• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.297-304
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• 2002

This study is about penetrability of Micro Cement(MC) used for ground improvement. In this study, the characteristics of chemical grouting such as solidification, penetrability were analyzed experimentally by changing permeability of ground, grain size and relative density of grout material. For evaluating applicability of grout material, solidification test and penetrability test were performed. From the results of the tests, effective solidification ratio and penetrability ratio of MC was each 75%, 86% to be excellent when ground permeability was in the range of 10$^{-2}$ and 10$^{-4}$ cm/sec. Otherwise, those of Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC) were both lower than 50% to be poor. When penetrability of grout material is needed for improvement of dam foundation and soft ground, application of MC Is much superior to that of the other materials. The results of the grouting tests in the water flowing ground show that solidification effect of long gel-time grout material is excellent as injection pressure increases when groundwater velocity is relatively low. But when groundwater velocity is relatively high, solidification effect of long gel-time grout material is very poor because most grout materials are outflowed. Therefore, as groundwater velocity is high, effective solidification ratio of long gel-time grout material is better than that of short gel-time grout material, also penetration distance of long gel-time grout material is longer than that of short gel-time grout material.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1999년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.323-330
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• 1999

Daylight collapse have been occurred by about 5.0m deep at ground surface and collapse of the crown head part of the tunnel have connected to the ground surface during first step of shotcrete work after blasting of upper half section of the tunnel driving at two-way double track tunnel face section on highway construction. This study is for a successful illustration case for the earth improvement method through applying such strengthening methods as cement milk grouting, S.G.R grouting,, steel pipe reinforced multi-step grouting etc. for the purpose of earth strengthening of loosened earth block occurred by tunnel collapse.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1999년도 연약지반처리위원회 학술세미나
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• pp.14-22
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• 1999

Daylight collapse have been occurred by about 6.$^{0}$ m deep at ground surface which connected to the ground surface and excessive overbreak have been occurred by the space and height of 3.$^1$~6.$^2$m at crown head part of the tunnel during tunnelling of lower-half part after completing upper-half part on tunnelling of a phyllite mountain by NATM method at the construction work of two way-double track national road. This study is a successful illustration case of earth improvement by confirming structural safety of the tunnel in a whole through solving the cause of the tunnel collapse and the work have completed successfully through applying such earth strengthening method as cement mortarㆍcement milk injection, S.G.R, steel pipe reinforced multi-step grouting etc.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 1999년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.375-382
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• 1999

The use of compaction grouting system(C.G.S) evolved in the 1950's to correct structural settlement of buildings. Over the almost 50 years, the technology has developed and is currently used in wide range of applications. Compaction Grouting, the injection of a very stiff 'zero-slump' mortar grout under relatively high pressure, displaces and compacts soils. It can effectively repair natural or man-made soil strength deficiencies in variety of soil formations. Major uses of Compaction Grouting include densifying loose soils or fill voids caused by sinkholes, poorly compacted fills, broken utilities, improper dewatering, or soft ground tunneling excavation. Other application include preventing liquefaction, re-leveling settled structures, and using compaction grout bulbs as structural elements of minipiles or underpinning. So, on the basis of the case history constructed in recent year, a study has been performed to analyze the basic mechanism of the Compaction Grouting and verify the effectiveness of the ground improvement.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.1322-1327
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• 2004

In the present work, a series of experiments have been performed on electro-hydrodynamic atomization of non-conducting liquid using a charge injection type nozzle. Effects of liquid flow rate, input voltage, and distance between the needle and the ground electrode (nozzle-embedded metal plate) have been examined. For fixed electrode distances, total and spray currents increase with increase of liquid flow rate and input voltage. When the distance between the needle and the ground electrode becomes closer, total, leakage and spray current increase, but the onset voltage for dielectric breakdown decreases. When the electric field strength of the liquid jet exceeds that for the air breakdown, a portion of the electric charges in the liquid jet is dissipated into the ambient air, and the charge density shows a limiting value. Atomization quality can be improved by increasing the flow rate because the higher charge density is achieved with the larger liquid velocity in addition to the enhanced aerodynamic effect.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 주열식말뚝 배면의 차수를 목적으로 쓰이는 SCM공법의 지반강도와 투수계수 개선 효과를 연구하였다. SCM공법은 2중관 롯드를 사용하여 중압($981{\sim}9,810kPa$)으로 지반을 절삭하고 충전 및 혼합하는 공법이다. 이는 시멘트와 알카리용탈이 최소화된 친환경적인 약액을 사용하는 것으로 실험을 통하여 입증하였다. 1축압축시험, 어독성시험 등을 통하여 화학적인 안정성을 실험하였고, 그 결과 내구성이 높고 조기강도 발현이 되며 알칼리용탈이 최소화된 친환경적인 약액재료임을 입증하였다. 그리고 현장시험을 통하여 구근과 차수벽이 형성됨을 확인하였다.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.198-206
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• 2023

In this study, visualization of in-cylinder spray behavior and spark channel stretching by air flow characteristics depending on engine operating conditions were investigated. For in-cylinder spray behavior, increase in engine rpm did not alter the counter-clockwise air flow direction and location of in-cylinder dominant air flow but increased average air flow velocity, which hindered spray propagation parallel to the piston surface. When injection timing was retarded, direction of in-cylinder dominant air flow was changed, and average air flow velocity was reduced resulting in an increase in spray penetration length and change in direction. For spark channel stretching, increase in air flow speed did not affect spark channel stretch direction but affected length due to increase in spark channel resistance and limitation of energy ignition coil can handle. Change in air flow direction affected spark channel stretch direction where the air flow was obstructed by ground electrode which caused spark channel direction to occur in the opposing direction of air flow. It also affected spark channel stretch length due to change in air flow speed around the spark plug electrode from the interaction between the air flow and ground electrode.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.63-74
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• 2012

국내에서 그라우팅은 대부분 전문성 있는 지식이나 이론적인 연구에 의한 방법이 아닌 경험적인 방법에 의해 설계되고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 그라우팅이 적용되는 건설현장에서 자동화 그라우팅 기법의 품질관리기술과 방법에 대한 것을 논의하고자 한다. 연구결과, 제한적인 물주입시험에 의한 최적주입압 결정과 관련된 방법은 그라우팅 전.후에 대한 평가만이 가능한 것으로 나타났으며, 그라우팅재료가 지반내에서 확산하는 동안 주입압력(p)~주입속도(q)~침투시간(t) 차트 분석을 통해 주입압, 주입속도, 침투시간의 특성을 평가할 경우 그라우트 압력에 의한 지반의 파쇄를 방지할 수 있을 것으로 나타났다. 주입압력(p), 주입속도(q)와 침투시간(t) 곡선을 분석하여 적합한 값을 도출하면 효과적인 설계를 수행할 수 있다. 본 차트분석기법은 기존의 종이롤에 기록되어 지는 주입압력(p)과 주입속도(q)를 정리하여 관리할 수 있으며, 통합유량계는 정확한 수량을 기록할 수 있으나 기록된 주입압력은 초기, 중급 및 최종 지점에 따라 다르게 나타나므로, 통합유량계 및 그라우팅 대상 지반의 특성의 상관관계가 규명되는 것이 바람직한 것으로 사료된다, 본 연구에서 제안된 자동화 그라우팅 기법은 주입압력과 그라우팅 대상 지반의 특성간의 신뢰성 있는 상관관계를 설명할 수 있으며, 이를 활용한 그라우팅 품질관리 기술을 발전시킬 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2009

최근 고속철도, 지하철, 댐, 항만, 고속도로, 도심지의 주상복합건물 등 대형 건설공사가 진행되면서 약액주입공법, 고압분사주입공법, 혼합처리공법 등이 다양하게 적용되고 있으나 침투성, 강도, 내구성, 환경성, 주변지반의 융기, 지하매설물에 대한 영향, 산업폐기물발생 등 많은 문제점이 지적되어 왔다. 이에 본 연구에서는 특수 주입선단장치 및 변성실리케이트 재료를 개발하여 주입재료의 혼합이 용이하고 주입중 주입재의 역류 및 주입노즐의 막힘이 없이 연속작업이 가능하며, 분말도 $6,000cm^2/g$이상인 마이크로시멘트를 사용 침투효과를 증가시켰다. 또한, 겔형성반응재는 내구성과 환경성에 영향을 끼치는 $Na_2O$ 함량을 대폭 낮춘 변성실리케이트를 개발하여 지하수에 의한 용탈현상을 최소화하고, 장기의 고강도, 고침투, 고내구성, 친환경성이 요구되는 곳에 적합한 마이크로 무기질급결재를 개발하여 실용화에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 연구결과 일축압축강도, 투수성, N치 및 TCR, RQD 등이 개선됨을 알 수 있었으며, 향후 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 특수 주입선단장치를 활용한 다양한 현장적용성 시험을 추후 시행하여 타공법과 공학적 특성을 비교, 검토하고자 한다.

• 지질공학
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.127-142
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• 2022

This study explored the fluid transfer characteristics of simultaneous pneumatic blasting, plasma blasting, and vacuum suction (the PPV method), and assessed their effect. Chemical oxidation-an established soil remediation method-was compared as a control. Electrical resistivity surveys found that PPV reduced resistivity by about 1.5-2.5 times compared with the control group, indicating that it increased the diffusion of fluid between the injection and suction wells. Injection and suction tests comparing the injection flow rate, initial suction flow rate time, and suction flow rate showed that the PPV method offered an improvement over the existing method. Slug tests revealed that PPV increased the permeability coefficient by a greater amount than that by the control method. This study qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed that the PPV method clearly improves injection and suction efficiency by accelerating cracks in the ground and improving water permeability compared with the established chemical oxidation method.