• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.1483-1490
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of GCP treatment on the expression of NOS, c-fos, serotonin and substance P in central nerve system of monosodium iodoacetate(MIA)-induced osteoarthritic pain model. Arthritis was induced by injection of MIA(0.5 mg) into knee joint cavities of rats. Arthritic rats were divided into control(n=8) and treated(n=8) group. Control group was taken distilled water for 20 days. Treated group was taken extracts of GCP by oraly for same duration. Normal group(n=8) was infected with normal saline and was taken distilled water for 20 days. The numbers of NADPH-d positive cells in superficial dorsal horn of spinal cord of treated group($21{\pm}5$) was significantly (p<0.01) decreased compared with control($33{\pm}5$). The numbers of NADPH-d positive cell in dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter of treated group($111{\pm}16$) was significantly(p<0.01) decreased compared with control($143{\pm}14$). The numbers of c-fos positive cells in dorsal periaqueductal gray matter of treated group($57{\pm}16$) was significantly(p<0.01) decreased compared with control($78{\pm}13$). The numbers of c-fos positive cells in paraventricular thalamic nucleus of treated group($60{\pm}15$) was significantly decreased compared with control($88{\pm}27$). The numbers of serotonin positive cells in median raphe nucleus of treated group($171{\pm}31$) was significantly(p<0.05) decreased compared with control($217{\pm}48$). On the basis of these results, we concluded that GCP treatment has inhibiting effects on the pain transmission in monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic pain model in rat.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.333-337
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• 1986

벼-보리 작부시(作付時) 유기물연용(有機物連用) 시용방법(施用方法)을 확립(確立)하기 위(爲)하여 각(各) 작기별(作期別)로 유기물자재(有機物資材) 및 시용량(施用量)을 달리하여 세립회색(細粒灰色) 저지토(低地土)에서 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 토양중(土壤中) 부식함량(腐植含量)과 전질소함량(全窒素含量)은 볏짚 환원구(還元區)를 제외(除外)한 모든 유기물(有機物) 시용구(施用區)에서 증가(增加)되었고 그중(中) 퇴비배량구(堆肥倍量區)가 제일(第一) 높았다. 2) 추출질소(抽出窒素)(지력질소(地力窒素))는 볏짚+보리짚 시용구(施用區)에서 분해과정(分解過程)이 지연(遲延)됨에 따라 수확기(收穫期) 잔존량(殘存量)이 제일(第一) 많았으며 완숙퇴비(完熟堆肥) 시용구(施用區)에서는 오히려 적었다. 3) 질소흡수량(窒素吸收量) 및 수량(收量)은 퇴비배량구(堆肥倍量區)에서 높았고 부식함량(腐植含量), 전질소(全窒素), 질소흡수량(窒素吸收量) 및 수량간(收量間)의 상호관계(相互關係)는 유의성(有意性)있는 상관(相關)을 나타냈으나 추출질소(抽出窒素)와 전질소(全窒素) 및 수량간(收量間)에는 유의성(有意性)이 없었다. 4) 유기물(有機物) 시용(施用)에 의(依)한 토양(土壤)의 화학적(化學的) 성질(性質) 변화(變化)는 인산(燐酸)과 가리(加里)는 각(各) 유기물(有機物) 시용구(施用區), C. E. C는 퇴비시용구(堆肥施用區)에서 다소(多少) 높았으며 물리성(物理性) 변화(變化)는 거의 없었다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.1152-1162
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to determine whether there are regional differences in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of cognitively normal elderly participants and to identify factors influencing BBB permeability with a clinically feasible, 10-minute dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI protocol. Materials and Methods: This IRB-approved prospective study recruited 35 cognitively normal adults (26 women; mean age, 64.5 ± 5.6 years) who underwent DCE T1-weighted imaging. Permeability maps (K_trans) were coregistered with masks to calculate the mean regional values. The paired t test and Friedman test were used to compare Ktrans between different regions. The relationships between K_trans and the factors of age, sex, education, cognition score, vascular risk burden, vascular factors on imaging, and medial temporal lobar atrophy were assessed using Pearson correlation and the Spearman rank test. Results: The mean permeability rates of the right and left hippocampi, as assessed with automatic segmentation, were 0.529 ± 0.472 and 0.585 ± 0.515 (K_trans, x 10^-3 min^-1), respectively. Concerning the deep gray matter, the K_trans of the thalamus was significantly greater than those of the putamen and hippocampus (p = 0.007, p = 0.041). Regarding the white matter, the K_trans value of the occipital white matter was significantly greater than those of the frontal, cingulate, and temporal white matter (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0007, p = 0.0002). The variations in K_trans across brain regions were not related to age, cognitive score, vascular risk burden, vascular risk factors on imaging, or medial temporal lobar atrophy in the study group. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated regional differences in BBB permeability (K_trans) in cognitively normal elderly adults using a clinically acceptable 10-minutes DCE imaging protocol. The regional differences suggest that the integrity of the BBB varies across the brains of cognitively normal elderly adults. We recommend considering regional differences in K_trans values when evaluating BBB permeability in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.365-369
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• 2010

Objective : There has been inconsistency about definition of the temporal stem despite of several descriptions demonstrating its microanatomy using fiber dissection and/or diffusion tensor tractography. This study was designed to clarify three dimensional configurations of the temporal stem. Methods : The fronto-temporal regions of several formalin-fixed human cerebral hemispheres were dissected under an operating microscope using the fiber dissection technique. The consecutive coronal cuts of the dissected specimens were made to define the relationships of white matter tracts comprising the temporal stem and the subcortical gray matters (thalamus, caudate nucleus, amygdala) with inferior limiting (circular) sulcus of insula. Results : The inferior limiting sulcus of insula, limen insulae, medial sylvian groove, and caudate nucleus/amygdala were more appropriate anatomical structures than the roof/dorso-lateral wall of the temporal horn and lateral geniculate body which were used to describe previously for delineating the temporal stem. The particular space located inside the line connecting the inferior limiting sulcus of insula, limen insulae, medial sylvian groove/amygdala, and tail of caudate nucleus could be documented. This space included the extreme capsule, uncinate fasciculus, inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus, anterior commissure, ansa peduncularis, and inferior thalamic peduncle including optic radiations, whereas the stria terminalis, cingulum, fimbria, and inferior longitudinal fiber of the temporal lobe were not passing through this space. Also, this continued posteriorly along the caudate nucleus and limiting sulcus of the insula. Conclusion : The temporal stem is white matter fibers passing through a particular space of the temporal lobe located inside the line connecting the inferior limiting sulcus of insula, limen insulae, medial sylvian groove/amygdala, and tail of caudate nucleus. The three dimensional configurations of the temporal stem are expected to give the very useful anatomical and surgical insights in the temporal lobe.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.76-84
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• 2020

Background: Determination of inter-method differences between clinically available volumetry methods are essential for the clinical application of brain volumetry in a wider context. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-method reliability and differences between the Siemens morphometry (SM) software and the NeuroQuant (NQ) software. Materials and Methods: MR images of 86 subjects with subjective or objective cognitive impairment were included in this retrospective study. For this study, 3D T1 volume images were obtained in all subjects using a 3T MR scanner (Skyra 3T, Siemens). Volumetric analysis of the 3D T1 volume images was performed using SM and NQ. To analyze the inter-method difference, correlation, and reliability, we used the paired t-test, Bland-Altman plot, Pearson's correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and effect size (ES) using the MedCalc and SPSS software. Results: SM and NQ showed excellent reliability for cortical gray matter, cerebral white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid; and good reliability for intracranial volume, whole brain volume, both thalami, and both hippocampi. In contrast, poor reliability was observed for both basal ganglia including the caudate nucleus, putamen, and pallidum. Paired comparison revealed that while the mean volume of the right hippocampus was not different between the two software, the mean difference in the left hippocampus volume between the two methods was 0.17 ml (P < 0.001). The other brain regions showed significant differences in terms of measured volumes between the two software. Conclusion: SM and NQ provided good-to-excellent reliability in evaluating most brain structures, except for the basal ganglia in patients with cognitive impairment. Researchers and clinicians should be aware of the potential differences in the measured volumes when using these two different software interchangeably.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.114-122
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• 2003

본 저자들은 상기도 감염 후 발열과 배뇨곤란, 하지의 근력저하를 주소로 내원한 7세 환아에서, 급성 횡단성 척수염 증상으로 시작하여 의식 변화와 호흡부전의 급성 파종성 뇌척수염으로 진행한 1례에서 enterovirus 71을 증명하고 고용량 methylprednisolone 정주 후 증상의 호전을 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제46권12호
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• pp.102-107
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• 2009

기술의 발달로 의료장비의 현대화가 이루어지고 PACS와 같은 시스템이 보편화되면서 디지털 의료영상처리 기술에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 영역분할 기술은 디지털의료영상처리에서 첫 번째 단계로 필요한 전처리기술이다. 영역분할을 통하여 특정 부위가 종양, 부종, 파손 및 괴사세포와 같은 이상 현상을 나타내는 것을 조기에 발견할 수 있도록 해주고, 의사들이 적절한 처방을 내려줄 수 있도록 도와줄 수 있다. 특히 두뇌영상에서 백질, 회백질 및 CSF(cerebral spinal fluid)의 영역분할은 두뇌연구의 핵심기술이다. 이들 의료영상에서 기존의 윤곽선이나 영역 확장법은 애매한 경계선과 장기내의 물리적 특성이 비균질하여 영역분할의 실패율을 높게 한다. 퍼지기반의 영역분할 알고리듬은 불분명한 경계를 이루는 장기의 영역분할에 강하다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 자기공명영상이 강하게 나타내는 잡음에도 안정적인 퍼지기반의 영역분할 알고리듬을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리듬은 이웃화소들을 군집시킬 때에 평균과 분산의 정보를 이용하여 최소한의 계산을 추가함으로써, 기존의 퍼지기반 영역분할 방법에 비하여 실패율이 대략 30% 이하로 낮은 것을 확인하였다.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제16B권3호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2009

논문에서는 개미 군집 최적화 알고리즘을 이용하여 뇌 자기공명 영상의 백질 및 회백질 영역을 분할하는 방법을 제안한다. 확률적 조합 최적화에 적합한 알고리즘으로 알려진 개미 군집 최적화 알고리즘은 실제 개미들이 집에서 먹이를 찾아가는 동안의 방법을 기억하는 습성을 적용한 것이다. 논문에서 제안하는 방법은 개미가 먹이를 찾아가는 동안의 방법을 기억하는 습성처럼 영상에서 원하는 픽셀을 찾아갈 수 있다는 것이다. 원하는 픽셀을 찾은 개미들은 페로몬을 픽셀에 축적하게 되는데 이 페로몬은 이후에 지나가는 개미들이 다음 경로를 선택할 때 영향을 준다. 그리고 각각의 반복단계에서 상태전이 법칙에 따라 영상의 위치를 바꿔가면서 최종 목적지에 도달하게 되며, 마지막으로 페로몬 분포의 분석을 통해 영상에서 분할 된 결과를 얻는다. 제안한 알고리즘을 기존의 임계치 기반의 분할 알고리즘인 Otsu 방법, 메타휴리스틱 계열의 대표적인 방법인 유전자알고리즘, 퍼지방법, 원래의 개미 군집 최적화 알고리즘등과 비교하였다. 비교 실험을 통해 제안한 방법이 뇌의 특정 영역을 더 정확하게 분할함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

Objectives : The pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury(SCI) may be divided into primary and secondary mechanisms of injury. The secondary mechanism involves free radical formation, excitotoxicity, inflammation and apoptotic cell death, and sets in minutes after injury and lasts for weeks or months. During this phase the spinal tissue damages are aggravated. Therefore, secondary mechanisms of injury serve as a target for the development of neuroprotective drug against SCI. The present study investigated the effect of tetramethylpyrazine(TMP), an active ingredient purified from the rhizome of Ligusticum wallichii(川芎, chuanxiong), on neuronal apoptosis in spinal cord compression injury in rats. Methods : SCI was subjected to rats by a static compression method(35 g weight, 5 mins) and TMP was treated 3 times(30 mg/kg, i.p.) during 48 hours after the SCI. Results : TMP ameliorated the tissue damage in peri-lesion of SCI and reduced TUNEL-labeled cells both in gray matter and in white matter significantly. TMP also attenuated Bax-expressed motor neurons in the ventral horn and preserved Bcl-2-expressed motor neurons. Conclusions : These results indicate that TMP plays a protective role in apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes in spinal cord injury. Moreover, it is suggested that TMP and TMP-containing chuanxiong may potentially delay or protect the secondary spinal injury.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the effects of root of Scutellariae Radix(SR) water extract against inflammatory response in the spinal cord injury(SCI). Methods : SCI was induced by mechanical contusion following laminectomy of 10th thoracic vertebra in Sprague-Dawley rat. SR was orally given once a day for 7days after SCI. Myeloperoxidase(MPO) positive neutrophils infiltration was examined. Inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$) expressions were observed with immunohistochemistry. Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) positive astrocytes were examined using immuno-fluorescence. Results : 1. SR reduced MPO-positive neutrophils infiltration in peri-damage regions of the contusive SCI-induced rats. 2. SR reduced iNOS positive cells in the white matter of the contusive SCI-induced rats. 3. SR reduced TNF-${\alpha}$ positive cells in the gray and white matter of the contusive SCI-induced rats. 4. SR reduced cell number and size of astrocytes in peri-damage regions of the contusive SCI-induced rats. Conclusions : These results suggest that SR plays an inhibitory role against inflammatory response in the SCI.