• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.58-67
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• 2020

본 연구는 서울시 가로수의 역사적 가치를 지닌 수종 선정을 위한 기초연구로써 고문헌에 기록된 가로수 역사와 수종을 고찰하였다. 또한 다양한 수종 대안을 위해 전통조경수목을 고찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 우리나라 가로수 역사는 고구려 양원왕(陽原王) 2년(546), 고려 명종 27년(1197) 등에 가로수로 추정되는 기록이 남아있으나 사료적 명료성은 부족한 것으로 판단하였다. 조선 초 세종 23년(1441)에는 국가의 역로(驛路)에 표목(標木)으로 가로수를 심은 것이 확인되며, 표목으로 식재된 가로수는 느릅나무와 버드나무가 확인된다. 조선 초 가로수제도의 시행은 단종 1년(1453) 기록으로 알 수 있으며 큰길 좌우로 소나무, 잣나무, 배나무, 밤나무, 회화나무, 버드나무 등이 식재되었고, 세조 5년(1459)에는 길가에 뽕나무를 심었다. 영조 연간에 그려진 정선의 『압구정』이나 『진헌마정색도』에는 가로수가 열식되어 있으며 이는 왕들의 행차, 한양 출입의 주요 도로, 마장(馬場)의 장소성, 수해에 따른 도로 보호와 표식 등의 복합적인 요인이 고찰되었다. 정조 연간에는 왕의 능 행차에 연관되어 소나무, 전나무, 버드나무 등의 가로수를 열식한 사례가 두드러지며, 이는 왕이 지나는 연도(輦道)와 해당 능역을 성역화하려는 가로수 식재기법으로 보았다. 개항 이후 고종 32년(1895)에는 국가에서 도로 좌우에 가로수를 심을 것을 장려하였고, 근대적 가로수 식재개념이 도입되었다. 당시 한양의 가로수는 사시나무가 속성수로써 주요하게 식재되었다. 서울시 가로수로 활용 가능한 고문헌 출현 교목은 삼국시대 17분류군, 고려시대 31분류군, 조선시대 55분류군이 추출되었으며, 16분류군은 삼국시대, 고려시대, 조선시대 모두에서 중복적으로 3회 출현한 수목으로 역사적 가치가 상대적으로 우수한 것으로 정리할 수 있다. 일제강점기에는 외래수종이 유입되고 법제가 변화하면서 가로수제도의 현대적 수용이 이루어졌다. 1936년 경성부 권역의 확대에 따른 가로수 6개년 식수계획(1934-1940)이 시행될 당시 경성의 10대 가로수 수종은 '모니리페라'로 불린 현재 미루나무의 아종, 이태리포플러, 사시나무, 은백양 등의 포플러류가 1~4순위로 가장 많이 식재되었으며 수양버들, 아까시나무, 버즘나무, 양버즘나무, 은행나무, 네군도단풍이 5~10순위로 나타났다. 1930년대 중후반부터 버즘나무와 양버즘나무가 새로운 가로수로 소개되며 대규모 식재되기 시작하였고, 1942년부터는 피마잠의 장점이 있는 가죽나무를 가로수로 권장하기도 하였다. 해방 이후 1957년 가로수 수종은 양버즘나무, 은행나무, 이태리포플러, 가죽나무, 미루나무, 수양버들 순으로 나타나 일제강점기 수종들의 순위변화를 보였으며, 양버즘나무와 은행나무의 비중이 높은 점에서 당시의 식재 경향이 현재까지도 영향을 주고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.14-26
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• 2011

임대정원림은 전라남도 화순군 남면 사평리 상사마을 끝자락에 서북향하여 자리하는데, 16C 남언기에 의해 조성된 고반원을 기반으로 1862년 사애 민주현에 의해 작정되었으며, 봉정산과 사평천을 배산임수하여 풍수적으로 번영과 행복을 상징하는 학체형국(鶴體形局)의 서출동류하는 길지이다. 공간구성은 '사애선생장구지소'로 각자된 표석과 향나무가 어우러져 있는 앞뜰(전원(前園))과 정자와 방지원도형 연못을 포함하는 '대상부(臺上部)'의 내원(內園), 신선도를 둔 2개의 연못으로 이루어진 '대하부(臺下部)'의 수경원(水景園) 그리고 봉정산 수림과 외남천(사평천) 및 농경지를 포함하는 외원(外園) 등 총 5개 권역으로 구성됨으로써 임대정을 중심으로 위요 중첩된 원림적 속성이 강하게 표출된다. 시문과 현장조사 결과, 임대정원림은 안분지족의 의미를 담고 있는 기임 등 임수대산(臨水對山)한 터에 수심양성의 거점을 경영코자 했던 은일처로서의 장구지소, 귀거래를 위한 별서원림, 대자연의 도와 일체화를 이루고자 한 세심처(洗心處) 등의 작정동기가 확인되며, 애련설에 근거한 향원익청(香源益淸)적 개념의 피향지와 읍청당, 방지원도 그리고 도합 3개로 이루어진 삼신선도의 신선사상 등 다양한 의경 요소가 함축된 원지(園池)를 보이고 있다. 임대정원림의 경관처리기법으로는 봉정산의 원경과 달빛 투영미를 의도한 인경(引景), 사방에 펼쳐진 산수경관과 문화경관의 환경(環景), 대경(對景)으로서 도입된 목가적 전원의 차경, 수륜대로의 앙경(仰景)과 연못으로의 부경(俯景), 정자와 오솔길에서 취할 수 있는 정관(靜觀)과 동관(動觀), 계류수와 연못 등 수경공간의 인경(隣景), 버섯 또는 우산처럼 보이도록 유도된 임대정으로의 관경(觀景), 버드나무 어우러진 연못의 간경(看景), 격물치지의 의미를 담아 관념을 대입한 암각글씨의 의경(意境), 해돋이와 해넘이를 동시에 취할 수 있는 취경(取景) 등이 중첩되어 펼쳐지는 다양한 경관기법이 발견된다. 건립 초기에는 주로 은행나무, 대나무, 버드나무, 소나무, 잣나무, 전나무, 뽕나무, 가래나무, 오동나무 그리고 매화와 연 등의 식물이 도입된 것으로 보이는데, 전반적으로 유가적 품격을 반영하거나 도가적 풍류관, 미래번영을 염원하는 봉황사상 등이 내재된 의미경관적 면모를 엿볼 수 있다. 더불어 연못 주변에 도입된 열식법, 정자 주변에 펼쳐진 총식과 환식법, 녹음수를 활용한 점식법, 기념식수한 오동나무 등의 고식법, 소나무와 전나무를 양과 음으로 대응시킨 대식법 등 다양한 식재기법을 추적할 수 있다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2005

Khori(高麗) refers to the Chaabog(reindeer) that live on lichens(蘚) on Mt. Soyon(鮮) in which pastures are the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia. Thus, the origin region of the Khori or Koguryo that are the ancestors of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads(馴鹿 遊牧民) can be said to be the Steppe-Taiga-Tundra pastoral areas of North Eurasia and North America. When the pastoral nomads moved on to the great mountain(大山) zone of the Jangbaek(長白) to the Baekdu(白頭) Mountains, they could have been in contact with pastoral farmers or agricultural farmers living there and they became the farmers remaining on agricultural farms. They were the Koryo people, the ancestors of Korea. Staying in one place, they gradually forgot the origin of their reindeer-herding pastoral nomadic history in the Northwest area of Mt. Soyon, the small mountain(小山) zone of the Steppe-Taiga-Tundra pastoral areas. In other words, they lost their identity as reindeer-herding pastoral nomads when they entered the agricultural area after leaving the pastoral area. However, since their basic genes had already formed when they lived on the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia, it is possible to study their pastoral nomadic history focusing on 'the minority living in the broad area(廣域少數)', by utilizing highly advanced biotechnological science and focusing on genes and information technology innovation, and removing various past hindrances in research. Therefore, it is not so difficult to restore the reindeerherding pastoral nomadic history of the Koguryo(高句麗) people and secure their pastoral nomadic identity, of which the first steps have already been taken into their historical stages. The Eurasian continent and the Korean peninsula, especially the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia and the Korean peninsula have been closely related to each other ecologically and historically. They can never be a separate space at all. The Eurasian continent lies horizontally east to west and thus, the continent forms an isothermal zone. Also, since the time of producing their own foods, it was relatively easy for people with their technology to move to other places owing to the pastoral nomadic characteristic of mobility. Unlike the Chungyen(中原) region, western Asia and the regions covering the Siberia-Manchu-Korean peninsula where food production revolution was first made were connected to the Mongolian lichens route(蘚苔之路: Ni, ukinii jam) and steppe roads. Although the ecological conditions of nature have changed a bit throughout a long history, it was natural for the many tribes in North Asia living on the largest Steppe-Taiga-Tundra area in the world to have believed 'the legends related to animals in relation to their founders and ancestors(獸祖傳說)'. Assuming that Siberian tigers and the tigers living on Mt. Baekdu were connected ecologically and genetically because of the ecological characteristics of the animals, and their migration from plateau to plateau, we would suspect that the Chosun(朝鮮) tribe living on Mt. Baekdu were ethnically and culturally more closely connected to the farther removed Ural-Altai tribes that lived on the cold and dry plateau region than to the Han(i14;) tribe who lived in Chungyen(中原) that was close to Mt. Baekdu. More evidence is the structure of the Korean language which has the form of 'Subject + Object + Verb', which is assumed to have originated from the speedy lifestyle of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads. The structure is quite different from that of the Han(漢) language, which is based on agricultural life. Also, it is natural for reindeer riding reindeerherding pastoral nomads or horse-riding sheep-herding pastoral nomads(騎馬, 羊遊牧民) to have held military and political power over the region and eventually to have established an ancient pastoral nomadic empire in the process of their conquest of agricultural regions. The stages for founding global empires in the history of mankind maybe largely divided into two, in terms of ecological conditions and occupations. They are the steppes and the oceans. Of course, the steppe-based empires were established based on the skills to deal with horses and the ability to shoot arrows while riding horses, along with the use of iron ware in the 8th century BC. The steppe-based empires became the foundation for an oceanic empire, which could have been established by the use of warships and warship guns since the 15th Century. Based on those facts, we know that Chosun, Puyo(夫餘), and Koguryo are the products of a developmental process of pastoral nomadic empires on the steppes. Maybe we can easily find the pastoral nomadic identity of the Koguryo more than we expected when we trace the origins and history of the Korean tribe living in the pastures located in the northwest area of Mt. Jangbaek by focusing on pastoral nomadic mobility and organization just as we have investigated the historic origins of Anglo-Saxons in America by focusing on the times before the 15th Century. In the process, we should keep in mind that English culture originated from the Industrial Revolution and was directly delivered to the American continent, although America was far from England and was not an intermediate point on long sojourns either. Further, American culture came back to England in a more advanced form later. The most important thing currently to be resolved is to cause Koreans to look back on their own history in a freer way of thinking and with diverse, profound, and sharp insight, taking away the old and existing conventional recognition that is entangled with complicated interests with Korean people and other countries. The meanings of Chosun, Khori, and Solongos have been interpreted arbitrarily without any historic evidence by the scholars who followed conventional tradition of fixed-minded aristocrats in an agricultural society. If the Siberian cultural properties of the stone age, the earthenware age, the bronze age, and the iron age are analyzed in such a way, archaeological discovery will never be able to contribute to the restoration of the Koguryo's pastoral nomadic identity. One should transcend the errors that tend to interpret the cultural properties discovered in the pastoral nomadic regions as not being differentiated from those of agricultural regions and just interpret them altogether from the agricultural point of view. A more careful intention is required in the interpretation of cultural properties of ancient Korean empires that seem to have been formed due to mutual interactions of pastoral nomadic and agricultural cultures. Also, it is required that the conventional recognition chain of 'reverse-genes' be severed, which has placed more weight on agricultural properties than pastoral nomadic ones, since their settlement on agricultural farms was made after the establishment of their ancient pastoral nomadic empires. There is no reason at all to place priority on stoneware, earthenware, bronze ware, and iron ware than on wooden ware(木器) and other ware which were made of animal skins(皮器), bones and horns(骨角器), in analyzing the history in the regions of reindeer or sheep pastures. Reading ancient Korean history from the perspective of pastoral nomadic history, one feels strongly the instinctive emotions to return to the natural 'mother place'. The reindeer-herding pastoral nomadic identity of the Koguryo people that has been accumulated in volumes in their genes and hidden deep inside and have interacted organically could be reborn with Burqanism(Burqan refers to 不咸 in Chinese), which was their religion by birth and symbolized as the red willow(紅柳=不咸). The mother place of the Koguryo's people is the endless vast green pastures of North Eurasia and North America, where we anticipated the development of Korean livestock farming following the inherent properties in the genes of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads with Korean ancestors. We anticipate that the place would be the core resource that could contribute to the development of life of living creatures following the inherent properties of their genes and biotechnological factors. In other words, biotechnology used for a search for clues on the well-being of humans could be the fruit brought by Burqanism of the Koguryo people and the fruit of the globalization of Korean livestock farming. It is the Chosun farmer in China come from the vast nomadic reindeer pastures of North Eurasia that resolved the food problem of a billion Chinese people with lowland paddy rice seeds (水稻) by transforming Heilongjiang Province(黑龍江省) into an oceanic lowland paddy rice field(水田). Even Mao Tse-tung(毛擇東) could not resolve the food problem by his revolution campaigns for tens of years. Today is the very time that requires the development of special livestock farming following the inherent properties of the ancient Korean reindeer-herding pastoral nomads that respected the dignity of life on the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia and the America continent. I suggest that research should be started from the pastures of the Dariganga Steppe in East Mongolia that was the homeland of Hanwoo(韓牛) and the central horse-herding steppe place(牧馬場) of Chingis Khan's Mongolia. The Dariganga Steppe is awash with an affluent natural environment for pastoral nomadic living however, the quality of life of the pastoral nomads there is still low. I suggest we Koreans, the descendents of the Koguryo, should take our first steps for our livestock farming business project and develop the Northern nomadic pastures, here at the pastures of the Dariganga Steppe, which is the Mongolian core place of state-of-the-art technology for military weapons.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.19-62
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• 1985

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 국내(國內) 활엽수로서 중요한 참나무속(屬)의 상수리나무와 침엽수(針葉樹)의 대표적(代表的) 수종(樹種)인 소나무를 공시목(公試木)으로 선정(選定)하여 곡목가공분야(曲木加工分野)에서 널리 이용(利用)하는 자비법(煮沸法)과 증자법(蒸煮法)에 의한 휨가공성(加工性)을 조사(調査)하고, 이에 관련(關聯)된 인자(因子)로서 변(邊) 심재(心材), 연륜각도(年輪角度), 연화처리온도(軟化處理溫度), 연화처리시간(軟化處理時間), 목재함수율(木材含水率) 및 목재결함(木材缺陷) 등(等)의 영향(影響)과 휨가공(加工)후의 곡율반경변화(曲率半經變化) 및 약제처리(藥劑處理)에 의한 휨가공성(加工性)의 개선방법(改善方法)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 실시(實施)되었다. 이 때 사용(使用)된 자비(煮沸)와 증자처리용(蒸煮處理用) 시편(試片)의 크기는 두께와 너비 15mm, 길이 350mm이고 약제처리용시편(藥劑處理試片)의 크기는 두께 5mm, 너비 10mm 및 길이 200mm로 제작(製作)하였으며, 시편(試片)의 함수율(含水率)은 자비처리(煮沸處理)에는 생재(生材)를 사용(使用)하고 증자처리(蒸煮處理)에는 15%로 조습(調濕)된 건조재(乾燥材)를 사용(使用)하였다. 또한 약제처리(藥劑處理)는 포화요소용액(飽和尿素溶液), 35% 포르말린 용액(溶液), 25% 폴리에칠렌(400) 수용액(水溶液) 및 25% 암모니아수에 5일간(日間) 상온(常溫)으로 침지(浸漬)한 우 휨가공(加工)을 행하였다. 본(本) 시험(試驗)에서 얻은 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 상수리나무와 소나무의 목재내부온도(木材內部溫度)는 자비(煮沸) 또는 증자처리시간(蒸煮處理時間)에 따라 초기(初期) 약(約) $30^{\circ}C$까지 완만(緩慢)한 상승(上昇)을 보이다가 그 후 직선적(直線的)으로 급상승(急上昇)하며 후기(後期) $80{\sim}90^{\circ}C$부터는 다시 완만(緩慢)해지는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 2. 최종온도(最終溫度) $100^{\circ}C$까지 도달(到達)하는 데 소요(所要)되는 연화처리시간(軟化處理時間)은 목재(木材)의 두께에 비례(比例)하며 두께 15mm 각재(角材)에 대한 $25^{\circ}C$에서 $100^{\circ}C$까지의 소요시간(所要時間)은 상수리나무 9.6~11.2분(分), 소나무 7.6~8.1분(分)으로서 소나무의 연화속도(軟化速度)가 보다 빠르게 나타났다. 3. 증자처리시간(蒸煮處理時間)의 경과(經過)에 따른 목재(木材)의 함수율증가경향(含水率增加傾向)은 처음 약(約)4분(分)까지 급증(急增)하나 그후 점차(漸次) 둔화(鈍化)되어 상수리나무는 20분(分), 소나무는 15분경(分頃)부터 거의 직선적(直線的)으로 완만(緩慢)하게 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 두께 15mm 각재(角材)에 대한 초기함수율(初期含水率) 15%에서 50분간(分間) 증자처리(蒸煮處理) 후의 함수율증가량(含水率增加量)은 상수리나무 3.6%, 소나무 7.4%로서 소나무의 흡습속도(吸濕速度)가 빠르게 나타났다. 4. 자비처리시간(煮沸處理時間)이 경과(經過)함에 따라 두 수종(樹種) 모두 기계적(機械的) 성질(性質)이 현저하게 감소(減少)하였으며, 60분간(分間) 자비처리(煮沸處理)에 의한 기계적(機械的) 성질(性質)의 감소율)減少率)은 압축강도(壓縮强度) 35.6~45.0%, 인장간도(引張强度) 12.5~17.5%, 휨강도(强度) 31.6~40.9% 및 휨탄성계수(彈性係數) 23.3~34.6%로 나타났다. 5. 변재(邊材)와 심재별(心材別) 최소곡률반경(最小曲律半徑)은 각각(各各) 상수리나무에서 60~80mm 및 90mm, 소나무에서 260~300mm 및 280~300mm로 두 수종(樹種) 모두 변재(邊材)의 휨가공성(加工性)이 양호하였다. 6. 상수리나무의 정목재(柾木材)와 판목재별(板目材別) 최소곡률반경(最小曲律半徑)은 모두 60~80mm로서 차이(差異)가 없었으나 소나무에서는 각각(各各) 240~280mm 및 260~300mm로 정목재(柾木材) 휨가공성(加工性)이 양호하였다. 7. 연화처리온도(軟化處理溫度)가 증가(增加)할수록 상수리나무와 소나무 모두 휨가공성(加工性)이 향상(向上)되었으며 휨가공(加工)을 위한 최저처리온도(最低處理溫度)는 각각(各各) $90^{\circ}C$ 및 $80^{\circ}C$로서 처리온도(處理溫度)에 대한 의존도(依存度)는 상수리나무에서 약간 높게 나타났다. 8. 연화처리시간(軟化處理時間)이 증가(增加)할수록 상승온도(上昇溫度)와 상응(相應)하여 휨가공성(加工性)을 향상(向上)시켰으나 최종온도(最終溫度)에 도달(到達)한 후에도 계속 연화(軟化)을 지속(持續)해야 비로서 최적연화상태(最適軟化狀態)를 나타냈다. 휨가공(加工)을 위한 최소처리시간(最少處理時間) 두께 15mm 각재(角材)에 대하여 상수리나무에서 자비처리시(煮沸處理時) 10분(分), 증자처리시(蒸煮處理時) 30분(分) 및 소나무에서 자비처리시(煮沸處理時) 10분(分), 증자처리시(蒸煮處理時) 20분(分)으로 나타났다. 9. 휨가공(加工)을 위한 상수리나무의 적정함수율(適定含水率)은 20%로 나타났으며 섬유포화점(纖維飽和點) 이상(以上)에서는 오히려 휨가공성(加工性)이 저하(低下)되었다. 반면(反面)에 소나무의 적정함수율(適定含水率)은 30% 이상(以上)을 필요(必要)로 하였다. 10. 본(本) 시험(試驗)에서 얻은 최적조건(最適條件)(Table 19)으로 휨가공(加工)을 실시(實施)한 결과(結果) 상수리나무의 최소곡률반경(最小曲律半徑)은 자비처리시(煮沸處理時) 80 mm, 증자처리시(蒸煮處理時) 50 mm이고 소나무에서는 자비처리시(煮沸處理時) 240 mm, 증자처리시(蒸煮處理時) 280 mm로서 상수리나무는 증자처리(蒸煮處理)의 연화효과(軟化效果)가 양호하였으나 소나무는 자비처리(煮沸處理)가 양호하였다. 11. 인장대철(引張帶鐵) 사용(使用)하지 않았을 경우 상수리나무와 소나무의 시편(試片)두께(t)와 최소곡률반경(最小曲律半徑)(r)의 비(比)(r/t)는 각각(各各) 자비처리시(煮沸處理時) 16.0 및 21.3, 증자처리시(蒸煮處理時) 17.3 및 24.0으로 나타났으나 인장대철(引張帶鐵) 사용(使用)하였을 때는 각각(各各) 자비처리시(煮沸處理時) 5.3 및 16.0, 증자처리시(蒸煮處理時) 3.3 및 18.7로서 휨가공성(加工性)의 현저한 향상(向上)을 나타냈다. 12. 미소(微小)한 옹이의 위치별(位置別) 상수리나무의 휨가공성(加工性)에 미치는 영향(影響)은 매우 심하게 나타났는 데 특히 옹이의 의치(位置)를 휨재(材)의 압축측(壓縮側)에 두고 곡률반경(曲律半徑) 100 mm로 휨가공(加工)하였을 때는 파양율(破壤率)이 90%로서 거의 휨가공(加工)이 불가능(不可能)하였다. 그러나 옹이를 인장측(引張側)에 두었을 경우에는 파양율(破壤率)이 10%에 불과(不過)하였다. 13. 곡률반경(曲律半徑) 300 mm로 휨가공(加工) 후 30 일간(日間) 실내조건(室內條件)에서 방치(放置)하였을 때의 곡률반경변화율(曲律半徑變化率)은 자비처리시(煮沸處理時) 4.0~10.3%, 증자처리시(蒸煮處理時) 13.0~15.0%로서 증자처리(蒸煮處理)에 의한 복원현상(復元現象)이 자비처리(煮沸處理)보다 심하게 나타났으며 에폭시수지(樹脂)를 도포(塗布)하여 방습처리(防濕處理) 하였을 경우에는 곡률반경변화율(曲律半徑變化率)이 -10~0%에 불과(不過)하였다. 14. 약제처리(藥劑處理)에 의한 가소성(可塑性) 효과(效果)는 35% 포르말린 용액(溶液)과 25% 폴리에칠렌 글리콜(400) 수용액(水溶液)에서는 나타나지 않았고 포화요소용액(飽和尿素溶液)과 25% 암모니아수에서는 나타났으나 증자처리(蒸煮處理)의 효과(效果)에는 미치지 못하였다. 그러나 약제처리(藥劑處理) 후 증자처리(蒸煮處理)를 병용실시(倂用實施)하였을 때는 증자처리(蒸煮處理)보다 10~24% 휨가공성(加工性)이 향상(向上)되었다. 15. 소서계수(塑性係數)와 곡률반경(曲律半徑)과의 관계(關係)는 하중(荷重)-변형계수(變形係數), 변형계수(變形係數) 및 에너지계수(係數) 모두 1% 수준(水準)에서 유의적(有意的)인 상관(相關)이 인정(認定)되므로 휨 가공용재(加工用材)의 품질지표(品質指標)로서 적합(適合)하였고 적합도(適合度)는 하중(荷重)-변형계수(變形係數), 에너지계수(係數) 및 변형계수(變形係數)의 순(順)으로 크게 나타났다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제62권1호
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• pp.24-42
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• 1983

한국(韓國)의 서남부(西南部)에 천연분포(天然分布) 되어 있는 호랑가시나무를 조경수(造景樹)로 개발(開發)하고저 분포(分布)와 생태적(生態的) 특성(特性)을 조사(調査) 연구(研究)하여 그 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 요약(要約)하였다. 1) 한국(韓國)에 있어서의 호랑가시나무의 천연분포(天然分布) 지역(地域)은 한반도(韓半島)의 서남부(西南部) 북위(北緯) $35^{\circ}$43', 동경(東俓) $126^{\circ}$44'과 제주도(濟州道)의 북위(北緯) $33^{\circ}$20', 동경(東俓) $126^{\circ}$15'의 위치(位置)에 있고 해안(海岸)에서 20 km 이내(以內), 해발고(海拔高) 100 m 이하(以下)의 지역(地域)이며 년평균(年平均) 기온(氣温) $12^{\circ}C$ 이상(以上), 한랭지수(寒冷指數) $-12.7^{\circ}C$ 이내(以內), 년평균(年平均) 상대습도(相對濕度) 75~80%, 적설일수(積雪日數) 20~50일(日)과 일치(一致)되는 지역(地域)에 분포(分布)하며 주(主)로 동남향(東南向)에서 좋은 군집(群集)을 이루고 있다. 2) 곰솔, 소나무 등(等)을 상층목(上層木)으로 호랑가시나무, 사스레피나무, 모새나무 등(等)을 중층목(中層木)으로 그늘사초, 새 등(等)을 지표식생(地表植生)으로 구성(構成)된 3계층(階層) 군집식생(群集植生)으로 종다양도(種多樣度)가 높은 발전기(發展期)의 식생(植生)이다. 곰솔, 소나무 등(等)의 침엽수(針葉樹)와 사스레피나무, 모새나무, 호랑가시나무 등(等)의 상록활엽수(常綠闊葉樹)가 혼생(混生)하는 온대(温帶) 남부형(南部型)이고 난대형(暖帶型)까지 천이(遷移)되고 있다. 3) 호랑가시나무의 천연군락(天然群落) 지역(地域)은 편마암(片麻岩), 유문암(流紋岩) 등(等)의 산성계(酸性系) 모암(母岩)으로 pH 4.5~5.0이며 유효인산(有效燐酸)의 함량(含量)이 적은 경식질(輕埴質) 및 중식질(重埴質) 토양(土壤)이었다. 4) 장령수(壯齡樹)의 년평균(年平均) 수고생장(樹高生長)은 $10.48{\pm}0.23cm$ 이고 근원경(根元徑) 생장(生長)은 년평균(年平均) 0.43 cm였다. 평균(平均) 착엽수(着葉數)는 $11.34{\pm}0.28$ 매(枚)였다. 수고(樹高)와 엽수(葉數)는 정(正)의 상관(相關)이며 직선적(直線的)인 관계(關係)가 있었다. 5) 유묘(幼苗)의 년평균(年平均) 묘고(苗高)는 $10.66{\pm}1.37cm$, 착엽수(着葉數)는 $12.21{\pm}0.34$ 매(枚)이고 근원경(根元徑)은 $2.24{\pm}0.067mm$였고, 고온기(高温期)에 주기적(週期的)인 생장(生長)을 한다. 묘고(苗高)와 엽수(葉數), 묘고(苗高)와 근원경(根元徑), 엽수(葉數)와 근원경간(根元徑間)에 모두 정(正)의 상관(相關)인 동시(同時)에 직선적(直線的)인 관계(關係)가 있다. 6) 개화기간(開花期間)은 4월(月) 하순(下旬)부터 5월(月) 상순(上旬)이며 4수성(數性) 화관(花冠)이고 황록색(黃綠色)으로 산방화서(繖方花序)이다. 향기(香氣)가 있고 양성화(兩性花)이지만 자웅(雌雄) 생식기관(生殖器管)의 한 성(性)만 발육(發育)시키는 자웅(雌雄) 이예성(異蕊性)이고 성비(性比)는 1:1이다. 7) 과실(果實)은 5월(月) 상순(上旬)에 장(長) 0.87 cm(0.61~1.31), 폭(幅) 0.8 cm(0.62~1.05)로 완전(完全)히 크며 10월(月) 하순(下旬)부터 11월(月) 상순(上旬)에 주홍(朱紅)으로 성숙(成熟)한다. 성숙과(成熟果)는 익년(翌年) 5월(月) 하순(下旬)까지 변색(變色)되지 않고 있다가 6월(月) 상순(上旬)부터 부분적(部分的)으로 흑갈색(黑褐色)으로 변색(變色)되면서 낙과(落果)되지만 3년차(年次)까지 부착(附着)되는 것도 있다. 8) 종자(種子)의 취득율(取得率)은 중량(重量)으로 평균(平均) 24.7 % 용적중(容積重) 114.2 gr 실중(實重) 24.56gr, 이고 1 과당(果當) 평균(平均) 3.9 립(粒)이 들어 있다. 9) 종자(種子)는 보습매장(保濕埋藏)하여 4월(月) 중순(中旬)에 파종(播種)하면 10월(月)에 뿌리가 내리고 익년(翌年) 4월(月) 중순(中旬)에 발아(發芽) 완료(完了)되지만 미발아(未發芽)한 종자(種子)는 광선하(光線下)에 있거나 건조상태(乾燥狀態)에 있게 되면 휴면(休眠)이 계속된다.

• 미술자료
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• 제97권
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• pp.87-104
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• 2020

산률(山律) 선우영(鮮于英)(1946~2009) 필(筆) <금강산 묘길상도>(2000)는 국립중앙박물관이 소장하게 된 최초의 북한 화가 작품이다. 지금까지 알려진 <묘길상도> 가운데 가장 큰 종축(縱軸) 형식으로 크기가 세로 130.2cm, 가로 56.2cm에 이르는 지본수묵진채(紙本水墨眞彩) 그림이다. 선우영에 관하여는 최근 우리나라에도 수차례 개최된 전시회에서 비교적 잘 알려졌다. 그는 1989년 공훈예술가, 1992년 인민예술가 칭호를 받는 등 이른바 '진채세화(眞彩細畫)'의 대가로서 북한을 대표하는 화가가 되었고, 60여 점의 작품이 북한 국보로 지정되었다. 이 그림의 주제인 <묘길상> 마애불은 금강산 내금강 지역에 있는 만폭동 골짜기의 높이 40m 벼랑 아래에 15m 정도 크기로 새겨진 고려시대의 마애불이다. 이 마애불의 명칭은 마사연(摩詞衍) 동쪽에 있었던 묘길상암(妙吉祥庵)에서 유래한다. 마애불의 오른쪽 옆 바위에는 직암(直庵) 윤사국(尹師國)(1728~1709)이 쓴 '묘길상(妙吉祥)'이라는 큼직한 음각의 글씨가 새겨져 있다. 필자는 불상의 수인(手印)을 오른손과 왼손이 모두 엄지와 약지(藥指)가 만나는 하품하생인(下品下生印)과 비슷하지만 왼손이 아래를 향하고 있지 않고 오른손과 거의 직각을 이루며 복부에 놓여있으므로 설법인(說法印)으로 보았다. 즉 이 불상은 설법인을 결하고 있는 석가상(釋迦像)이라고 결론지었다. 선우영의 <금강산 묘길상도>는 조선시대 같은 주제의 그림들과 비교하면 불상의 자연 환경, 즉 벼랑 아래 감실에 새겨진 불상이라는 점과 불상이 인간의 모습이 아닌 암각상임을 수묵진채로 표현한 유일한 그림이다. 구도와 색감이 자아내는 초현실주의적 분위기 또한 이 <금강산 묘길상도>의 특징이라 하겠다. 이 그림을 포함한 선우영의 대부분 작품이 진채로 바위 질감을 사실적으로 표현한 그림이지만 그의 만년작 <파도>(2008)와 같이 전통적의 수묵화에 가까운 그림도 그렸던 폭넓은 작품 세계를 보여주는 화가이다.