• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.397-401
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• 2011

This study was conducted to clarify the breeding ecology of tits Parus spp. used artificial nest boxes in a deciduous forest at the Ansung Campus, Chung-Ang University from March through July, 2006 to 2010. Varied tit Parus varius, marsh tit P. palustris and great tit P. major bred in artificial nest boxes during our study period. There were no differences in number of breeding bird pairs among different entrance diameters of artificial nest boxes. The number of breeding pairs of great tits was the most highest among tits and that of varied tits was the least. Great tits mainly used 40 mm and 35 mm artificial nest box entrance diameter and marsh tits preferred 30 mm entrance diameter. In three tits species, there were differences in first egg date, clutch size, brood size, egg incubation period, nestling care period and breeding success among study years. It is needed the study on long-term ecological research about breeding ecology of tits related with habitat conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.155-163
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• 2012

This study was carried out to monitor reproductive responses of great tits in 17 urban forests in Daegu metropolitan city. The reproductive perspectives of great tits were surveyed by using 106 artificial bird nests, of which five or seven nests were set up in every urban forest. A ratio of artificial nests used by great tits for their reproduction was 27.4%. It was showing that forests, where the reproductive response was higher, was located at the edge of the city, or was known as having a good vegetation structure in the urban area. The laying date of a great tit was a little earlier in forests in the middle of the city. It might be dependent on the density of artificial land uses including a residential area and an industrial complex, which are able to increase an urban micro-temperature. Otherwise, natural forests or forest patches nearby natural forests located at the edge of the city were showing that the laying date of great tits was relatively later than the oneee in the forest in the middle of the city. There was a big difference of reproduction perspectives of great tit between the 1st and 2nd reproduction. In the 1st reproduction, a clutch size was larger, while an egg volume was so low. Otherwise, the clutch size was shown so smaller in the 2nd reproduction than in the 1st reproduction, while the egg volume was larger in the 2nd reproduction. It might be due to the survival strategy of a great tit to prepare the winter season for a juvenile. Many variables, regarding to the problem of climate changes, have been linked to the environment of urban area and the bird habitats. Finally, Monitoring a bird reproduction is a valuable work for managing an urban forest as well as for conserving a natural forest.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.68-73
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• 1995

Most female Great Tits lay one egg each day until the clutch is complete. However, some exceptions are found. “Pause day/s” most frequently occur after the 1st egg is laid. In general, egg-size increase with laying sequence, but there is year-to-year variation. The relationship between egg size and laying sequence is found more significantly in relatively larger clutches than in smaller ones. Great Tits tend to advance the hatching of their chicks by starting to incubate earlier in relation to clutch completion as the breeding season progresses. hatching asynchrony affects chick´s growth rate, but when the effect of laying date on hatching asynchrony is controlled, the effect of hatching asynchrony on growth rate is not found. These findings support the ´hurry-up´ hypothesis.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.213-222
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• 1994

Songs recorded in Chirisam(1990~1993) and $Ull\v{u}ngdo$(1992~1993) areas were analyzed to investigate the features and variances in songs of Great tit, Parus major. Songs of Great tits were identified, most of which were repetitions of phrases composed of high-frequency note and low-frequency note. The CV range of the Chirisan Great tit group was wider than that of the $Ull\v{u}ngdo$ area. ANOVA analysis level was highly significant (p<0.0001) for Chirisan area and $Ull\v{u}ngdo$ area. Inter-regional variance level was significant (p<0.05) in the maximum of low-frequency.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.379-385
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• 1994

Sonograms of songs recorded in Kwangnung and Chejudo were analyzed to investigate the features and variances in the songs of Great tit, Parus major variety. Songs of Great tits were identified, most of which were repetitions of phrases compoed of high-frequency note and low-frequency note. Variances between the songs of the two areas in the minimum and maximum of low-frequency were significat. The CV range of the Great tit group in Chejudo was wider than that in Kwangnung. Interregional variance level was significant in the minimum (P<0.04) and maximum (P<0.0001) of low-frequency.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.103.2-103
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• 1994

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.219-230
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• 2013

Species distribution modeling is one of the most effective habitat analysis methods for wildlife conservation. This study was for evaluating the suitability of species distribution to distance between forest patches in Seoul city using tits. We analyzed the distribution of the four species of tits: varied tit (Parus varius), marsh tit (P. palustris), great tit (P. major) and coal tit (P. ater), using the landscape indexes and connectivity indexes, and compared the resulting suitability indexes from 100m to 1,000m. As factors affecting to the distribution of tits, we calculated landscape indices by separating them into intra-patch indices (i.e. logged patch area (PA), area-weighted mean patch shape index (PSI), tree rate (TR)) and inter-patch indices (i.e. patch degree (PD), patch betweenness (PB), difference probability of connectivity (DPC)), to analyze the internal properties of the patches and their connectivity by tits occurrence data using logistic regression modeling. The models were evaluated by AICc (Akaike Information Criteria with a correction for finite sample sizes) and AUC (Area Under Curve of ROC). The results of AICc and AUC showed DPC, PA, PSI, and TR were important factors of the habitat models for great tit and marsh tit at the level of distance 500~800m. In contrast, habitat models for coal tit and varied tit, which are known as forest interior species, reflected PA, PSI, and TR as intra-patch indices rather than connectivity. These mean that coal tit and varied tit are more likely to find a large circular forest patch than a small and long-shaped forest patch, which are higher rate of forest. Therefore, different strategies are required in order to enhance the habitats of the forest birds, tits, in a region that has fragmented forest patches such as Seoul city. It is important to manage forest interior areas for coal tit and varied tit, which are known as forest interior species and to manage not only forest interior areas but also connectivity of the forest patches in the threshold distance for great tit and marsh tit as adapted species to the urban ecosystem for sustainable ecosystem management.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.230-237
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• 1995

Playback experiments were excecuted with seven threat Tit males inhabited in Gsngnae Myeon, Darak Ri, Chungbuk province to investigate the signal value of partial song (one unit phrase composed of two notes) as a species recognition releaser. Territorial males responded strongly to their own natural, synthetic and partial songs played in the field. However, thew showed weak or no responses to the playback songs of other species: Coal Tit (Porus ate4 and Yellow-throated Bunting (EmberiEa elegansl.6reat Tits distinguished conspecific partial songs readily from songs of other species. The results demonstrated that one unit phrase which is a basic arrangement of the Great Tit song, containes information on species recognition.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.65-68
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• 1999

In December-January of 1996-1997 and 1997-1998, information was gathered about vertical distribution of foraging sites of tits in 34 flocks in coniferous and deciduous forests. There was a significant effect of forest type on the distribution of foraging sites of each species. Habitat was classified into 5 height layers vertically: ground, bushes (usually＜1.5 m, up to 3 m), tree layer 1 (up to 1/3 of tree height), tree layer 2 (1/3-2/3 tree height). and tree layer 3 (＞2/3 tree height). There were differences among species: great tit (Parus major) foraged mostly on the ground, coal tit (P. ater) and long-tailed tit (Acrocephalus caudatus) - on the highest tree layer, marsh tit (P. palustris) was often seen on bushes, and varied tit (P. varius) - in tree layer 2. Smaller species used upper and outer parts of trees. suggesting that, like in most other similar studies. larger dominant species prevented smaller species from using inner parts of trees.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.5 s.162
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• pp.338-341
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• 2005

This study was conducted to describe the differences in artificial nest boxes use of tits between deciduous and coniferous forests at 2nd campus of Chung-Ang University ($37^{\circ}00^{\prime}04^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $127^{\circ}13^{\prime}96^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$), Ansung, Korea from January to August 2005. Tree species richness, tree species diversity index (H') and total basal areas were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. High, middle, low and understory canopy layers were more developed in deciduous forest, except the coverage of bush-ground layer. Varied tit Parus varius, marsh tit P. palustris and great tit P. major used the artificial nest boxes in this study. Number of breeding pairs of tits used artificial nest boxes, clutch size, and weight and size of eggs were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. The differences in habitat structure between study sites are very likely to have influenced how breeding birds used the available habitat. Artificial nest boxes could be used as management and conservation tool for birds, particularly in areas, where the availability of natural cavities and coverage of higher layer are limited.