• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2008

Recently irregular dark-colored patches were found on the Kentucky teeing ground in a golf course in Gyunggi providence. Interestingly, blue-green algae from the leaf tissue sample containing black spot-stained symptoms were largely observed through microscopic study. In general, algae present on the upper soil surface or in the upper layer of root zone form dark brown layers of scum or crust, which invoked harmful effects to turf growth such as poor drainage, inhibition of new root development. In this observation, unlike the algae were sometime found in senescing leaves on contacted soil in July and August, the blue-green algae were detected within black spot-stained Kentucky bluegrass leaf tissues including leaf blade, ligule, auriclea as well as leaf sheath. The blue-green algae were also detected on the leaf and stem tissue adjacent to the symptomatic leaf tissues. Two species of blue-green algae, Phomidium and Oscillatoria, were greatly observed. Oscillatoria species was more commonly notified in all samples. In addition, the two species were found on a putting green showing yellow spot disease at another golf course in Gyunggi providence. The data from chemical control assay revealed that chemicals such as propiconazole, iprodione, and azoxystrobin decreased blue-green algae population and leaf spots, which finally resulted in enhanced leaf quality. All taken together, we strongly suggested that the disease-like phenomenon by blue-green algae might be very closely mediated with infection/translocation process in relation with turfgrass. It indicates that blue-green algae in turf management may play an adverse role as a secondary barrier as well as a pathogenic agent. This report may be helpful for superintendents to recognize and understand the fact that algae control should be provided more cautiously and seriously than we did previously in upcoming golf course management.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.808-815
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• 2007

Four different herbs, including rosemary, oregano, basil and sage, along with green tea were individually added to ground beef at different percentages: 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5, respectively. The sensory qualities of the five natural herbs and their antioxidant effects were evaluated using Beef-Yukwonjeon. For the sensory evaluation results, the 0.5% herb addition and the control group generally showed higher acceptability scores than the 1.0% or 1.5% herb addition groups. In particular, the Yukwonjeon made with 0.5% green tea showed higher preferences in the acceptance tests and ranking tests. However, the sensory differences among samples were reduced after 3 days of storage at $6^{\circ}C$. For the results of lipid oxidation without storage, the TBARS values of the herb addition groups were slightly lower than the value of the control group, but not significantly(p>0.05). However, the antioxidant effects of each herb showed higher values over a longer storage period as well as at the higher herb concentrations. The antioxidant effects of the herbs during 7 days' of storage at $6^{\circ}C$ were evaluated as $10.0{\sim}38.5%$ reductions in TBARS values as compared to the group without herbs. Furthermore, the antioxidant effects of the herbs during 30 days' of storage at $-20^{\circ}C$ were shown as $16.8{\sim}27.8%$ reductions in the TBARS value. The green tea showed the highest antioxidant activity against lipid oxidation, because it was acceptable at higher concentrations in the sensory evaluation. These results indicate the potential to produce better quality beef-Yukwonjeon, with herbs, especially green tea.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1417-1423
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• 2011

For evaluating the effect of various organic fertilizer ratios on the Spiraea${\times}$bumalda 'Gold Mound' growth, a container green wall system experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Konkuk university. The experimental planting grounds were prepared with different organic fertilizer ratios ($A_1L_0$, $A_8L_1$, $A_4L_1$ $A_2L_1$ and $A_1L_1$) and with drought tolerance and an ornamental value Spiraea${\times}$bumalda 'Gold Mound' was planted. The change in soil moisture contents, plant height, number of branches, number of dead leafs, number of leaf, number of shoots, length of node, length of leaf, width of leaf, root-collar caliper, chlorophyll contents and survival rate were investigated from April to Jun 2010. 1. The result of soil moisture contents was analyzed with weight unit in the container green wall system during the dry summer season. The soil moisture contents were significantly enhanced in the container green wall system in increasing order as the amount of fertilizer level increased $A_1L_1$ > $A_2L_1$ > $A_4L_1$ > $A_8L_1$ > $A_1L_0$. 2. Compared to the control treatment (amended soil with 100% + organic fertilizer 0%) application, the highest plant growth was observed in the treatment of $A_2L_1$(amended soil with 67% + organic fertilizer 13%) application. However, the differences between the organic fertilizer ratio treatments of $A_1L_1$, $A_4L_1$, $A_8L_1$, and the $A_1L_0$ organic fertilizer application were mostly not significant. 3. The survival rate increased with the increasing application of organic fertilizer, but in the control treatment (amended soil with 100% + organic fertilizer 0%) application all the plants died. Experimental results from the presented study clearly demonstrated that the organic fertilizer improved the survival rate more than the Spiraea${\times}$bumalda 'Gold Mound' growth at different levels of organic fertilizers. This strain can be utilized as a plant growth application in living wall systems during the dry summer season. Therefore, Spiraea${\times}$bumalda 'Gold Mound' is expected to be a highly valuable shrub for the green wall system if it should be considered in integration with stormwater retention or as a soil conditioner for increasing soil water contents in planting ground.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.4 s.63
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• pp.559-568
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• 1997

For orthodontic tooth movement, optimal orthodontic force should be maintained without periodontal breakdown and alveolar bone should be remodeled physiologically Therefore, To obtain proper occlusion through tooth movement within alveolar bone, we should know the biomechanics of teeth and supporting 4issues. The present study was performed to observe histologic changes of periodontal tissue immediately after application of orthodontic force and during the retention period in growing young adult dogs. In this study, experimental group contained between mandibular left canine and 1st molar and control group contained contralateral teeth of same animal. The .018'x.022' stainless steel closed coil spring(Dentaurum Co.) was ligated on the experimental teeth at initial 200gm-force from mandibular canine to 1st molar The animals(4 to 6 months aged young adult dogs) were sacrificed on 0, 14, 28 days after the finish of appliance activation, and then tissue samples were divided into hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining section, ground section, alkaline phosphatase(ALP) staining section, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP) staining section. Thereafter, the preparations were examined under light microscopy The following results were obtained: 1. Immediately after the finish of appliance activation, the periodontal space was increased in tension side, but decreased in pressure side compared to that of control. The hyalinized zone was also observed in the periodontium. 2. After the 14-day retention, peridontal space was decreased in tension side and slightly increased in pressure side compared to that of immediately after the finish of appliance activation. The hyalinized zone was repaired and a few osteoblasts showing slightly new bone formation were seen. Osteoblasts were scarcely observed along the alveolar bone. 3. Aftter the 28-day retention, the periodontal fibers are normally repaired. A lot of TRAP(+) osteoclasts md increased alveolar bone resorption were observed in pressure side, and AP(+) osteoblast and increased new bone formation were observed in tension side.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2015

In order to provide design data support for reducing gale damage of single-span greenhouses, this paper experimentally evaluated the uplift capacity of a rafter pipe and continuous pipe foundation (anti-disaster standard), usually used for single-span greenhouses according to compaction ratio, embedded depth, and soil texture. In the reclaimed soil (Silt loam) and the farmland soil (Sandy loam), the ultimate uplift capacities of rafter pipe were 72.8kgf and 60.7kgf, respectively, and those of continuous pipe foundation were 452.7kgf and 450.3kgf, respectively at an embedded depth of 50cm and compaction rate of 85% (the hardest ground condition). The results showed that the ultimate uplift capacity of continuous pipe foundation was significantly improved at more than 6 times that of the rafter pipe. The soil texture considered in this paper had a sand content of 35%~59% and a silt content of 39%~58%, and it was shown that the ultimate uplift capacity did not have a significant difference depending on soil texture, and these results show that installing the rafter pipe and continuous pipe foundation while maintaining appropriate compaction conditions can give an advantage in securing stability in the farmland of greenhouses without significantly being influenced by soil texture. Based on the results of this paper, it was determined that maintaining a compaction rate above 75% for the continuous pipe foundation and above 85% for the rafter pipe was advantageous for securing stability in greenhouses. Especially when continuous pipe foundation of anti-disaster standard was applied, it was determined to be significantly advantageous in acquiring stability in greenhouses to prevent climate disaster.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate proper stem cutting position and air temperature to regenerate roots from cuttings of bitter gourd. 'NS454' (NS) and 'Dragon' (DR) cultivars were tested and the cutting position was cut at the 3rd node in the stem (treatment I) and cut at the central part (stem segment) between 3rd leaf and 4th leaf in the stem (treatment II). The air temperature was maintained at 18, 23, 28 and $35^{\circ}C$ in the growth chambers, respectively. The photosynthetic photon flux at the ground of a chamber was maintained in approximately $150-200{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ during the 16-hour photoperiod. The relative humidity in the chambers was maintained over 85%. After 10 days of cuttings, regardless of cutting position, DR and NS cultivars showed 100% the survival rate in the $18^{\circ}C$ or $23^{\circ}C$ treatments, however, most of plants $18^{\circ}C$ treatment had not rooting. In the $28^{\circ}C$ treatment, regardless of cutting position, DR and NS cultivars showed 100% of the rooting rate. In the $23^{\circ}C$ treatment, for DR cultivar, the node cutting showed 90% of rooting rate and the stem segment cutting showed 40% rooting rate. For NS cultivar, the node cutting showed 50% of rooting rate and the stem segment cutting showed 40% rooting rate. DR and NS cultivars have high rooting rate, while the rooting rate remarkably decreased in the $35^{\circ}C$ treatment. For DR cultivar, the stem segment cutting showed 5.3 of the highest rooting number and the node cutting showed 2.7 rooting number in the $28^{\circ}C$ treatment. NS cultivar was not significantly different the rooting regardless of cutting position. The results suggested that cutting at the stem segment cutting of bitter gourd is an effective cutting method for increasing survival rate and the air temperature should be maintained at $28^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1048-1056
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• 2002

Quality of fresh ginger deteriorates rapidly during low temperature storage, and its storage life is short due to sprouting and microbial spoilage. The objectives of this research were to develop, using additives, a minced ginger product, which could maintain acceptable quality for over 30 days, and to investigate its quality changes during the cold storage. Storage stability of minced ginger product was investigated from the standpoint of the inhibition of brown discoloration, gas formation and liquid-solid separation. Fresh ginger was peeled and ground to produce minced ginger (control). Sodium bisulfite, L-cysteine, NaCl, sodium benzoate, modified starch, and/or xanthan gum were added to the control to minimize quality loss during storage, and to develop an optimum formula (A) of minced ginger. Samples were packed in Nylon/PE films, stored at $5^{\circ}C$, sampled at a 30-day interval, and subjected to quality evaluations. Changes in pH, surface color, gas formation, liquid-solid separation, contents of free amino acids, free sugars, organic acids, and fatty acids were determined. Gas formation was effectively inhibited in samples with sodium benzoate and/or NaCl. Samples with xanthan gum did not result in liquid-solid separation. L-Cysteine and sodium bisulfite were effective in controlling discoloration. pH decreased during storage in all samples, except sample A. Organic acid contents of all samples increased during storage, with lactic acid content showing the highest increase. Free amino acid content decreased with increasing storage time. Free sugar content of all samples decreased during storage. Sensory results showed sample A maintained acceptable quality until 90 days of storage. These results suggest that quality of minced ginger could be successfully maintained with the additions of selected additives for up to 90 days.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.286-292
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• 2019

This study aimed to investigate the suitable of layer on growth of six baby leaf vegetables using existing facilities and equipment in rice seedling nursery. Three kinds of Lactuca(lettuce 'Jinppallola' and 'Romain white', and indian lettuce), two of Brassica(tatsoi and red tatsoi) and amaranth were used as the materials. After sowing, the rice seedling tray was placed in multi bench system($L120{\times}W60{\times}H195cm$, 10th floor), which were low(1st) layer above 15cm, middle(4th) layer above 115cm and high(7th) layer above 175cm apart from ground. Irrigation was sprayed 2~3 times a day using a automatic irrigation system. The growth characteristics and leaf color were investigated when leaf vegetables were reached the optimum size(within 10cm of plant height). During the culture periods(29th Jun.~31th Jul. 2017), daytime average temperature was $27.4{\sim}28.3^{\circ}C$ regardless of layers but solar irradiance was higher in the high-layer than low and middle-layer of 37% and 22%, respectively. The leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves in middle and high-layer have a tendency to increase but, fresh weight was different according to the layer. When the correlation between accumulation radiation and growth was analyzed, all of growth factor of Amaranth showed a high correlation and other cultivars showed correlation with each growth factors. As a result, It is suitable that amaranth and red tatsoi for high-layer, Indian lettuce and tatsoi for middle and high-layer and 'Romain white' for middle-layer. The growth of red lettuce 'Jinppallola' was good at low layer, but leaf color expression was poor. So the high layer is suitable for 'Jinppallola'.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2019

Recycling of drained nutrient solution in hydroponic cultivation of horticultural crops is important in the conservation of the water resources, reduction of production costs and prevention of environmental contamination. Objective of this research was to obtain the fundamental data for the development of a recirculation system of hydroponic solution in semi-forcing cultivation of 'Bonus' tomato. To achieve the objective, tomato plants were cultivated for 110 days and the contents of inorganic elements in plant, supplied and drained nutrient solution were analyzed when crop growth were in the flowering stage of 2nd to 8th fruiting nodes. The T-N content of the plants based on above-ground tissue were 4.1% at the flowering stage of 2nd fruiting nodes (just after transplanting), and gradually get lowered to 3.9% at the flowering stage of 8th fruiting nodes. The tissue P contents were also high in very early stage of growth and development and were maintained to similar contents in the flowering stage of 3rd to 7th fruiting nodes, but were lowed in 8th node stages. The tissue Ca, Mg and Na contents in early growth stages were lower than late growth stages and the contents showed tendencies to rise as plants grew. The concentration differences of supplied nutrient solution and drained solution in $NO_3-N$, P, K, Ca, and Mg were not significant until 5 weeks after transplanting, but the concentration of those elements in drained solution rose gradually and maintained higher than those in supplied solution. The concentrations of B, Fe, and Na in drained solution were slightly higher in the early stages of growth and development and were significantly higher in the mid to late stages of growth than those in supplied solution. The above results would be used as a fundamental data for the correction in the inorganic element concentrations of drained solution for semi-forcing hydroponic cultivation of tomato.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2019

This study was conducted to determine the effects of a pre-planting fertilizers with various $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ ratios in a coir dust:peatmoss:perlite (3.5:3.5:3.0, v/v/v) medium on the growth of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Nokkwang) plug seedling. Nitrogen levels were fixed to $300mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and the $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ ratios were varied to 0:100, 27:73, 50:50, 73:27, and 100:0. The 50-cell trays were filled with treatment media containing pre-plant fertilizers, then seeds were sown. After seeds were germinated, the trays were moved to greenhouse and seedlings were feed with 13-2-13 and 20-9-20 fertilizers, alternatively. The changes in pH and EC were measured every week and soil solution for nutrient concentrations were analyzed in week 0, 3, and 7. The measurements of seedling growths as well as analysis of tissue nutrient contents were also conducted in week 7. The varied $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ ratios did not influence on the pHs of root media after incorporation of pre-planting fertilizers, but the ECs were heightened as proportion of $NH_4{^+}$ to $NO_3{^-}$ were elevated. During the raising of seedlings, the pHs rose over time in the treatments of 0:100 and 27:73 ($NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$). The concentrations of all macro-elements in root media decreased gradually as seedlings grew in all treatments. The seedling growths 7 weeks after seed sowing were the highest in the treatments of 27:73 and 50:50 ($NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$) and those became worse in the treatments of higher $NH_4{^+}$ ratios than 73%. In terms of inorganic element contents based on the dry weight of above ground tissue, the treatment of 0:100 showed the lowest content of Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Mn, and Zn. Based on the results, it is desired that $NH_4{^+}$ ratio in pre-planting fertilization is maintained to be 50% or less for the raising of hot pepper plug seedlings.