• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.85-92
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• 2012

This research was executed to analyze the problems of Korean type of 'Light-weight' Greening that has been applied similarly by the type of 'Intensive Greening,' and to suggest the better way. To achieve this purpose, we compared and analyzed the theory about the definition of Korean type of Roof Greening and the type of Greening of FLL. And we researched documents and fields of 18 sites of Seoul City that applied the type of 'Light-weigh' Greening, and produced improvement issues and directions. To resolve the confusion of the type definition and site application, arising from considering 'weight of greening' as the main viewpoint to classify the type of Greening, we have to change the term 'Light-weight' with more suitable for contents-based definitions. According to a 'Light-weight' Greening field survey, only 5 among 18 sites are suitable for Extensive Greening and the rest sites show the character of Intensive Greening. Korean concept of 'Light-weight' Greening corresponds with the definition of 'Weight of Greening', but has a problem that does not correspond with the viewpoint of 'Maintenance of Greening'. This problem comes from the fact that the surveyed Light-weight(extensive) Greening sites are designed and executed for use. Therefore, Extensive Greening is proper to be applied for sites, excluded from use. 5 sites, determined suitable for Extensive Greening, adopts 'Sedum-herbaceous Planting' or 'Sedum-grasses Planting' forms of Greening, based on Sedum. So, it has to precede with selecting and breeding plants for developing various forms of Greening, suitable for Extensive Greening including 'Grasses-herbaceous Planting.'

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.143-152
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• 2008

A comparative analysis of rooftop greening in Korea and Japan was carried out to understand current status of rooftop greening creation and technology and to give directions to frame a policy or plan on rooftop greening in Korea. Besides literature studies, questionnaire survey to Korean and Japanese experts on rooftop greening were done. As results, the annual creation areas, the types and the scales of rooftop greening in Seoul and Tokyo until 2007 were analysed and the satisfaction on the creation areas and technologies, the preference types, the present levels of and the most important parts among policies (support systems), technologies (creation methods), materials, maintenances and user programs for the development or expansion of rooftop greening in Korea and Japan were compared. The creation areas of rooftop greening in Seoul until 2007 was around 15% in Tokyo but the increasing rate of those in Seoul was faster than in Tokyo. Korean needs for the improvement on the rooftop greening systems and technologies were higher than Japanese, but both desired the expansion of rooftop greening areas in both countries. Korean preferred semi-intensive rooftop greening system but Japanese preferred intensive system. Korean and Japanese rooftop greening experts preferred policies (support systems) and technologies (creation methods) for the most important part for the development or expansion of rooftop greening in both countries.

• Forest Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.169-180
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• 2018

The Republic of Korea (ROK) has had a successful experience in greening its land because of strong state policy and public participation. This paper aims to analyze the interest positions, participation, and accountability of multiple actors in the process of greening movements in the ROK. These movements were divided into two phases: forest rehabilitation (1973-1997) and urban greening (1998-2017). During the first phase, farmers caused deforestation by slash-and-burn farming and illegal logging, and governmental agencies acted as helpers controlled the farmers' deforestation activities. During the second phase, government agencies and enterprises caused deforestation with urban development projects, including construction of housings and roads. Multiple actors including citizens, NGOs, and enterprises helped urban greening through campaigns, donations, and monitoring. As a result, managing interest positions is significant to motivate multiple actors to participate in the greening movement. Participation with clear accountability is meaningful for successful greening. Therefore interest-based participation requiring accountability contributes to greening. This phenomenon indicates interconnection for interest positions, participation and accountability should be considered in designing greening policies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2008

Recently, the expansion of housing developments has reduced green areas in cities. The reduction of green areas caused many negative effects on human beings. For functional improvement of ecosystem, government focuses on artificial ground greening because it gives improving microclimate and saving energy consumption. This research aims to develop the system to support decision making of greening for artificial ground greening. This system consist of rooftop greening, wall greening, and street greening system which can suggest proper type of greening and calculate the effect of the greening considering the proponents inputs. It presents social, economic, and ecological value such as cost, energy saving, and temperature reduction. As it is web-based system users can easily access with internet. This system provides automatic selection modes.As a result, with this developed web-based system, decision makers can evaluate the effect of artificial ground green easily and the support to such movement will increase.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 1990

Differences in the major components between non-greening and greening garlic bulbs were compared, and the several factors to be affected on the greening were investigated to study on the greening phenomenon occured in garlic puree made from stored garlic bulbs. From the several chemical analyses it was found that the contents of total nitrogen and lipid were lower in the greening than in the non-greening bulb but the contents of pyruvic and succinic acid were not. The content ratio of glutamic acid to total amino acid and the composition ratios of linoleic and linolenic acid were high in the greening bulb in comparsion with the non-greening. The protein pattern of the greening bulb by SDS-PAGE was significantly differed from that of the non-greening, especially in molecular weight ranges of 45.0-66.2 Kd. From the studies on the effects of pH, temperature and duration on the development of green color in the garlic powder solution, the optimum pH for the greening was 5.5 and maximum degree of the greening in the pH adjusted solution was shown after 30 min at $50^{\circ}C$.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.273-285
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• 2023

The commercial buildings greening can generate multiple benefits to achieve a sustainable building and business environment. However, a comprehensive systematic review of commercial buildings greening across multiple disciplines has yet to be reported. This study conducted a systematic analysis of 39 literature on commercial building greening from Web of Science over the past 19 years and utilized CiteSpace to visualize the academic evolution and trends in this field. Key findings were: 1) The number of publications in the past five years has increased, indicating that commercial building greening research has received widespread attention. 2) The large number of publications means that the research field of commercial building greening is relatively broad. 3) The study of commercial building greening has become a global participation and cooperation research topic. The top cooperating countries mainly come from the United States and Europe, while the differences in cooperation between institutions in developing countries are less significant. 4) The greening of commercial buildings is more related to research on behavioral activities. 5) The research on commercial building greening has developed from architecture and plants to interdisciplinary fields, including psychology, economics, and management. 6) The cost of commercial buildings greening is generally an obstacle to installation. This study provides specific references for stakeholders and plays a crucial role in determining the evolution of commercial building greening research and predicting future research needs and opportunities.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.214-220
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• 1990

To establish a greening assay for screening, and physiological and biochemical studies of the compounds affecting biosynthesis of plant pigments, were conducted on environmental factors, and on ways of incubation and illumination which affect plant greening. Greening was good when both cucumber and barley were grown for 5 to 6 days at $25^{\circ}C$ in darkness, when adaxial sides of cucumber cotyledons were contacted with the solution, and when barley leaf fragments were taken 0.5 to 2.0cm from the leaf tip. Potassium phosphate buffer(pH 6.0) at 10mM was most desirable for plant greening. The speed of greening during illumination was increased as the temperature increased from $15^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$. The responses were sensitive more in cucumber than in barley, and in chlorophyll biosynthesis than in carotenoid biosythesis. The content of chlorophyll was greatest at the light intensity of 5000 and 1000 lux for cucumber and barley, respectively, but the biosynthesis of carotenoids were greatest at the light intensity higher than for chlorophyll. In use of solvents for dissolving chemicals, acetone, ethyl alcohol and DMSO at 10, 0.1 and 2.5% or less, respectively, did not affect the biosynthesis of plant pigments. $pI_{50}$ values were calculated for chemicals affecting pigment biosynthesis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.23-31
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• 2005

Green spaces in cities were insufficient and decreased as artificial structures increase. Accordingly, greening rooftop space contributed to urban ecosystems as green space. Especially, since 2002 Seoul supported rooftop greening and introduced 'Ecology-area rates'. Thus rooftop greening had the potentiality of extension. This prepared the extensive rooftop greenings within planting-base for extensive management rooftop greening system to be easily popularized. The extensive rooftop greening conducted from 1997-2005 reported that soil depth was 8cm and soil mixtures were 5 types. And plant were Crysanthemum zawaskii var. latilobum, Aster hayatae, Crysanthemum zawaskii herb. ssp. coreanum, Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum rotundifolium, Sedum oryzifolium, Sedum takemensis, Sedum middendorffianum, Sedum telerium var. purpureum, Sedum spectabile, Carypteris incana, Dianthus superbus, Hosta minor. As a result, for nine years after the modular type rooftop greening established, survival plants were Sedum takemensis, Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum spectabile, Sedum middendorffianum, Carypteris incana, Crysanthemum zawaskii var. latilobum, Sedum telerium var. purpureum, Sedum rotundifolium, Dianthus superbus. Also effect of greening was possibled soil depth 8cm. And growth of plants from 1997 to 2005 were fine on two soil mixtures of 'perlite+peatmoss+vermicompost+moisturizer' and 'perlite+moisturizer+bark(mulching)'. Invasive plants are Ixeris dentata Nakai, Ixeris chinensis var. strigosa, Youngia sonchifolia, Eragrostis ferruginea, Aster pilosus Willd., Ixeris japonica Nakai, Valpia myuros, and Setaria viridis. In conclusion, selection of suitable native plants was possible extensive management rooftop greening with effect of continuous greening. The extensive rooftop greening were lightweight and simple preparation without management and can popularize readily.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.12-22
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to select suitable planting base for the mat-type rooftop greening in order to popularize rooftop greening system easily. The experiment was conducted from 2004 June to 2005 May under several conditions; 4 soil depths under mats(2cm, 5cm, 10cm, 15cm), two soil mixtures(natural soil 80%+leaf mold 20%, artificial soil) and two light conditions(full sun place, 20% shaded place). In this experiment, 3 types of mats were used ; the herbaceous plants mat(11 plants inclusive of Lotus corniculatus L., Silene armeria L.), the lawn mat with Festica arundinacea and Sedum mat with Sedum kamtschaticum, Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum oryzifolium, Sedum middendorffianum. The result is as follows; in the mat-type rooftop greening, the herbaceous plants mat, lawn mat and sedum mat are the similar number of plant and effect of greening on soil depth 2cm, 5cm and 10cm, 15cm. So suitable soil depth of rooftop greening is 10cm for the load and economical factor. Thus the mat-type rooftop greening possible planting base depth of all 13cm as soil depth 10cm and mat depth 3cm. As soil mixtures, the number and growth of plants were better mat and 'natural soil 80% +leaf mold 20%' than mat and artificial soil. In herbaceous plants mat, Silene armeria L., Dianthus chinensis, Centaurea cyanus L., Lotus corniculatus L. are survival in full sun place and Silene armeria L., Dianthus chinensis, Centaurea cyanus L. are survival in 20% shaded place. In conclusion, selection of suitable soil mixtures and plants is possible extensive management rooftop greening with effect of continuous greening. The mat-type rooftop greening are lightweight and simple preparation without management and can popularize readily.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2012

We estimated the potential area roof greening in Gyeonggi-do that will mitigate the heat island effect. The estimation was based on building age, roof shape, and building use which were recorded in the building register from "Sewoomteo, the Building Administration System in the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs. The estimated potential roof greening area in Gyeonggi-do was approximately $102.5km^2$ assuming that the buildings for residence, public, education(school), office, shopping mall are appropriate for roof greening. The area occupied by apartment buildings over six-story was 76.3% of the potential roof greening area 10.2% for individual houses, 5.9% for under five-story apartment buildings, and 3.7% for school buildings. The result indicated that it is residential buildings that we need to pay attention for roof greening, especially high-rise buildings over six-story. Greening of the whole estimated area, $102.5km^2$, in Gyeonggi-do will result in the increase of green space per capita by $8.74m^2$. This is 1.65 times greater than the area of current urban parks, and 1.97 times greater than the total area of neighborhood parks, children's parks, and pocket parks. Greening of the estimated roof area will increase green coverage of urban area by twice, adding to current green coverage of the urban areas, 11.3%, in 10 major cities. In particular, the effect of roof greening would be remarkable in inceasing the green space of Anyang City, Gwangmyeong City, and Guri City where neighborhood park area falls short.