• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2017

We investigated the callus induction and plant regeneration ability of 16 maize genotypes, including the Korean inbred lines, using 9 to 15 day-old immature zygotic embryos from maize grown in pots and from field cultures. Immature zygotic embryos placed on MS medium supplemented with L-proline 0.7 g/L, MES 0.5 g/L, Dicamba 1.5 mg/L, 2,4-D 0.5 mg/L, $AgNO_3$ 4 mg/L, and sucrose 20 g/L, showed the highest frequency of callus induction. The highest number of shoots regenerated when the embryogenic callus were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/L zeatin. The root formation was observed when shoots were grown on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Additionally, under the same culture conditions, immature zygotic embryos from maize grown in the field also had a high frequency of plant regeneration. Except one genotype, 15 genotypes showed callus induction and shoot regeneration. Among the 16 genotypes tested, H99, B98, HW3, and B73 yielded the best plant regeneration. H99 showed maximum shoot formation from the primary embryogenic callus. The results suggest that genotypes and growth conditions of the maize plant plays very important roles for enhancing the embryogenesis competence of immature zygotic embryos. The successful regeneration from immature zygotic embryos of maize inbred lines provides a basis for molecular breeding of new cultivars by genetic transformation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.324-330
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• 2016

To determine whether FT-IR spectral analysis based on multivariate analysis for whole cell extracts can be used to discriminate between artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) plants at the metabolic level, leaves of ten artichoke plants were subjected to Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy. FT-IR spectral data from leaves were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). FT-IR spectra confirmed typical spectral differences between the frequency regions of 1,700-1,500, 1,500-1,300 and $1,100-950cm^{-1}$, respectively. These spectral regions reflect the quantitative and qualitative variations of amide I, II from amino acids and proteins ($1,700-1,500cm^{-1}$), phosphodiester groups from nucleic acid and phospholipid ($1,500-1,300cm^{-1}$) and carbohydrate compounds ($1,100-950cm^{-1}$). PCA revealed separate clusters that corresponded to their species relationship. Thus, PCA could be used to distinguish between artichoke species with different metabolite contents. PLS-DA showed similar species classification of artichoke. Furthermore these metabolic discrimination systems could be used for the rapid selection and classification of useful artichoke cultivars.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1 s.108
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• pp.93-108
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• 2005

Fresh Kills is the largest landfill in the world located in the west side of Staten Island, New York. The landfill served as a storage area for New York City's trash for more than 50 years. After years of civilian and political pressure, state and local legislation decided its closure of landfill operation in Fresh Kills in March 2001. Soon after, Department of City Planning announced a Fresh Kills international design com-petition: 'Landfill to Landscape'. The winning entry was promised to be outline for the redevelopment of the 2,200 acre site which the size of three times Central Park. Forty-eight teams representing more than 200 offices from around world submitted proposals, from which six finalists that mostly led by landscape architects were selected. In December 2001, a jury of architects, landscape architects and city officials unanimously selected Field Operations as the winner. The plan, named Lifescape, visualizes the gradual 20-year transformation of the whole Staten Island into a 'natural lifestyle island' recognizing that Staten Island is home to coastal wetlands that shelter one of the most diverse ecosystems in the New York metropolitan area. It suggested that an ecologically reconstituted Fresh Kills could become the center of integrated parks and greenways system on the island otherwise fragmented. The project will be one of the largest and most ambitious undertakings in the metropolis in years developing a complex web of habitats and parklands on top of mountain of trash. This study tries to achieve two goals: One is to provide general explanations on the project, Lifescape, breaking down to its background, geographical context, design concepts and phased development plan. Another is to introduce the unique and innovative design approaches by Field Operations that are different from a conventional landscape architectural attitude. Since this project was well published through many magazines and newspapers, main focus will be upon aspects that differentiate this project from usual landscape projects. Conceptually Lifescape brought provocative notions on nature/culture relationship and the role of urban park as an active agency rather than just a green rest area. Also this project introduced pioneering graphics like plan collage, diagrammatic plan, phasing diagram and photo montage as vehicles conveying information, imagination and provocation. Witnessing the influence of the project gradually in the field of academic and practice in the States, this study is intended to become a constructive reference to similar landscape projects dealing with large and complex urban context in conjunction with restructure of contemporary city.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.339-345
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• 2007

Field performance and morphological characterization was conducted on seven transgenic lines of Codonopsis lanceolata expressing ${\gamma}-TMT$ gene. The shoots were obtained from leaf explants after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tume-faciens strain LBA 4404 harboring a binary vector pYBI 121 that carried genes encoding ${\gamma}-Tocopherol$ methyltransferase gene (${\gamma}-TMT$) and a neomycin phosphotransferase II gene (npt II) for kanamycin resistance. The transgenic plants were transferred to a green house for acclimation. Integration of T-DNA into the $T_0\;and\;T_1$ generation of transgenic Codonopsis lanceolata genome was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction and southern blot analysis. The progenies of transgenic plants showed phenotypic differences within the different lines and with relative to control plants. When grown in field, the transgenic plants in general exhibited increased fertility, significant improvement in the shoot weight, root weight, shoot height and rachis length with relation to the control plants. However, all seven independently derived transgenic lines produced normal flower with respect to its shape, size, color and seeds number at its maturity. Indicating that the addition of a selectable marker gene in the plant genome does not effect on seed germination and agronomic performance of transgenic Codonopsis lanceolata. $T_1$ progenies of these plants were obtained and evaluated together with control plant in a field experiment. Overall, the agronomic performance of $T_1$ progenies of transgenic Codonopsis lanceolata showed superior to that of the seed derived non-transgenic plant. In this study, we report on the morphological variation and agronomic performance of transgenic Codonopsis lanceolata developed by Agrobacterium transformation.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.156-166
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• 2009

Residential land development projects are tending upwards recently. However, an indiscreet residential land development has tended to damage environment by destroying existing green lands and trees of target lands and generating many cut slopes with transformation of its topography. There are Prior Environmental Review(PER) for district designation and Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) before approval on development plans. PER is implemented after developing a residential land development plan and EIA is implemented after completing a detail design. As the result, many of residential land development projects are passive to reduce potential environmental problems on the designated sites. Object of this study is to construct an evaluation system on alternatives in the early step of site designation for implementing residential land development projects with environment-friendly and sustainable way. For this, alternative evaluation model is constructed by using Fuzzy Inference and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) method based on Environmental Evaluation Factors of residential land development project, which are proposed in the precedent research. If a decision maker evaluates environment damage by ten-point method, the point is transformed Environmental Performance(EP) by Fuzzy Inference, and then, applying weight that is already calculated by AHP method, Total Environmental Performance(TEP) is calculated. After all, an alternative with the highest TEP is selected as the best one. Using this evaluation system, more than two alternatives of residential land development project site, which can hold location appropriateness in the early under undecided land use plan, can be evaluated quantitatively. As environmental damages, which can be generated by implementing a residential land development project, can be detected in the early step, environmental damages can be removed or reduced at the source.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.7-7
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• 2017

Unfavorable weather and soil conditions reduce rice yield and land and water productivity, aggravating existing encounters of poverty and food insecurity. These conditions are foreseen to worsen with climate change and with the unceasing irrational human practices that progressively debilitate productivity despite global appeals for more food. Our understanding of plant responses to abiotic stresses is advancing and is complex, involving numerous critical processes - each controlled by several genetic factors. Knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in signaling, response and adaptation, and in some cases the genes involved, is advancing. Moreover, the genetic diversity being unveiled within cultivated rice and its wild relatives is providing ample resources for trait and gene discovery, and this is being scouted for rice improvement using modern genomics and molecular tools. Development of stress tolerant varieties is now being fast-tracked through the use of DNA markers and advanced breeding strategies. Large numbers of drought, submergence and salt tolerant varieties were commercialized over recent years in South and Southeast Asia and more recently in Africa. These varieties are making significant changes in less favorable areas, transforming lives of smallholder farmers - progress considered incredulous in the past. The stress tolerant varieties are providing assurance to farmers to invest in better management of their crops and the ability to adjust their cropping systems for even higher productivity and more income, sparking changes analogous to that of the first green revolution, which previously benefited only favorable irrigated and rainfed areas. New breeding tools using markers for multiple stresses made it possible to develop more resilient, higher yielding varieties to replace the aging and obsolete varieties still dominating these areas. Varieties with multiple stress tolerances are now becoming available, providing even better security for farmers and lessening their production risks even in areas affected by complex and overlapping stresses. The progress made in these less favorable areas triggered numerous favorable changes at the national and regional levels in several countries in Asia, including adjusting breeding and dissemination strategies to accelerate outreach and enabling changes at higher policy levels, creating a positive environment for faster progress. Exploiting the potential of these less productive areas for food production is inevitable, to meet the escalating global needs for more food and sustained production systems, at times when national resources are shrinking while demand for food is mounting. However, the success in these areas requires concerted efforts to make use of existing genetic resources for crop improvement and establishing effective evaluation networks, seed production systems, and seed delivery systems to ensure faster outreach and transformation.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.55-58
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• 2013

Immature embryos of Glycine max L. was cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). After 6 to 8 weeks of culture, immature embryos produced somatic embryos. Of somatic embryos, two cotyledonary embryo (14%), one cotyledonary embryo (37%), fused cotyledonary embryo (43%), and stunted globular embryos (6%) were observed. The procambial strand of cotyledons originated from circular procambial tissues of lower hypocotyl. The circular procambial tissues were independently divided into one or two procambial strand at the edge of cotyledonary-node, and then connected to each cotyledon to form somatic embryos with one or two cotyledons. When cotyledon was a fused type, the circular procambial strand in lower hypocotyl was continuously connected to the cotyledon. Also, somatic embryos with two cotyledons developed a functional shoot apex with the tunica-corpus structure. In contrast, somatic embryos with one or fused cotyledon formed an abnormal shoot apex without the tunica-corpus structure or with non-dome shape in the inter-cotyledonary area. These results indicated that the variation of cotyledon in somatic embryos is closely related to procambial differentiation and shoot apical meristem development.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.95-101
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• 2008

Purpose: Hydrogen peroxide which is one of the reactive oxygen species has been seen to cause various diseases, various cellular disinfections, gene transformation and cell death. The goals of this study were to determine the protective effect of EGCG against $H_2O_2$-induced apoptotic death in conjunctival cell lines. Methods: We measured cell viability by MTT assay and analyzed DNA fragmentation to check up a distinctive feature in cell death and measured the removal ability of free radicals by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and evaluated the oxygen free radical's quantity in the cell by DCFH-DA assay. The mRNA expression in the cell were examined by RT-PCR. Results: Cell viability and free radical scavening activites was significantly increased in dose dependently after cell was exposed to EGCG. And DNA fragmentation and intracellular ROS was decreased. It was showed the mRNA expression which increase of bcl-2, bcl-xL expression and decrease of bax expression. Conclusions: From these results, it suggests that EGCG has an antioxidant effect and protects conjunctival cell lines from the $H_2O_2$-mediated apoptosis through the modulation of the mRNA expression.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.654-660
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• 2010

The influences of Na and K content on the crystal phase, the microstructure and the electrical property of $BaTiO_3$-based thermistors was found to show typical PTC effects. The crystal phase of powder calcined at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 4hrs showed a single phase with $BaTiO_3$, and the crystal structure was transformed from tetragonal to cubic phase according to added amounts of Na and K. In XRD results at $43^{\circ}\sim47^{\circ}$, the $(Ba_{0.858}Na_{0.071}K_{0.071})(Ti_{0.9985}Nb_{0.0015})O_{3-\delta}$ showed (002) and (200) peaks but the $(Ba_{0.762}Na_{0.119}K_{0.119})(Ti_{0.9975}Nb_{0.0025})O_{3-\delta}$ showed (002), (020) and (200) peaks. In sintered bodies, those calcined at $600^{\circ}C$ rather than at $1000^{\circ}C$ were dense, and for certain amounts of Na and K showed rapid decreases in grain size. In relative permittivity, the curie temperature due to the transformation of ferroelectric phase rose with added Na and K but decreased in terms of relative permittivity. In the result of the R-T curve, the sintered bodies have curie temperatures of about $140^{\circ}C$ and the resistivity of sintered bodies have scores of $\Omega{\cdot}cm$; the jump order of sintered bodies was shown to be more than $10^4$ in powder calcined at $1000^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 1999

This study was conducted to produce herbicide resistant plants by transferring phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) gene into Populus alba $\times$ Populus glandulosa No .3 using Agrobacterium tumefaciens MP 90/PAT. Leaf segments from in vitro grown shoots of hybrid poplar No. 3 were soaked in a AB medium containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens MP 90/PAT for 10 min and cocultivated for 2 days on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2mg/L kinetin (CIM). Putative transformed calli could be selected after cocultivation of leaf segments on CIM supplemented with 50mg/L kanamycin and 500mg/L cefotaxime for 3 weeks. The selected calli were cultured on CIM supplemented with 50 mg/L kanamycin and 500 mg/L cefotaxime for 5~8 weeks before transfer to WPM containing 1.0mg/L zeatin, 0.1mg/L BAP, 50 mg/L kanamycin and 500mg/L cefotaxime for shoot regeneration. Shoots were regenerated from the callus after 4 week cultivation, and the regenerants were grown on the same medium for 7~l0 weeks. The plants rooted on 1/2 WPM containing 0.2 mg/L IBA and 50 mg/L kanamycin. To confirm the gene insertion into plants, GUS activity was detected by histochemical assay in the transformed plants. Finally, the presence of both NPT II and PAT genes from the transgenic plants were confirmed by PCR amplification with the gene specific primers and subsequent PCR-Southern blot with DIG-labeled PAT gene probe. After acclimatization in pots for 4 weeks, the plants were sprayed by 3 mL/L of Basta to test resistance to the herbicide. The transgenic plants remained green, whereas all the control plants died after one week.