 2. The hwa-Byung patient group has higher temperature than the comparative group by ${\triangle}T>1.0^{\circ}C$ at the following acupunture points in these body parts upper and lower, left and right, anterior and posterior, trunk and limb. Especially, the body temperature difference was clear in the CV-17 (jun-Joong) and the GV-4(Myung-moon). 3. When the body temperature was compared in the upper and lower part of the back, it had meaningful differences at the upper and lower acupunture points of the back in the Hwa-Byung patient group but not in the comparative group. 4. When the body temperature was compared in the left and right part of the body, its average difference was ${\triangle}T>1.0^{\circ}C$ in the two groups and the result were meaningless. 5. When body temperature was compared in the anterior and posterior part of the body, its average difference was ${\triangle}T>1.0^{\circ}C$ in the two groups and the result were meaningless. 6. When body temperature was compared in the trunk and limb part of the body, its difference in the patient group was meaningful compared with the non-patient group. From the above results, I think that D.I.T.I. could be used to objectively visualize heat sensation of the Hwa-Byung patients and make an objective concept of Han Yul in oriental medicine.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.74-80
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• 1985

This study was attempted to identify the difference between body image of the patients with lower limb fracture and that of normal persons, and to examine if supportive group care could offer an apportunity for positive change in body image of the patient with lower limb fracture under the Quasi-experimental design. The subjects for this study were obtained by ta-king convenient sample of soldiers; the experimental group were 44 lower limb fractured patients hospitalized on the orthopedic Surgery unit in S Army General Hospital, while the control group were 44 normal enlisted men serving in the B Army regiment. Supportive group nursing care was given to the lower limb fractured patients who belong to the experimental group. Pre-and post-tests were administered to the experimental and the control group. The instruments to measure body image of the subjects were body Cathexis Scale developed by Scord and Jourard (1953) and Body Meaning Scale dove-loped by the reseacher. The reliability coefficients by Cronhach's u-test were .95 in body Cathexis Scale and .89 in Body Meaning Scale in this study. Data for this study were collected over a period 12 days from the 12th to the 24th of October, 1984 by the questionnaire. Data were analyzed by computer. Frequency, Percentage and x²-test were used to examine general chacteristics of the subjects. t-test was used to analyze the hypotheses. Analysis of variance was used to test difference in body image between groups classified by the general characteristics. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to identify the correlation between Body Cathexis Scale and Body Cathexis Scale and Body Meaning Scale. The results of this study were as follows: 1. No significant difference was found between the experimental and the control group on general characteristics of the subjects (p> .05). 2. Hypothesis I:“There will be a difference in body image between patiens with lower limb fracture and normal persons,”was supported(Body Cathexis t=6.91, p<.001, Body Meaning t=5.66, p< .001). 3. Hypothesis Ⅱ;“The will be a difference in body image of patients with lower limb fracture bet-ween after and before, supportive group nursing care was provided,”was supported (Body Cathexis t=5.90, p<.001, Body Meaning t=4.45, p <.001). 4. There was no significant difference in body image between groups classified by the general characteristics (p> .05). 5. The correlation between Body Cathexis Scale and Body Meaning Scale: It was reported that Body Cathexis Scale correlated with Body Meaning Scale in total subjects of the experimental and control group (r=.744, p<.001). That is, there was relatively high correlation between two scales. body Cathexis Scale correlated with Body Meaning Scale in the experimental group(r=.738, p <.001) and in the control group (r=.352, p <.001). That is, there was more than moderate correlation between two scales. In conclusion, it was found that there was a difference in body image between patients with lower limb fracture and normal persons, and supportive group nursing care offered an opportunity for positive change in body image of the patient with lower limb fracture.