• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop an efficient mass propagation method for the mature $Prunus$ $yedoensis$ Matsumura (43 to 58 years old). Cutting was conducted depending on cutting time, auxin treatments (IBA and NAA treatments mixed with talc powder), and cuttings position on shoots in a plastic house equipped with a fog system without heating. Rooted cuttings were transplanted to a nursery bed, and their growth characteristics were investigated in order to check whether the cuttings are successful or not for roadside tree planting. The average rooting rate was highly significant ($P$ < 0.0001) in all treatments: cutting on June 1st (61.4%) was more than two times greater in rooting rate than that on August 1st (23.6%); IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (90.8%) and IBA 500 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (89.2%) showed much greater rooting rates than those of the other treatments; upper part of the cuttings treated with IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ showed the highest rooting rate, 96.7%. The interactions among treatments in the average rooting rate were also significant. There were significant differences ($P$ < 0.0001) among the auxin treatments in the survival rate of leafed cuttings transplanted to a nursery bed. The average survival rate was 46.5%, and IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment was the highest in leafed cuttings 79.2%, but most of leafless cuttings were dead. There were significant differences ($P$ < 0.0001) among the cuttings, grafts, and in the seedlings height, diameter at root collar, the number of roots, branches, and leaves, etc., and the cuttings was the best. We can expect a possibility of mass propagation of improved $P.$ $yedoensis$ Matsumura and a high planting survival rate through the transplanting of cuttings to a nursery bed in which the cuttings should be the following conditions: cutting in June to July, use of the upper part of cuttings, IBA treatment, and rooting in August in a cutting-greenhouse equipped with a fog system.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2009

Background: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the major catechin in green tea, and has shown antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, antimetastatic and cell cycle pertubation activity in various tumor models. Hypoxia can be induced because angiogenesis is insufficient for highly proliferating cancer. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1$\alpha$ (HIF-1$\alpha$) and its downstream target, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are important for angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. The aim of this study was to determine how hypoxia could cause changes in the cellular phenomena and microenvironment in a non-small cell culture system and to examine the effects of EGCG on a HIF-1$\alpha$ and VEGF in A549 cell line. Methods: A549 cells, a non-small cell lung cancer cell line, were cultured with DMEM and 10% fetal bovine serum. A decrease in oxygen tension was induced using a hypoxia microchamber and a $CO_2-N_2$ gas mixture. Gas analysis and a MTT assay were performed. The A549 cells were treated with EGCG (0, 12.5, 25, 50 ${\mu}mol/L$), and then examined by real-time-PCR analysis of HIF-1$\alpha$, VEGF, and $\beta$-actin mRNA. Results: Hypoxia reduced the proliferation of A549 cells from normoxic conditions. EGCG inhibited HIF-1$\alpha$ transcription in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Compared to HIF-1$\alpha$, VEGF was not inhibited by EGCG. Conclusion: HIF-1$\alpha$ can be inhibited by EGCG. This suggests that targeting HIF-1$\alpha$ with a EGCG treatment may have therapeutic potential in non-small cell lung cancers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 1982

Main consideration of this trial is to know whether the planting work should be possible to do not only in the early spring but also in the summer or autumn, for giving the guide to get the work plan and to broaden the employing season of the skilled forest worker. Seedling of Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepsis, Pinus rigida, Pinus rigida${\times}$ P. taeda(wind) and Chamaecyparia obtusa as the test species had been planted in 15 days interval from the middle of March to the end of November. The seedling survival was investigated in the spring time of coming year because the winter damage could be problems. At the same time the climate data was measured daily and the shoot growth of test species were also measured in other near plantation at 15 days interval to know the influence to survival. From these results the spring and autumn planting is showing the good survival and the summer planting seems to give the difficulties. The spring planting in the southern temperate zone could be stared earlier as the end of February or beginning of March because the soil temperature are increasing up more $5^{\circ}C$ from this time. But the summer planting from the beginning of May until the end of August in better to avoid with excluding specially the good season of rainfall distribution because of the shoot growth of green confer seedling and the leave sprouting of Larix leptolepsis are so vigorously growing up from the begining of May and its wood structure is too weak to compensate the water loss. But among the test species Pinus koraiensis and Chamaecyparis obtusa have more possibility to plant in the summer season. The autumn planting seems to be very reasonable to accept newly in the trial region. This may be the reasons of still high soil temperature to grow the seedling root and of hardened school to resist from the dry winter wind. But it will be carefully that the strongly exposured site could be to avoid for the autumn planting in case of specially Pinus rigida${\times}$P. taeda and Chamaecyparis obtusa. From these discussion the guide table 1 for planting season with the test species is proposed and can be used for planing and employing in the trial zone.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.237-246
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate growth characteristics and yield of silage corn hybrids by different planting dates at paddy and upland field. Days to silking by different planting dates at paddy field were 81 days at planting on April 22, 70 days on May 20 and 62 days on June 10, respectively, and they were getting shorter as planting date delayed. There was no significant difference in days to silking between paddy and upland field. Plant height in paddy field was no significant difference between at planting on April 22 and on May 20, and it was shortened sharply at planting on June 10. There was no significant difference in plant height between paddy and upland field. There was no significant difference in lodging by different planting dates in paddy field. There was significant difference in lodging between paddy and upland field (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in stay-green by different planting dates in paddy field, and no significant difference between paddy and upland field. Ear ratios to total dry matter in paddy field were 43% at planting on April 22, 41% on May 20 and 28% on June 10, respectively, and it was lower as planting date delayed. There was no significant difference in ear ratios to total dry matter between paddy and upland field. Fresh yields in paddy field were lower with 14% at planting on May 20 and 32% on June 10 compared to on April 22 as planting date delayed. There was no significant difference in fresh yield between paddy and upland field. Dry matter yields in paddy field were higher with 9% at planting on May 20 and lower with 24% on June 10 compared to at planting on April 22 as planting date delayed. Dry matter yield in paddy field was lower with 9% compared to 1,931 kg/10a at planting on April 22. TDN (Total digestible nutrients) yields in paddy field were higher with 5% at planting on May 20 and lower with 28% on June 10 compared to at planting on April 22 as planting date delayed. TDN yield in paddy field was lower with 11% compared to 1,340kg/10a at planting on April 22.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.290-294
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• 2009

Larval development of Nannopaya pygmaea Rambur (Libellulidae), an endangered dragonfly in Korea, was studied using an introduced lariat population in an artificial wetland habitat. Artificial habitat was created in a green house which imitated a small wetland in Boryeong-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea, where N. pygmaea inhabited. A total of 300 N. pygmaea larvae were introduced to the artificial habitat in June 2007. Larvae were recaptured five times between June 2007 and November 2008 for measurement of body length. As a result, the initial and recaptured populations (Recaptured I, II, III, IV, and V populations, respectively) contained two body size groups [initial 6.20$\pm$0.34 mm and 7.94$\pm$0.46 mm (mean$\pm$SD); Recaptured I 2.84$\pm$0.43 mm and 5.16$\pm$0.83 mm; Recaptured II 5.96$\pm$0.66 mm and 8.02$\pm$0.35 mm; Recaptured III 5.97$\pm$0.73 mm and 7.82$\pm$0.37 mm; Recaptured IV 7.04$\pm$0.93 mm and 8.52$\pm$0.39 mm; Recaptured V 5.72$\pm$0.60 mm and 7.71$\pm$0.30 mm]. Our rearing experiment evidenced that the recaptured I-V populations are the offspring of the initial population and the offspring grew approximately 3 mm at 470 degree days. It was also estimated that N. pygmaea larvae need approximately 100 degree days to grow 0.7 mm in body length.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2013

Yanganok, a new single cross variety, was developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2012. This hybrid, which has a high yield of grain was produced by crossing two inbred lines, KS164 and KS163. KS164 is the seed parent and KS163 is the pollen parent of Yanganok. It is a yellow-orange intermediate maize hybrid (Zea mays L.). After a preliminary yield trial and advanced yield trial of Yanganok (Suwon180) in Suwon for 2 years, a regional yield trial was carried out for its growth characteristics, and yields were determined at 4 different locations from 2009 to 2012, with the exception of 2010. It was named 'Yanganok'. The silking date of Yanganok is 2 days earlier than that of the check hybrid, Kwangpyeongok. Plant height of Yanganok is similar to Kwangpyeongok, but its ear height ratio is higher than that of Kwangpyeongok. It has resistance to lodging. Stay-green features of Yanganok are similar to those of Kwangpyeongok. The ear ratio of Yanganok is similar to Kwangpyeongok. It has moderate resistance to southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis) and strong resistance to northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum). It has moderate resistance to black streaked dwarf virus (BSDV), ear lot and corn borer. The dry matter yield of Yanganok, 17.45 ton/ha, was similar to that of Kwangpyeongok. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield of Yanganok, 11.96 ton/ha, was similar to that of Kwangpyeongok. The grain yield of Yanganok, 8.32 ton/ha was similar to that of Jangdaok. Seed production of Yanganok went well due to a good match during crossing between the seed parent, KS164, and the pollen parent, KS163, in Yeongwol, and F1 seed yield was 1.79 ton/ha. Yanganok would be a suitable cultivar to all plain areas in the Korean peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 2020

A new Gomchwi cultivar 'Soomany' was derived from a cross between Gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz.) and Handaeri-gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai). The investigation and selection of growth and yield characteristics were conducted from 2007 to 2015 in field and greenhouse of Highland Agriculture Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, in Korea. On a newly developed cultivar 'Soomany', color of petiole ear is light green, petiole trichome is existent, trichome and light on the back of the leaves don't exist, and density of leaf vein is degree 4. Plant height, leaf length, leaf width and petiole length are 77.1, 22.3, 21.5 and 57.2 cm, respectively in the growth characteristics of the 2_nd year. Plant size was also higher than that of 'Sammany' generally. Bolting date was on August 15. Flowering date was on September 19, about 9 days later than 'Sammany'. 'Soomany' and 'Sammany' had 149 and 133 leaves per plant, respectively. Total yield of 'Soomany' (1,623 g/plant) made a very good comparison with that of 'Sammany' (1,385 g/plant). 'Soomany' showed harder leaves (25.8 ㎏/㎠) than 'Sammany' (20.8 ㎏/㎠), whereas 'Soomany' had thinner leaves (0.53 mm) than 'Sammany' (0.62 mm). 'Soomany' variety has shown strong resistance to powdery mildew disease compared to 'Sammany'. In May 2019, the right of variety protection of 'Soomany' was registered as a new Gomchwi variety (Register No. 192).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.125-130
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• 1975

This investigation was carried out to define the cultivation state of Ginseng seedling and to study the growth of important characters by location and correlations between characters, the results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Most of farmers culitvating ginseng seedling had not any special consideration for the improvement of soil, and they applied green manure only as basic fertilizer but they did not apply chemical fertilizer. 2. Any efforts on the improvement of ginseng seed were not found. Seed was harvested from 3 years old ginseng plant. Seedling density was 1.8 cm by 2 cm. 3. Growth of all characters showed significant differences among farms. Coefficients of variation among individual seedling plants was largest at root diameter and smallest at root length. 4. Gromth of all characters without root diameter by planted location under the shadow was poor at front row, however root diameter was shortest at back row. 5. Significant high correlatons were rocognized between root diameter and stem diameter, between leaf blade and stem diameter and between leaf blade and leaf length, but stem length were not correlated with any characters. It is noticable that negative correlations were found between stem length and root diameter, between stem length and root length and between stem length and stem diameter.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.69-80
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper was to study the issues related to converting the graveyards within forests into spaces intended for tree burials by means of planting, given the situation that the graveyards have encroached on land and damaged the environment. For the reason, a field survey was performed to determine the width, length, and distance to the nearest tree of 205 graveyards in the capital area. Through this, it was determined that the domestic lands damaged by graveyards amounted to $862km^2$, including the areas that were deforested to manage the graves. This only confirms that land encroachment by graveyards is a serious issue. The methods for making tree burial sites were examined from the perspective of how to meet public demands given the graveyard's spatial distinctiveness. As a result, this study suggested different methods to establish tree burial sites according to the degree of transformation and the term of its formation. This study also classified the graveyards into three types, and identified the planting methods that harmonized the safe growth of trees and the scenic beauty of memorial places based on the standard. This is in order to plant trees that are shade-tolerant and suitable to the forest line, along with which other tree line was and also, to plant aesthetic trees around the empty space. Through applying the developed methods, this study established and monitored two exemplary sites in Yongin and Boryeng. Aesthetic trees were planted in Yongin site which was located in an open area, aod the shade-tolerant trees were planted in Boryeong, which was located in a forest area. As a result, the image of a garden appeared at Yongin site and the image of a tree colony harmonized with the near forest emerged at Boryeong site. Therefore, it is confirmed that the method of planting according to the distribution status of neighboring trees was effective. As a result of monitoring, mulching wood chips were suitable for sites that were small or easy to approach. This is because the weeds were controlled in Yongin site by mulching. Furthermore, by monitoring the growth of 11 species of vegetation, this study confirmed that low and cover-type vegetations were suitable for tree burial sites. In Boryeong site, the wild cherry trees, which were planted as adult trees, all died, and the tilling of snake's beard, which were planted as cover vegetation, was slow. Therefore, this study found that seedlings were more suitable to plant in forest graveyards than adult trees, which were large and difficult to approach, and it was effective to use the remaining lawn and form a low vegetation after the crown of trees had expanded to such places.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1998

To characterize the growth environment, inorganic composition and morphological chracteristics of leaves of Korean tea plant, soil and tea leaf samples were collected from 15 locations and analyzed. The chemical characteristics of soils were in range of pH 4.09~6.15, OM 23.9~72.6g/kg, available phosphate less than 300mg/kg, K $0.8{\sim}2.5cmol^+/kg$, Na $tr{\sim}0.17cmol^+/kg$, Ca $1.0{\sim}6.2cmol^+/kg$, and Mg $0.3{\sim}2.1cmol^+/kg$. The contents of Ni. Cr, Zn. Cu, Pb, and Cd were at the level less than natural content in upland soil. Most of the sample soils were sandy loamy and loamy texture. The native tea plants were mainly grown in bamboo thicket or in forest. The leaf sizes of tea plants were $6.85{\pm}1.75{\times}2.6{\pm}0.5cm$, lateral vein number $14.2{\pm}2.7$, and crenated number $58.5{\pm}11.2$, and the leaf color was thin to dark green. The contents of $NH_4{^+}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ in tea leaves were in range of 30.5~47.7, 45.5~164.5, 16,998~25,431, 1.590~2,392 and 1,085~1,958mg/kg, respectively. The contents of $F^-$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $PO_4{^{3-}}$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ were in range of 21.2~63.2, 126.4~257.9, 108.5~185.9, 1,270~1.819, and $954{\sim}1,670mg/kg$, respectively. The leaf size of native tea plant grown widlly in Shunchun Changchun-ri, Hwasun Ssangbongsa, Kuryoi Chonunsa, Bosong Daewonsa and Namhae Boriam was as large as those of Yabukita. Japan cultiver, grown at Kangjin Jangwon tea field.