• Advances in environmental research
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.201-211
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• 2016

Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of waste rubber shreds in leachate collection layer of engineered landfills. The study found that waste rubber shreds layer in combination with a gravel layer can be of potential use in landfill drainage system. To study the performance, conventional gravel along with waste rubber shreds were used in different combinations (with total layer thickness = 500 mm) as leachate collection media. For the laboratory study poly vinyl chloride (PVC) pipes were used. The size range of waste rubber shreds used were 25 mm to 75 mm in length and width = 10 to 20 mm. The gravel size used in the leachate collection media is 10 mm to 20 mm size. Performance study of 7 Test Cols. with different combinations of waste rubber shreds and gravel bed thickness were studied to find out the best combination. The study found that the Test Col.-3 having waste rubber shreds thickness = 200 mm and gravel layer thickness = 300 mm gave the best results in terms of percentage removal in various physicochemical parameters present in the leachate. Further to find the best size rubber shreds three more Test Cols - 8, 9 and 10 were constructed having the rubber shreds and gravel layer ratio same as that of Test Col.-3 but having rubber shreds width = 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm respectively. Based on the results obtained using Test Cols. 8, 9 and 10 the study found that smaller size rubber shreds gave bests results in terms of improvement in various leachate parameters.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.271-278
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• 2019

In recent years, the crack accidents of earth and rockfill dams occur frequently. It is urgent to study the tensile strength and tensile failure mechanism of the gravelly soil in the core for the anti-crack design of the actual high earth core rockfill dam. Based on the self-developed uniaxial tensile test device, a series of uniaxial tensile test was carried out on gravelly soil with different gravel content. The compaction test shows a good linear relationship between the optimum water content and gravel content, and the relation curve of optimum water content versus maximum dry density can be fitting by two times polynomial. For the gravelly soil under its optimum water content and maximum dry density, as the gravel content increased from 0% to 50%, the tensile strength of specimens decreased from 122.6 kPa to 49.8 kPa linearly. The peak tensile strain and ultimate tensile strain all decrease with the increase of the gravel content. From the analysis of fracture energy, it is proved that the tensile capacity of gravelly soil decreases slightly with the increasing gravel content. In the case that the sample under the maximum dry density and the water content higher than the optimum water content, the comprehensive tensile capacity of the sample is the strongest. The relevant test results can provide support for the anti-crack design of the high earth core rockfill dam.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2023

사석은 원지반의 지지력을 확보하고 구조물을 안정하게 지지할 수 있도록 다양한 목적으로 활용되고 있지만 사석이 적용된 지반의 특성을 관찰하기는 많은 어려움이 있다. 해당 연구에서는 전기비저항 탐사, 탄성파 탐사 그리고 지표 투과 레이더를 활용하여 사석이 포함된 지반의 해상도를 비교하고자 하였다. 사석으로 성토를 수행한 건설 현장에서 해당 비파괴 탐사 기법을 적용하였으며, 얕은 심도를 목적으로 실험하여 심도 2m까지 결과를 도시하였다. 전기비저항 탐사와 탄성파 탐사는 유사한 거동을 보여주었지만, 지표 투과 레이더는 상대적으로 사석이 포함된 지반의 특성을 관찰하기에 한계를 보였다. 해당 기법을 검증하기 위하여 동적 콘 관입 시험을 수행하였으며, 전기비저항 및 탄성파 탐사 결과와 국부적인 영역에서 유사한 거동을 보였다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2011

작은 입자 사이에 소량의 굵은 입자가 고립된 상태로 존재하는 모래-자갈 혼합토의 강도는 흙에서 대부분을 차지하는 작은 입자 즉 모래나 점토의 역학적 특성에 따라 좌우되지만 소량의 굵은 입자인 자갈에 의해 영향을 받는 경우도 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이와 같이 모래 지반 내에 흩어져 있는 소량의 굵은 자갈이 흙의 강도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 시멘트로 고결된 모래에 일정한 비율로 굵은 자갈을 각층 높이의 중간부분에 넣고 다음 층을 쌓아 다지는 방식으로 자갈이 포함된 공시체를 완성하였다. 굵은 자갈의 크기와 개수를 달리하면서 다양한 공시체를 제작하여 2일 동안 양생시킨 다음 일축압축강도를 평가하였다. 한편 내부마찰각을 평가하기 위하여 깨끗한 모래에 포함된 자갈의 개수를 달리하면서 직접전단시험을 실시하였다. 공시체 내에 포함된 자갈의 개수나 크기는 다르지만 중량비가 7%로 동일한 경우, 자갈의 개수가 증가함에 따라 고결모래의 일축압축강도는 약 15% 정도 감소하다가 다시 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 동일한 크기의 자갈이 여러 개 포함된 경우에도 자갈의 개수가 증가할수록 일축압축강도는 감소하다가 다시 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 자갈이 포함된 모래의 내부마찰각은 자갈의 개수가 증가함에 따라 5도 정도 감소하다가 다시 회복되는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2014

Arsenic and its compounds which is one of the most toxic elements that can be found naturally on earth in small concentrations are used in the production of pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides. Most arsenic that cannot be mobilized easily when it is immobile is also found in conjunction with sulfur in minerals such as arsenopyrite (AsFeS), realgar, orpiment and enargite. In this investigation we observed the leaching of arsenic in soils amended with several levels of gravel size of arsenopyrite collected from a road construction site. Soil and gravel size of arsenopyrite were characterized by chemical and mineralogical analyses. Results of XRF analysis of arsenopyrite indicated that the proportion of arsenate was 0.075% (wt $wt^{-1}$) while the maximum amount of arsenic in soil samples was 251.3 mg $kg^{-1}$. Cumulative amounts of effluent collected from the bottom of the soil column for different mixing rate of the gravel were gradually increased where proportion of the gravel mixed was greater than 70% whereas the effluent was stabilized to the maximum after approximately 45 pore volumes of effluent or greater were collected. The arsenic in the effluent was recovered from the soil columns in which the proportion of arsenopyrite gravel was 60% or greater. The total amount of arsenic recovered as effluent was increased with increasing proportion of gravel in a soil, indicating that the arsenic in the effluent was closely related with gravel fraction of arsenopyrite.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2003

This paper describes the effects of sewage amount, temperature, and years in operation on the infiltration rate of a sewage disposal system. The self-purifying sewage disposal system, which is typically used in rural areas, consists of reeds and fine gravel. Water plants are planted on the gravel bed which provides the habitat for microbes. The basic process is that the gravel bed filters incoming sewage. Thus this system requires the smooth flow of sewage through the gravel. However, the efficiency of the disposal system will be lowered if the gravel bed is clogged with sewage sludge. A three year study shows that infiltration rate slows down significantly until the 7th day, depending on the sewage amount and the temperature. After the 7th day, the infiltration rate remains almost constant. In addition, the infiltration rate decreases as the temperature falls. It also decreases as the number of years in operation increase. But there is no significant change in the infiltration rate after the 7th day, independent of the temperature, the sewage amount, and years in operation. In order to take advantage of high infiltration rate, which improves the efficiency of the disposal system in its early stages, having two gravel beds and using them alternatively will be efficient. This operation method is called intermittent load and makes the disposal system last longer. The water plant roots above the gravel bed make the effective filtration possible because they delay accumulation of the sewage sludge and stabilize the filtration ability.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

선행핵연료 주기관련 시설의 해체/복원 시 방사능으로 오염된 다량의 자갈폐기물이 발생할 수 있다. 하지만 현재 방사성 오염 자갈을 제염하기 위한 기초자료가 부족하므로, 본 연구에서는 토양세척법을 응용하여 방사능 오염 자갈을 제염하는데 필요한 기초실험을 수행하였다. 효율적인 제염을 위하여 제염제를 비교하여 선정하였는데, 우라늄으로 오염된 자갈의 제염제로는 증류수나 계면활성제보다 0.1 M의 질산을 사용하였을 때 제염이 잘 되었다. 또한, 제염효율을 높이고 제염시간을 단축하기 위하여 우라늄 오염 자갈을 파쇄/분쇄한 후 세척한 결과, 입자의 크기가 작으면 작을수록 제염효율이 높고 자체처분허용농도를 만족하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.505-520
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• 2022

In recent years, geotextile-encased gravel columns (usually called stone columns) have become a popular method to increasing soil shear strength, decreasing the settlement, acceleration of the rate of consolidation, reducing the liquefaction potential and increasing the bearing capacity of foundations. The behavior of improved loose base-soil with gravel columns under shear loading and the shear stress-horizontal displacement curves got from large scale direct shear test are of great importance in understanding the performance of this method. In the present study, by performing 36 large-scale direct shear tests on sandy base-soil with different fine-content of zero to 30% in both not improved and improved with gravel columns, the effect of the presence of gravel columns in the loose soils were investigated. The results were used to predict the shear stress-horizontal displacement curve of these samples using support vector machines (SVM). Variables such as the non-plastic fine content of base-soil (FC), the area replacement ratio of the gravel column (Arr), the geotextile encasement and the normal stress on the sample were effective factors in the shear stress-horizontal displacement curve of the samples. The training and testing data of the model showed higher power of SVM compared to multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network in predicting shear stress-horizontal displacement curve. After ensuring the accuracy of the model evaluation, by introducing different samples to the model, the effect of different variables on the maximum shear stress of the samples was investigated. The results showed that by adding a gravel column and increasing the Arr, the friction angle (ϕ) and cohesion (c) of the samples increase. This increase is less in base-soil with more FC, and in a proportion of the same Arr, with increasing FC, internal friction angle and cohesion decreases.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.288-298
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• 2009

It is well known that the peak strength envelope of geomaterials with no cohesion, such as sand, gravel and rockfill, exhibits significant curvature over a range of stresses. In a practical design of slope, however, the linear Mohr-Coulomb's failure envelope is used as a failure criterion and consequently gives inaccurate safety factors, especially for some ranges of small normal stresses on shallow failure surfaces. Necessity of a nonlinear shear strength envelope in slope stability analysis is on this point. Hence, this study describes how to evaluate nonlinear shear strength of gravel fill materials using the results of large triaxial tests under consolidated-drained condition, and compares the safety factors from slope stability analyses for a homogeneous gravel fill or rockfill embankment incorporating the non-linearity of strength, so as to show its effects on safety factors.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.435-444
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• 1997

bar는 하상의 기복중에서 가장 대표적인 충적지형으로 어느 하천에서나 쉽게 발견된다. 본 연구의 목적은 이러한 bar의 지형적 특성을 구명하는 것이다. 연구지역은 골지천 하류뷰이며, 총 6개 지점 bar를 조사하였다. 6개 bar는 모두 입경이 2mm 이상인 gravel bar이며 3, 5지점을 제외한 나머지 bar들은 유슈의 방향을 따라 길쭉한 형상을 하고 있다. bar의 력을 조사한 결과, 상류뷰에서 하류뷰로 가면서 입경이 감소하며 원마도는 증가하였다. bar의 형상은 수위변도, 하도경사, 형상계수 등에 따라 국지적으로 다르게 변화한다.