• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제100권3호
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• pp.397-401
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• 2011

본 연구는 활엽수림 지역에 설치한 인공새집에서 번식을 실시한 박새류의 번식 생태를 파악하기 위하여 2006년부터 2010년까지의 매년 3월부터 7월까지의 기간 동안 실시되었다. 5년에 걸친 조사기간 동안 활엽수림에 설치한 인공새집에서는 곤줄박이, 쇠박새, 박새 등의 박새류가 번식을 하였다. 박새류가 번식을 실시한 인공새집은 입구직경별로 번식쌍수가 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 종별로는 박새가 가장 많이 이용한 것으로 나타났으며, 곤줄박이가 가장 적게 이용하였다. 인공새집을 이용한 박새류는 몸의 크기에 따라 선호하는 입구직경이 달랐는데, 몸의 크기가 큰 박새는 입구직경이 35~40 mm인 인공새집을 주로 이용하였다. 반면 몸의 크기가 가장 작은 쇠박새는 입구직경이 30 mm인 인공새집에서 주로 번식을 하였다. 첫 산란일, 한배 산란수, 한배 새끼수, 포란기간, 육추기간, 번식성공률은 종별, 연도별로 차이를 보였다. 앞으로 박새류의 번식생태에 영향을 주는 요인에 대한 연구를 통해 환경요인과 번식생태에 관한 규명이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2012

This study was carried out to monitor reproductive responses of great tits in 17 urban forests in Daegu metropolitan city. The reproductive perspectives of great tits were surveyed by using 106 artificial bird nests, of which five or seven nests were set up in every urban forest. A ratio of artificial nests used by great tits for their reproduction was 27.4%. It was showing that forests, where the reproductive response was higher, was located at the edge of the city, or was known as having a good vegetation structure in the urban area. The laying date of a great tit was a little earlier in forests in the middle of the city. It might be dependent on the density of artificial land uses including a residential area and an industrial complex, which are able to increase an urban micro-temperature. Otherwise, natural forests or forest patches nearby natural forests located at the edge of the city were showing that the laying date of great tits was relatively later than the oneee in the forest in the middle of the city. There was a big difference of reproduction perspectives of great tit between the 1st and 2nd reproduction. In the 1st reproduction, a clutch size was larger, while an egg volume was so low. Otherwise, the clutch size was shown so smaller in the 2nd reproduction than in the 1st reproduction, while the egg volume was larger in the 2nd reproduction. It might be due to the survival strategy of a great tit to prepare the winter season for a juvenile. Many variables, regarding to the problem of climate changes, have been linked to the environment of urban area and the bird habitats. Finally, Monitoring a bird reproduction is a valuable work for managing an urban forest as well as for conserving a natural forest.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1995년도 제16회 생물과학 심포지움 강연록
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• pp.68-73
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• 1995

Most female Great Tits lay one egg each day until the clutch is complete. However, some exceptions are found. “Pause day/s” most frequently occur after the 1st egg is laid. In general, egg-size increase with laying sequence, but there is year-to-year variation. The relationship between egg size and laying sequence is found more significantly in relatively larger clutches than in smaller ones. Great Tits tend to advance the hatching of their chicks by starting to incubate earlier in relation to clutch completion as the breeding season progresses. hatching asynchrony affects chick´s growth rate, but when the effect of laying date on hatching asynchrony is controlled, the effect of hatching asynchrony on growth rate is not found. These findings support the ´hurry-up´ hypothesis.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.213-222
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• 1994

Songs recorded in Chirisam(1990~1993) and $Ull\v{u}ngdo$(1992~1993) areas were analyzed to investigate the features and variances in songs of Great tit, Parus major. Songs of Great tits were identified, most of which were repetitions of phrases composed of high-frequency note and low-frequency note. The CV range of the Chirisan Great tit group was wider than that of the $Ull\v{u}ngdo$ area. ANOVA analysis level was highly significant (p<0.0001) for Chirisan area and $Ull\v{u}ngdo$ area. Inter-regional variance level was significant (p<0.05) in the maximum of low-frequency.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.379-385
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• 1994

Sonograms of songs recorded in Kwangnung and Chejudo were analyzed to investigate the features and variances in the songs of Great tit, Parus major variety. Songs of Great tits were identified, most of which were repetitions of phrases compoed of high-frequency note and low-frequency note. Variances between the songs of the two areas in the minimum and maximum of low-frequency were significat. The CV range of the Great tit group in Chejudo was wider than that in Kwangnung. Interregional variance level was significant in the minimum (P<0.04) and maximum (P<0.0001) of low-frequency.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1994년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.103.2-103
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• 1994

No Abstract, See Full Text

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.219-230
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• 2013

Species distribution modeling is one of the most effective habitat analysis methods for wildlife conservation. This study was for evaluating the suitability of species distribution to distance between forest patches in Seoul city using tits. We analyzed the distribution of the four species of tits: varied tit (Parus varius), marsh tit (P. palustris), great tit (P. major) and coal tit (P. ater), using the landscape indexes and connectivity indexes, and compared the resulting suitability indexes from 100m to 1,000m. As factors affecting to the distribution of tits, we calculated landscape indices by separating them into intra-patch indices (i.e. logged patch area (PA), area-weighted mean patch shape index (PSI), tree rate (TR)) and inter-patch indices (i.e. patch degree (PD), patch betweenness (PB), difference probability of connectivity (DPC)), to analyze the internal properties of the patches and their connectivity by tits occurrence data using logistic regression modeling. The models were evaluated by AICc (Akaike Information Criteria with a correction for finite sample sizes) and AUC (Area Under Curve of ROC). The results of AICc and AUC showed DPC, PA, PSI, and TR were important factors of the habitat models for great tit and marsh tit at the level of distance 500~800m. In contrast, habitat models for coal tit and varied tit, which are known as forest interior species, reflected PA, PSI, and TR as intra-patch indices rather than connectivity. These mean that coal tit and varied tit are more likely to find a large circular forest patch than a small and long-shaped forest patch, which are higher rate of forest. Therefore, different strategies are required in order to enhance the habitats of the forest birds, tits, in a region that has fragmented forest patches such as Seoul city. It is important to manage forest interior areas for coal tit and varied tit, which are known as forest interior species and to manage not only forest interior areas but also connectivity of the forest patches in the threshold distance for great tit and marsh tit as adapted species to the urban ecosystem for sustainable ecosystem management.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.230-237
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• 1995

Playback experiments were excecuted with seven threat Tit males inhabited in Gsngnae Myeon, Darak Ri, Chungbuk province to investigate the signal value of partial song (one unit phrase composed of two notes) as a species recognition releaser. Territorial males responded strongly to their own natural, synthetic and partial songs played in the field. However, thew showed weak or no responses to the playback songs of other species: Coal Tit (Porus ate4 and Yellow-throated Bunting (EmberiEa elegansl.6reat Tits distinguished conspecific partial songs readily from songs of other species. The results demonstrated that one unit phrase which is a basic arrangement of the Great Tit song, containes information on species recognition.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.65-68
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• 1999

In December-January of 1996-1997 and 1997-1998, information was gathered about vertical distribution of foraging sites of tits in 34 flocks in coniferous and deciduous forests. There was a significant effect of forest type on the distribution of foraging sites of each species. Habitat was classified into 5 height layers vertically: ground, bushes (usually＜1.5 m, up to 3 m), tree layer 1 (up to 1/3 of tree height), tree layer 2 (1/3-2/3 tree height). and tree layer 3 (＞2/3 tree height). There were differences among species: great tit (Parus major) foraged mostly on the ground, coal tit (P. ater) and long-tailed tit (Acrocephalus caudatus) - on the highest tree layer, marsh tit (P. palustris) was often seen on bushes, and varied tit (P. varius) - in tree layer 2. Smaller species used upper and outer parts of trees. suggesting that, like in most other similar studies. larger dominant species prevented smaller species from using inner parts of trees.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권5호통권162호
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• pp.338-341
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• 2005

This study was conducted to describe the differences in artificial nest boxes use of tits between deciduous and coniferous forests at 2nd campus of Chung-Ang University ($37^{\circ}00^{\prime}04^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $127^{\circ}13^{\prime}96^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$), Ansung, Korea from January to August 2005. Tree species richness, tree species diversity index (H') and total basal areas were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. High, middle, low and understory canopy layers were more developed in deciduous forest, except the coverage of bush-ground layer. Varied tit Parus varius, marsh tit P. palustris and great tit P. major used the artificial nest boxes in this study. Number of breeding pairs of tits used artificial nest boxes, clutch size, and weight and size of eggs were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. The differences in habitat structure between study sites are very likely to have influenced how breeding birds used the available habitat. Artificial nest boxes could be used as management and conservation tool for birds, particularly in areas, where the availability of natural cavities and coverage of higher layer are limited.