• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.519-519
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• 2003

We performed a hydrochemical study on a total of 89 bedrock groundwaters collected from preexisting wells (30 to 300 m deep) in the Boeun area. Hydrochemical data showed significant variations in the area, due to varying degrees of anthropogenic pollution. The waters were mostly enriched in Ca and HCO$_3$ but locally contained significant concentrations of anthropogenic constituents in the general order of Cl >NO$_3$>SO$_4$. In particular, about 11% of the examined wells exceeded the drinking water standard with respect to nitrate. We consider that aquifers in the area are locally highly susceptible to the contamination related to agricultural activities. Diagrams showing the relationships between the summation of cations (∑cations) and the concentration of several anions with different origin (natural versus anthropogenic) were used to estimate the relative role of anthropogenic contamination. A good correlation was observed for the relationship between ∑cations and bicarbonate, indicating that water-rock interaction (namely, hydrolysis of silicate minerals) is most important to control the water quality. Thus, we made an assumption that the equivalent of dissolved cations for a water should be equal to the alkalinity, if the chemistry were controlled solely by a set of natural weathering reactions. If we excluded the equivalent quantities of cations and bicarbonate (natural origin) from the acquired data for each sample, the remainder therefore could be considered to reflect the degree of anthropogenic contamination. Finally, we performed a multiple regression approach for hydrochemical data using the ∑cations as a dependent variable and the concentration data of each anion (natural or anthropogenic) as an independent variable. Using this approach, we could estimate the relative roles of anthropogenic and natural processes. Rather than the conventional evaluation scheme based on water quality criteria, this approach will be more useful and reasonable for the evaluation of groundwater quality in a specific region and also can be used for planning appropriate protection and remedial actions.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2006년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.432-435
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• 2006

To evaluate geology and extent of leachate migration around the landfills, electrical resistivity survey were conducted in area of uncontrolled landfills in Cheonan and Wonju. The Cheonan landfill is located above the paddy fields and the resistivity survey lines were crossed to confirm possible pollution of the paddy fields by leakage of the landfill leachate. In Wonju, the landfill and the downgradient paddy fields are divided by a concrete barrier wall. At the bottom of the landfill, there is a leachate settlement system but has not been in operation. And a total of 4 survey line installed (1 parallel and 3 perpendicular to mean groundwater flow direction). According to the resistivity survey results, the landfill leachate in Cheonan appeared to be restricted only within the interior of the landfill, not to migrate into the subsurface of the paddy fields. These results are well consistent with electrical conductivity values of groundwaters obtained from a periodic analysis of water qualities. In Wonju, however, it was inferred that the leachate emanating from the landfill migrated beneath the abandoned leachate settlement system and it would reach the downgradient paddy field.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.713-720
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• 2002

In order to provide the basic information on the environmental pollution of Kyungsan province, the contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn in soil, stream water, aquatic sediment and groundwater were investigated, and also the values of pH, COD, $KMnO_4-C$,\;NH_3-N,\;NO_2-N,\;NO_3-N$ and $Cl^-$ of stream water and groundwater were determined. The results were as follows. The values of COD, $NH_3-N,\;NO_2-N$ and $NO_3-N$ of the stream waters were very low. The contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn in the stream waters were respectively at range of $0.014~0.063 mg/{\ell},\;0.004~0.007 mg/{\ell$\mid$, 0~0.045 mg/{\ell},\;0~0.008 mg/{\ell}$\;and\;$0.001~0.175 mg/{\ell}$, and these values were much lower than those of contaminated stream water in Korea. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn in the soils were respectively at range of 0.12~O.71 ppm, 0.88~2.65 ppm, 2.86~22.33 ppm and 3.89~26.39 ppm, and these values were much lower than those of ordinary polluted areas in Korea. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, As, Zn and Mn in the aquatic sediments were respectively at range of 3.05~3.81 ppm, 14.6~70.6 ppm, 13.74~61.59 ppm, 76.8~465.5 ppm, 12.56~190.83 ppm and 333.3~l188.3 ppm. The values of pH, $KMnO_4-C,\;NH_3-N$, and $NO_3-N$ of the groundwaters were respectively at range of 7.6~8.4, $0~3.95{\ell}$, 0.05~0.15 mg/{\ell}$ and 0.05~0.42 $mg/{\ell}$. The contents of Pb, Cd and Cr in the groundwaters were respectively at range of 0.015~0.061 $mg/{\ell}$, 0.O06~0.009 $mg/{\ell}$ and 0.005~0.045 $mg/{\ell}$.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.38-47
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• 2013

This study was performed to identify the optimal operating conditions and to evaluate the xylene removal efficiency, applying in-situ soil flushing with the low concentrated solution of 'Tween 80' at the xylene contaminated site. The pilot scale test site ($5m{\times}5m{\times}3m$), was mainly composed of 'sandy loam', with the average hydraulic conductivity of $9.1{\times}10^{-4}cm\;s^{-1}$. The average xylene concentration of the site was 42.1 mg $kg^{-1}$, which was more than 2.5 times higher than Korea soil pollution warning limit (15 mg $kg^{-1}$). For the soil flushing, 7,800 L of 0.1~0.2% surfactant solution was injected into three injection wells at the average injection time of 9 hr $d^{-1}$ for 10 days, followed by the additional only groundwater injection of 6,000 L. The same amount of the effluent solution was extracted from three extraction wells. From the analysis for xylene concentration of all effluent at 3 extraction wells, total 166 g of xylene was removed by in-situ surfactant flushing. Even though the residual xylene concentrations of 7 soil sampling locations in the test site were different due to the soil heterogeneity, from the comparison of xylene concentration at 7 locations before/after the feasibility test, 53.9% of the initial xylene in the site was removed from three extraction wells (mainly Ext-N and Ext-M well). The results showed that the in-situ soil flushing by using low concentrated 'Tween 80' solution had a great potential to remediate the xylene contaminated site.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.143-156
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• 2007

This study has researched the management status and the pollution level of water, soil, stream sediments of 11 abandoned coal mines out of a total of 12 within Obong-Dam area except Bukyung mine, which was submerged when constructing Obong-Dam, and selected areas which are in needs to have pollution control facilities in the first place. From the results of examination on the runoff at the waste rock pile and mineheads, the runoff from Sueun mine (pH, Fe, Al), Samwon mine (pH, Al), Wangdo mine (pH, Al), Mose mine (pH, Fe, Al) and Daeryeong mine (pH) exceeded the permissible discharge standards of the water quality, but the water at merging point with Obong-Dam after joined with Doma branch satisfied both Water Quality Standards and Drinking Water Quality Standards. In regard to groundwater contamination, it is found that areas where exceeded the Drinking Water Quality Standards are Wangdo mine (pH), Jangjae mine (pH, Zn), Daeryeong mine (pH) whereas all areas satisfied Soil Contamination Warning Standards of Soil Environmental Conservation Law. When comparing a research result on underwater sediments of branches of abandoned mines to the EPA Guidelines for classification of great lakes harbor sediments, Dongguk Gaerim (Fe), Jungwon mine (Fe), Daebo mine (Mn), Samwon mine (Mn) and Daeryeong mine (Mn) showed mid-level of contamination, whereas Sueun (Fe, Mn), Daebo mine (Fe), Woosung mine (Fe, Mn), Wangdo mine (Fe, Mn), Mose mine (Fe) and Daeryeong mine (Fe) showed high-level of contamination. In addition, contamination levels of underwater sediments in Wangsan and Doma branch where abandoned mine's branches merge together, Wangsan branch showed no contamination at all whereas Doma branch shows mid-level of contamination which reflect the Doma branch is affected by waste rock pile and minehead runoff of the abandoned mines in the Doma branch area. It is concluded that Mose mine and Sueun mine required treatment of acid mine drainage. and Wangdo, Jungwon, and Samwon mines were in need of mine tailing and erosion control work. The Samwon mine additionally required a control system for closed minehead runoff. Although the Samwon mine reached a high concentration of Al, Mn $Ca^{2+}$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$ in the runoff, the levels decreased after it was combined with a tributary. It has been concluded that after further monitoring of the cause of pollution, a preventive measure system may be needed to be built.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.415-429
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• 2003

이 연구는 충북 미원면 일대 옥천대 흑색셰일 분포지의 상부 화전리층과 구룡산층 지역에서 기반암의 종류에 따른 수질과 오염특성의 변화를 규명하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. 배경수질은 상부 화전리층 지역 시료에서는 주로 (Ca, Mg)-$HCO_3$ 유형이, 구룡산층 지역 시료에서는 $SO_4$의 상대적인 부화로 인하여, 주로 (Ca, Mg)-$SO_4$, (Ca, Mg)-$HCO_3$ 유형이 나타났다. 지하수 시료의 경우, 상부 화전리층 시료에서는 탄산염 및 규산염 광물의 풍화가, 구룡산층 시료에서는 규산염 광물의 풍화가 주를 이루고 있다. 하천수 시료의 경우도 대부분 물-암석 반응의 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다 군집분석의 결과, 지하수 시료는 크게 3그룹으로, 하천수 시료는 크게 4그룹으로 분류된다. 요인분석의 결과, 물 시료내의 각각의 화학원소의 함량은 주로 자연적인 풍화의 요인과 일부 인위적인 오염의 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 변형된 오염지수(M.R.I.)를 사용하여 연구지역의 수질오염을 살펴본 결과 -0.08∼0.18 사이로 나타나며, 주로 구룡산층 채석장 지역 시료에서 0이상을 나타내었다. 이 연구에서 도입된 변형된 오염지수는 앞으로 수질 오염 예측 및 관리자를 위한 유용한 도구로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.499-508
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• 1998

The Imgok Creek is located in the Gangreung coal field, which has been known that sulfides are more abundant than other coal fields in Korea, and it has been severly contaminated by acid mine drainage (AMD) discharging from the abandoned coal mines, such as the Youngdong, the Dongduk and the Waryong coal mines. The purposes of this study are to synthetically assess the contamination of natural water, stream sediment and cultivated soils, and to provide the basic data for AMD treatment. Geochemical samples were collected in December, 1996 (dry season) and April, 1997 (after three day's rainfall). TDS of the Youngdong mine water was remarkably higher than those of other mine waters. In the Imgok Creek, concentrations of most elements, except Fe decreased with distance by dilution caused by the inflow of uncontaminated tributaries. From the results of NAMDI and $I_{geo}$ calculation, the Youngdong coal mine was the main contamination source of the study area. Groundwater pollution was not yet confirmed in this study and the paddy and farm land soils were also not yet contaminated by mining activity based on the pollution index ranging from 0.27 to 0.47.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.35-47
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• 1999

구봉광산의 광미와 주변 밭과 논의 토양 및 하상퇴적물에서의 중금속과 시안의 분포 및 오염도에 대해 조사하였다. 광미 중의 As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn및 CN￣의 평균농도는 각각 6.93$\times$$10^{3}$, 56.9, 209, 5.03, 3.25$\times$$10^{3}$, 1.89$\times$$10^{3}$, 21mg/kg이었고 Kloke가 제안한 허용기준치를 이용하여 계산한 오염지수는 42~95이었으며 pH는 약알칼리성이었다. 광산과 인접한 밭 토양 중의 중금속과 시안 함량은 논 토양보다 높았다. 하상퇴적물 중의 중금속과 시안 함량은 광미 중의 분석치정도로 많이 검출되었다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.393-409
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• 2015

Zinc and lead pollution are public environmental issues that have attracted lots of attention for a long time. Landfill leachate contains heavy metals, such as Zn(II) and Pb(II), which are usually related to the pollution of groundwater, especially in developing countries. Bentonite has been proven to be effective in enhancing the membrane property of clay, by which landfill liners can have better barrier performance towards the migration of contaminants. In this study, 5% sodium bentonite amended with locally available Fukakusa clay was utilized to evaluate the membrane behavior towards the heavy metals zinc and lead. The chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient, ${\omega}$, was obtained through Zn(II) and Pb(II) solutions with different concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 50 mM. According to the results, ${\omega}$ continually decreased as the Zn(II) and Pb(II) concentrations increased, which is consistent with the Gouy-Chapman theory. Compared to normal inorganic ions, the membrane behavior towards heavy metal ions was lower. The migration of heavy metal ions was not observed based on experimental results, which can be attributed to the adsorption or ion exchange reaction. The mechanisms of the membrane performance change were discussed with the assistance of XRD patterns, free swelling results, XRF results, and SEM images.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.151-157
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• 2021

Livestock farmers are using animal carcasses to dispose of the carcasses of livestock that have died of natural causes or disease. Most of the existing livestock carcass processors are mechanical in their structure without considering the environment. It has a function of sterilizing dead bodies at high pressure after processing them and causes environmental problems such as carbon monoxide emissions. If livestock carcasses occur, livestock farmers have to purchase their own livestock carcasses or entrust them to the outside world, which is costly. For this reason, the possibility of environmental pollution, infectious diseases, and spread has been increased recently by frequent dumping of dead bodies. The carcass of livestock mixed with manure not only serves as a medium for infectious diseases but also needsto be buried on a large scale as foot-and-mouth disease and avian influenza spread. As a result, the possibility of environmental pollution, such as contamination of groundwater, is increasing, so research is needed to protect and improve the environment. We aim to improve the process of processing livestock carcasses and purify the agricultural environment through development results on the form, structure and function of eco-friendly livestock carcasses. Its shape is applied with naturalshapessuch asstones and seeds. The material used in the dead body processis a brown beggar biocouple and is applied with an eco-friendly industrial animal recycling process. As a result of the study, it is expected to improve odors and the environment, and to be used as data to improve and help the livestock industry in the future.