• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.479-486
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• 2012

Runoff characteristics of pollutant loads of the lower Han River was studied before full implementation of Total Pollution Load Management System(TPLMS). Magnitude of macroscopic(annual) fluctuation was in the order of Namhan River > Han River > Bukhan River, gross weight TP > gross weight TN > gross weight BOD, gross weight deviation > concentration deviation. Flux variation was higher than that of concentration. Microscopic(weekly) fluctuation showed similar pattern to macroscopic scale. TP showed the highest deviation resulting in the lowest reliability. 60% of annual flux passed during summer 3months resulting in 43-46% pass of gross weight at the lower Han River. Strong correlation was found between flux and gross weight especially in gross weight TN. Gross weight pollution increased as high as 400% while passing Seoul area due to the concentration. The deviation from moving average increased during summer season in the gross weight TP and BOD. Seasonal tendency was confirmed especially in gross weight TN and TP using autocorrelation function.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.85-110
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• 2005

This paper aims at formulating various statistical models for the study of a ten year Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) data collected from various WIM stations in Hong Kong. In order to study the bridge live load model it is important to determine the mathematical distributions of different load affecting parameters such as gross vehicle weights, axle weights, axle spacings, average daily number of trucks etc. Each of the above parameters is analyzed by various stochastic processes in order to obtain the mathematical distributions and the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method is adopted to calculate the statistical parameters, expected values and standard deviations from the given samples of data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) method of approach is used to check the suitability of the statistical model selected for the particular parameter and the Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the distributions of maximum value stochastic processes of a series of given stochastic processes. Using the statistical analysis approach the maximum value of gross vehicle weight and axle weight in bridge design life has been determined and the distribution functions of these parameters are obtained under both free-flowing traffic and dense traffic status. The maximum value of bending moments and shears for wide range of simple spans are obtained by extrapolation. It has been observed that the obtained maximum values of the gross vehicle weight and axle weight from this study are very close to their legal limitations of Hong Kong which are 42 tonnes for gross weight and 10 tonnes for axle weight.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.99-102
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• 2012

Bee venom (Apis mellifera L. BV) has been used as a cosmetic ingredient for anti-ageing, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity after a single dermal administration of BV, BV was administered to 2 groups of Sprague-Dawley (SD) male and female rats (5 animals/group) at doses of 0 and 1,500 mg/kg body weight (BW). Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings were continually monitored for 15 days following the single dose. There were no unscheduled deaths in any groups during the study period. No BV related clinical signs and body weight changes were observed in any groups during the study period. There were no abnormal gross findings at necropsy on day 15 after the treatment. On the basis of the above results, it was concluded that there were no treatment-related effect on mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings in SD rats treated with a single dermal dose of BV at dose of 1,500 mg/kg BW. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose of BV was considered to be over 1,500 mg/kg/day for both sexes of rats. BV may provide a developmental basis for a cosmetic ingredient or external application for topical uses.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.439-443
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the potential acute toxicity of Aralia elata by a single oral dose in ICR mice. Thirty mice of each sex were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 mice each. The test articles were administered once by the gavage to mice at dose levels of 0, 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg body weight. The mortality and changes on body weight and clinical signs of gross observation were monitored for 14 days after dosing. At the end of 14-day observation period, all animals were sacrificed and complete gross postmortem examinations were performed. There were no dead animal and adverse effects on clinical signs, the body weight and the gross finding. As the results, we could not find any toxic effect at the dose levels of 2,500 or 5,000 mg/kg in mice and the minimal lethal dose was considered to be over 5,000 mg/kg body weight in mice.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.23-30
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to apply treadmill training through motor learning to cerebral palsy children and examine its effects on their Gross Motor Functions. The subjects of this study were 13 spastic diplegia children who had difficulty in independent gait, and GMFCS level III, IV. We performed treadmill gait training using the principle of weight bearing, based on 4times a week for 30 minutes before and after each session physical therapy we gave weight bearing treadmill training 5 to 10 minutes, during 7 weeks(April 9, 2012~May 26, 2012) fittingly for the children's gait characteristics. In order to test how the weight bearing treadmill training affects spastic diplegia children's gross motor functions, we measured body mobility with Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM). These data were collected before and after the experiment and analyzed through comparison. Data collected from the 13 spastic diplegia children the results were as follows. For evaluating with regard to change in body mobility, significant difference was observed between before and after the experiment in measured gross motor functions, which were crawling, kneeling, standing, walking, jumping and running(p<0.05). According to the results of this study, when gait training through motor learning was applied to spastic cerebral palsy children, it made significant changes in their body mobility. Accordingly, for the effective application of gait training through motor learning to cerebral palsy children, it is considered necessary to make research from different angle on how such training affects children's mobility, activity of muscles in the lower limbs, and gait characteristics.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.263-278
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• 2019

Moving train load parameters, including train speed, axle spacing, gross train weight and axle weights, are identified based on strain-monitoring data. In this paper, according to influence line theory, the classic moving force identification method is enhanced to handle time-varying velocity of the train. First, the moments that the axles move through a set of fixed points are identified from a series of pulses extracted from the second derivative of the structural strain response. Subsequently, the train speed and axle spacing are identified. In addition, based on the fact that the integral area of the structural strain response is a constant under a unit force at a unit speed, the gross train weight can be obtained from the integral area of the measured strain response. Meanwhile, the corrected second derivative peak values, in which the effect of time-varying velocity is eliminated, are selected to distribute the gross train weight. Hence the axle weights could be identified. Afterwards, numerical simulations are employed to verify the proposed method and investigate the effect of the sampling frequency on the identification accuracy. Eventually, the method is verified using the real-time strain data of a continuous steel truss railway bridge. Results show that train speed, axle spacing and gross train weight can be accurately identified in the time domain. However, only the approximate values of the axle weights could be obtained with the updated method. The identified results can provide reliable reference for determining fatigue deterioration and predicting the remaining service life of railway bridges.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.11
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• pp.66-73
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• 2008

Objectives: The study was designed to evaluate the single dose toxicity of modified Bo-yang-Hwan-o-Tang (mBHT) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The mBHT was once administrated orally to both sexes of rats at dose 2,000 mg/kg body weight which are the recommended maximum limit dose for acute toxicity. We recorded clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, gross and histological changes in target organs for all rats. Results: Neither significant changes of body weight not death was observed during the observation period in mBHT-administrated rats. Neither significant toxic signs not histopathological changes were shown during the observation period. There were not observed significant gross abnormality between the control and mBHT-administrated rats. Conclusions: These results indicated that the toxicity of mBHT is greater than 2,000 mg/kg body weight in SD rats.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.37-46
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• 2005

There are very large differences on the standards of gross weight and single axle weight for commercial motor vehicles between international and Korean standards. Short Wheelbase Truck are produced and run only in Korea. It has very serious effects on the durabilities of bridges and roads and makes logistic competitive power fall back and overconsuming energy. This paper deals with a comparative study of the international standards with Korean, grasps the drawbacks and makes up the suggestions to strengthen the logistic competitive power of Korea and reduce the maintenance cost for the roads and the consumption of energy.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 1990

A sweet corn hybrid, Golden Cross Bantam 70, was grown at 5 plant populations (5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, and 9,000 plants/10a) under the transparent P .E. film mulch to find the best yield evaluation method. Plant population did not affect early plant growth, culm length, ear height, and silking date. However, number of tillers at harvest decreased but leaf area index increased with increased plant population. Marketable ears were divided into two classes; the first grade of which husked ear weight over l50g (unhusked ear weight 230g) and the second grade of which husked ear weight between 100 and 150g (unhusked ear weight between 180 and 230g) according to the whole sale market price. Average length, thickness, and weight of marketable ears over 100g of husked ears decreased with increased plant population. The proportion of ears over 150g decreased with increased plant population. However, total number and weight of marketable ears and gross income per 10a calculated considering weight and number of ears increased with plant population. There were highly positive correlations between gross income and ear number or ear weight per unit area. At high plant populations the number of marketable ears was overestimated but ear weight underestimated compared with gross income. Dry matter yield of stover increased with increased plant population and ranged 755-944kg/10a with 20.7-24.5% dry matter content. Rice black-streaked dwarf virus infection rate was 10.6-14.9%, but it was not related to plant population.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.375-380
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• 2006

Purpose : This study investigated how gross motor and fine motor development are influenced by sleep position. Methods : From December, 2003 to September, 2005, for a year and 9 months, 800 children aged from 3 months to 16 months, who visited the Presbyterian Medical Center, Chonju, Korea were surveyed for motor development scale, sleep position and body weight. Results : The sleep position came in order : 79.3 percent of supine position, 10.0 percent prone position and 10.7 percent side position. Gross motor scale and fine motor scale were not connected with sex. The prone position indicated remarkable increase on gross motor scale from 5-6 months, but stayed the same after 7 months. Fine motor scale was not related to age and sleep position. Gross motor scale and fine motor scale were higher on group weighing more than under average weight group. Conclusion : This study showed that prone position did not influence gross motor scale after 7 months, affecting children of 5-6 months only. Hence, It is not recommended to use the prone position for a baby's fast gross motor development.