• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.285-295
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• 2002

In this study, several types of gravimetric methods (such as high, medium, low, and ultra low volume sampling methods) were applied to determine suspended particulate matter concentrations in both ambient and indoor environments. Comparative evaluations were undertaken with SPM data obtained using a variety of samplers (TSP, PM10, and PM4.0) at different sampling flow rates. Correlation coefficients between TSP and PM10 concentrations measured at different flow rates fell in the range of 0.73∼0.94 (n=40). In addition, correlation coefficients for PM concentrations measured by different TSP samplers were in the range of 0.90∼0.95 (n=36 or n=38), while 0.77∼0.91 (n=38) for PM10 samplers. Correlation analysis was also conducted on indoor monitoring data that were measured using ultra-low-volume samplers at both different or identical flow rates. The correlation coefficients were in the range of 0.98∼0.99 (n=38) between TSP and TSP and 0.92∼0.94 (n=38) between TSP and PM10. The mean ratio for high volume PM10 to TSP concentration that was monitored at identical flow rates in the ambient air appeared to be 0.72. The mean ratios of PM10 to TSP and PM4.0 to TSP observed with identical flow rates at indoor environments were 0.47 and 0.40. The results of this study may provide empirical information concerning the compatability of aerosol data obtained by gravimetric sampling methods at different flow rates.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.431-441
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• 2010

In this study, inter-comparison for PM-2.5 was undertaken. The PM-2.5 mass concentrations using the gravimetric and beta-attenuation methods were compared during the winter in 2007. Two different types of conventional filter-based measurements (Cyclone type and Impactor type) were also collocated and the measurement data was compared with each other. As a result, continuous PM-2.5 data using beta attenuation method show a comparable mass concentration with gravimetric measurement when the inlet of beta-gauge sampler is heated. The results also showed that the cyclone type shows a little high PM-2.5 concentration than Impactor type. In all the sampling cases, the correlations between measurement methods are high. Subsequently, this study suggests that highly correlated relationship between PM-2.5 measurement instruments can be obtained through the inter-comparison results based on filterb-ased gravimetric method and more intensive measurement and theoretical studies are needed in order to clarify the measurement errors for different sampler types.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1998

Relationships between TSP and PM10 concentrations were evaluated using their respective data sets collected from Taegu and Kyeungsan areas during the period of December 1993 to November 1994. The collection of data was made using the gravimetric and $\beta$-ray absorption ($\beta$-MPM) methods for 7 days of every month from three urban sites in Taegu and one suburban site in Kyeungsan. Correlation coefficients between TSP and PM10 concentrations for these four sampling sites were found in the range of 0.85 $\sim$ 0.96. Correlation analysis was also conducted for $\beta$-PM concentration data that were measured only from the residential and commercial sites. The correlation coefficients between TSP and $\beta$-PM concentrations were 0.9 in the residential site and 0.8 in the commercial site. By contrast, the correlation coefficients between PM10 $\beta$-PM concentrations were almost identical for both the residential and commercial sites with a value of 0.88. The mean ratio for PM10 to TSP concentrations for all sites was appeared to be 0.68. The analysis of seasonal trends in PM10/TSP ratios showed that the contribution of PM10 to TSP concentrations was more significant during winter (0.70 $\sim$ 0.75) than during summer (0.61 $\sim$ 0.68). The results of this study may provide empirical informations on the compatability of aerosol data measured by different sampling methods.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2005

Several samplers using gravimetric methods such as high-volume air sampler, MiniVol portable sampler, personal environmental monitor(PEM) and cyclone were applied to determine the concentrations of fine particles in atmospheric condition. Comparative evaluation between high-volume air sampler and Minivol portable sampler for $PM_{10}$, and between Minivol portable sampler and PEM was undertaken from June, 2003 to January 2004. Simultaneously, meteorological conditions such as wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity and temperature was measured to check the factors affecting the concentrations of fine particles. In addition, particle concen­trations by cyclone with an aerodynamic diameter of $4{\mu}m$ were measured. Correlation coefficient between high­volume air sampler and portable air sampler for $PM_{10}$ was 0.79 (p<0.001). However, the mean concentration for $PM_{10}$ by high-volume air sampler was significantly higher than that by Minivol portable sampler (p=0.018). Correlation coefficient between Minivol portable sampler and PEM for $PM_{2.5}$ as 0.74 (p<0.001), and the measured mean concentrations for $PM_{2.5}$ did not show significant difference. Difference of the measured con­centrations of fine particle might be explained by wind speed and humidity among meteorological conditions. Particle concentration differences by measurement samplers were proportional to the wind speed, but inversely proportional to the relative humidity, though it was not a significant correlation.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.421-429
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• 2010

The reliability of the measurement of ambient trace species is an important issue, especially, in background area such as Gosan in Jeju Island. In a previous episodic study, it was suggested that the PM10 measurement result by the gravimetric method(GMM) was not in agreement with the result by the ${\beta}$-ray absorption method(BAM). In this study, a systematic comparison was carried out for the data between 2001 and 2008 at Gosan(GMM and BAM) and Jeju city (BAM) which is near to Gosan. It was found that at Gosan the PM10 concentration by BAM was higher than GMM and the correlation between them was low. The BAM results at Gosan and Jeju city showed similar trend implying the discrepancy at Gosan was not caused by instrumental problem of the BAM at Gosan. Based on the previous studies two probable reasons for the discrepancy are identified; (1) negative measurement error by the evaporation of volatile ambient species at the filter in GMM such as nitrate and ammonium and (2) positive error by the absorption of water vapor during measurement in BAM. There was no heater at the inlet of BAM at Gosan during the sampling period. Based on the size-segregated measurement data, it was identified that the evaporation error was minor, if any. The relationship between the two methods did not vary with the ambient relative humidity. Thus, at present, it is not clear why the discrepancy had been occurring and when using the PM10 data at Gosan, one should be aware the possible errors.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.367-372
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• 1988

중량법(重量法)에 의(依)한 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)과 중성자(中性子) 및 Gypsum-block을 이용(利用)하여 측정(測定)한 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)에 대(對)하여서, 오차분석(誤差分析)을 통(通)하여 각(各) 측정방법(測定方法)에 의(依)한 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)의 오차범위(誤差範圍) 및 각(各) 방법간(方法間) 같은 정밀도(精密度)를 얻기위(爲)해 필요(必要)한 측정(測定)반복수를 구명(究明)코자 사양토(砂壤土)에서 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 1. 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)의 오차(誤差)와 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)과의 관계(關係)는 중량법(重量法)과 중성자(中性子)를 이용(利用)한 경우는 2차함수(次函數)의 양상(樣相)을, Gypsum-block의 경우는 지수함수(指數函數)의 양상(樣相)을 나타냈다. 2. 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)이 11~33%(용적함량)인 범위에서 중량법(重量法)에 의(依)한 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)의 오차(誤差)는 평균(平均) 1.11%이었으며 오차(誤差)의 범위(範圍)(Range)는 0.28~3.49%이었다. 3. 표토용(表土用) 중성자(中性子)를 이용(利用)한 토양수분측정방법(土壤水分測定方法)에 의(依)한 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)의 오차(誤差)는 평균(平均) 1.15%이었으며 오차(誤差)의 범위는 0.71~2.63%으로써 그 경향이 중량법(重量法)과 유사하였고, 심토용(深土用) 중성자(中性子)를 이용(利用)한 수분측정방법(水分測定方法)에 의(依)한 오차(誤差)는 평균(平均) 0.70%이었으며 그 범위는 0.52~1.01%으로써 가장 작았다. 4. Gypsum-block에 의(依)해 토양수분장력(土壤水分張力)을 측정(測定)한 후(後) 토양수분특성(土壤水分特性)곡선을 이용(利用)하여 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)을 추정(推定)할때, 오차(誤差)의 범위는 0.05~21.89%이었으며, 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)이 증가(增加)할수록 오차(誤差)는 크게 증가(增加)는 경향이었다. 5. 사양토(砂壤土)에서 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)이 약 14% 이상(以上)인 경우에는 심토용(深土用) 중성자(中性子)를 이용(利用)한 방법(方法)으로 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)을 측정(測定)하는 것이 그 오차(誤差)가 작았으며, 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)이 약 14% 이하(以下)인 경우에는 Gypsum-block을 이용(利用)하는 것이 그 오차(誤差)가 작았다. 6. 중량법(重量法)에 의(依)한 10반복 측정(測定)의 평균(平均) 토양수분함량(土壤水分含量)과 같은 정밀도(精密度)를 얻기 위(爲)한 반복수는 표토용(表土用) 중성자(中性子)를 이용(利用)한 수분측정방법(水分測定方法)의 경우 6~17, 심토용(深土用) 중성자(中性子)를 이용(利用)한 수분측정방법(水分測定方法)의 경우 0.7~8 및 Gypsum block의 경우 0.1~1,252이었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2005

토양시료의 건조 과정이나 칭량과정을 수행하기 곤란한 현장 검정법에서 분석시료의 채취방법은 측정치의 신뢰성에 크게 영향을 미친다. 토양의 질산태 질소 함량이 45에서 $281mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 분포되는 12개 토양을 이용하여 질산태 질소 간이 검정법으로 효율적인 Test Strip 측광기 검정법에 대한 현장 활용성 증진방안이 비교 검토 되었다. 분석법은 실험실 전극법과 간이 측광기법으로 구분하고 채취방법은 중량법, 용적밀도법 (병마개 이용한 시료채취), 입자밀도법 (100 mL 실린더의 10 mL 용적을 토양으로 채움) 등 3가지 방법으로 비교하였으며, 또한 토양수분 조건은 풍건토, 최대용수량의 20% 및 40% 조건으로 달리하여 질산태 질소 함량의 상호관계를 평가하였다. Test strip 측광기법에 의한 질산태 질소 함량의 7반복 측정에서 변동계수(cv)는 3.5%에서 10.9%를 보이며 실험실 이온 전극법에 의한 질산태 질소 함량과 고도로 유의성 있는 상관을 보였다. 변동계수 10.9% 이하 재현성을 갖는 test strip 측광기법은 질산태질소의 현장검정법으로서 활용 가능한 것으로 생각되었다. 실험실 이온 전극법 뿐 아니라 test strip 측광기법에서 용적밀도법으로 측정된 질산태 질소 함량은 중량법 및 입자밀도법에 의한 측정치보다 표준 이온전극법에 의해 측정된 질산태 질소 함량과 더 근접되는 결과를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 토양의 수분함량이 높을수록 더욱 현저하여 용적밀도법의 의한 시료 채취방법은 토양의 수분조건에 의한 영향을 가장 적게 받는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 용적밀도법의 시료 채취용기를 병마개에서 보다 큰 용기로 교체한다면 test strip 측광기법에 의한 현장검정법의 활용성을 증진시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2014

Objective: This study was carried out in order to determine the depositional characteristics of pine needles, pine bark, and soil used as a passive air sampler (PAS) for atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Methods: All three media were sampled from the same site. The PBDE concentrations were analyzed by HRGC/HRMS, and the lipid contents were measured using the gravimetric method by n-hexane extraction. Results: The total PBDE concentration was the highest in soil (22,274.57 pg/g dry), followed by pine bark (20,266.39 pg/g dry), and then pine needles (7,380.22 pg/g dry). Pine needles contained the highest lipid contents (21.31 mg/g dry), whereas soil (10.01 mg/g dry), and pine bark (4.85 mg/g dry) contained less. There were poor correlations between lipid content and total PBDE concentrations in the media ($R^2$=0.8216, p=0.2814). Congeners BDE 47, 99, 183, 196, 197, 206, 207 and 209 showed peak concentrations. Among these, BDE 206, 207, and 209 are highly brominated PBDEs that exist as particulates in ambient air. They accounted for 81.2% [69.2 (pine needles) - 89.0% (tree bark)] of the concentration and therefore are noted as the main congener of the total PBDEs. Conclusions: It can therefore be concluded that for reducing error by improper sampling, the same species of media should be recommended for use as a PAS for atmospheric PBDEs due to the differences in depositional characteristics.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.171-187
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• 2023

Objectives: Aircraft cabin cleaning work is characterized by being performed within a limited time in a narrow and enclosed space. The objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure levels to dust, ultra fine dust(PM2.5) and black carbon(BC) among aircraft cabin cleaners. Methods: Active personal air sampling for respirable dust(n=73) and BC(n=47) was conducted during quick transit cleaning(cabin general and vacuum-specific) and seat cover replacement and total dust and PM2.5 were area-air-sampled as well. Also, size distribution of particle was identified with the cleaning workers targeted. Dusts were collected with PVC filters using gravimetric analysis. The concentration of PM2.5 and the particle size distribution were measured with real-time direct reading portable equipment using light scattering analysis. The concentration of BC was measured by aethalometer(filter-based real-time light absorption analysis instrument). Results: The geometric mean of respirable dust was the highest at vacuum cleaning as 74.4 ㎍/m³, following by replacing seat covers as 49.3 ㎍/m³ and cabin general cleaning as 47.8 ㎍/m³ . The arithmetic mean of PM2.5 was 4.83 ~ 9.89 ㎍/m³ inside the cabin, and 28.5~44.5 ㎍/m³ outside the cabin(from bus and outdoor waiting space). From size distribution, PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio was 0.54 at quick transit cleaning and 0.41 at replacing seat covers. The average concentration of BC was 2~7 ㎍/m³, showing a high correlation with the PM2.5 concentration. Conclusions: The hazards concentration levels of aircraft cabin cleaners were very similar to those of roadside outdoor workers. As the main source of pollution is estimated to be diesel vehicles operating at airports, and it is necessary to replace older vehicles, strengthen pollutant emission control regulations, and introduce electric vehicles. In addition, it is necessary to provide as part of airport-inftastructure a stable standby waiting space for aircraft cabin cleaners and introduce a systematic safety and health management system for all workers in the aviation industry.