• Carbon letters
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2014

Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) consist of a polymeric matrix and a conductive filler, for example, carbon black, carbon fibers, graphite or carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The critical amount of the electrically conductive filler necessary to build up a continuous conductive network, and accordingly, to make the material conductive; is referred to as the percolation threshold. From technical and economical viewpoints, it is desirable to decrease the conductive-filler percolation-threshold as much as possible. In this study, we investigated the effect of polymer/conductive-filler interactions, as well as the processing and morphological development of low-percolation-threshold (${\Phi}c$) conductive-polymer composites. The aim of the study was to produce conductive composites containing less multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) than required for pure polypropylene (PP) through two approaches: one using various mixing methods and the other using immiscible polymer blends. Variants of the conductive PP composite filled with MWCNT was prepared by dry mixing, melt mixing, mechanofusion, and compression molding. The percolation threshold (${\Phi}c$) of the MWCNT-PP composites was most successfully lowered using the mechanofusion process than with any other mixing method (2-5 wt%). The mechanofusion process was found to enhance formation of a percolation network structure, and to ensure a more uniform state of dispersion in the CPCs. The immiscible-polymer blends were prepared by melt mixing (internal mixer) poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF, PP/PVDF, volume ratio 1:1) filled with MWCNT.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2002

Composites have wide applications in aerospace vehicles and automobiles because of the inherent flexibility in their design lot improved material properties. Composite tubes in particular, are potential candidates for their use as energy absorbing elements in crashworthiness applications due to their high specific energy absorbing capacity and the stroke efficiency. Their failure mechanism however is highly complicated and rather difficult to analyze. This includes fracture in fibers, in the matrix and in the fiber-matrix interface in tension, compression and shear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the energy absorption characteristics of Gr/E(Graphite/Epoxy) tubes on static and impact tests. The collapse characteristics and energy absorption of a variety of tubes have been examined. Changes in the lay-up which increased the modulus increased the energy absorption of the tubes. Based on the test results, the following remarks can be made: Among CA15, CA00 and CA90 curves the CA90 tube exhibits the highest crush load throughout the whole crush process, and max load increases as interlaminar number increase. Among all the tubes type CC90 has the largest specific crushing stress of 52.60 kJ/kg which is much larger than other tubes.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2003년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.4 No.2
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• pp.1184-1187
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• 2003

Electrochemical capacitors are becoming attractive energy storage systems particularly for applications involving high power requirements such as hybrid systems consisting of batteries and electrochemical capacitors for electric vehicle propulsion. A new type electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) was constructed by using carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and DAAQ(1,5-diaminoanthraquinone) electrode. Carbonaceous materials are found in variety forms such as graphite, diamond, carbon fibers etc. While all the carbon nanofibers include impurities such as amorphous carbon, nanoparticles, catalytic metals and incompletely grown carbons. We have eliminated of Ni particles and some carbonaceous particles in nitric acid. Nitric acid treated CNFs could be covered with very thin DAAQ oligomer from the results of CV and TG analyses and SEM images. DAAQ oligomer film exhibited a specific capacity as 45-50 Ah/kg in 4M $H_2SO_4$. We established Process Parameters of the technique for the formation of nano-structured materials. Furthermore, improved the capacitive properties of the nano structured CNFs electrodes using controlled solution chemistry. As a result, CNFs coated by DAAQ composite electrode showed relatively good electrochemical behaviors in acidic electrolyte system with respect to specific capacity and scan rate dependency.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.353-363
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• 2024

The incorporation of nanoplatelets in composite and polymeric materials represents a recent and innovative approach, holding substantial promise for diverse property enhancements. This study focuses on the application of nanocomposites in the production of sports equipment, particularly soccer balls, aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical advancements and practical implications. Addressing the longstanding challenge of suboptimal interaction between carbon nanofillers and epoxy resin in epoxy composites, this research pioneers inventive solutions. Furthermore, the investigation extends into unexplored territory, examining the integration of glass fiber/epoxy composites with nanoparticles. The incorporation of nanomaterials, specifically expanded graphite and graphene, at a concentration of 25.0% by weight in both the epoxy structure and the composite with glass fibers demonstrates a marked increase in impact resistance compared to their nanomaterial-free counterparts. The research transcends laboratory experiments to explore the practical applications of nanocomposites in the design and production of sports equipment, with a particular emphasis on soccer balls. Analytical techniques such as infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy are employed to scrutinize the surface chemical structure and morphology of the epoxy nanocomposites. Additionally, an in-depth examination of the thermal, mechanical, viscoelastic, and conductive properties of these materials is conducted. Noteworthy findings include the efficacy of surface modification of carbon nanotubes in preventing accumulation and enhancing their distribution within the epoxy matrix. This optimization results in improved interfacial interactions, heightened thermal stability, superior mechanical properties, and enhanced electrical conductivity in the nanocomposite.

• Composites Research
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 복합재료의 섬유와 기지사이의 경계면 손상을 고려한 멀티스케일 점진적 피로 손상 모델을 제안한다. 먼저 점진적인 경계면 손상을 고려하기 위해 서로 다른 4개의 경계면 상태를 정의한 미소구조 모델을 도입하였다. 각각의 상태에 대한 부피분율은 피로 하중의 사이클 수가 증가함에 따라 온전한 상태의 계면에서 완전 박리 상태의 계면으로의 전환이 일어난다. 손상된 경계면의 에쉘비 텐서(Eshelby's tensor)를 계산하기 위해 선형 스프링 모델이 사용되었으며 균질화 방법을 통해 복합재료의 유효 물성을 얻었다. 또한 복합재료의 피로거동을 묘사하기 위해 교번 응력에 대한 섬유, 기지, 그리고 섬유-기지 간의 계면 각각에 대한 손상 변수들이 정의되었고 이를 chaotic firefly 알고리즘을 통해 손상 변수를 특성화 하였다. 제안된 모델은 유한요소해석프로그램 ABAQUS의 UMAT subroutine으로 구현되어 AS4/3501-6 복합재료의 단일방향 라미네이트(unidirectional laminate) 시편들([0]₈, [90]₈,[30]₁₆)을 통해 성공적으로 검증되었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.406-412
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• 2015

일방향의 탄소/탄소 복합재료는 탄화 매트릭스의 전구체인 페놀수지를 사용하여 단일 공정을 통하여 제조하였으며, 탄소/탄소 복합재료의 밀도와 기계적 물성을 향상시키기 위하여 페놀수지에 산화몰리브덴($MoO_3$)과 바인더 피치를 첨가하였다. 본 연구에서는 $MoO_3$와 바인더 피치 첨가로 인한 탄소/탄소 복합재료의 기계적 물성에 미치는 영향에 대해 굴곡강도와 층간전단강도 측정을 통하여 고찰하였다. 결과적으로 $MoO_3$와 바인더 피치가 첨가된 탄소/탄소 복합재료들은 탄소섬유와 매트릭스간의 계면결합력 증가로 인하여 기계적 물성이 향상됨을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이는 $MoO_3$와 바인더 피치를 첨가함으로써 탄소/탄소 복합재료의 흑연구조가 발달함과 동시에 밀도를 향상시킬 수 있음을 나타낸다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.1137-1144
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• 2013

$TiO_2$ composites with seven different carbon materials (activated carbons, graphite, carbon fibers, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene oxides, and reduced graphene oxides) that are virgin or treated with nitric acid are prepared through an evaporation method. The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared samples are evaluated in terms of $H_2$ production from aqueous methanol solution (photo-catalytic reduction: PCR) and degradation of aqueous pollutants (phenol, methylene blue, and rhodamine B) (photocatalytic oxidation: PCO) under AM 1.5-light irradiation. Despite varying effects depending on the kinds of carbon materials and their surface treatment, composites typically show enhanced PCR activity with maximum 50 times higher $H_2$ production as compared to bare $TiO_2$. Conversely, the carbon-induced synergy effects on PCO activities are insignificant for all three substrates. Colorimetric quantification of hydroxyl radicals supports the absence of carbon effects. However, platinum deposition on the binary composites displays the enhanced effect on both PCR and PCO reactions. These differing effects of carbon materials on PCR and PCO reactions of $TiO_2$ are discussed in terms of physicochemical properties of carbon materials, coupling states of $TiO_2$/carbon composites, interfacial charge transfers. Various surface characterizations of composites (UV-Vis diffuse reflectance, SEM, FTIR, surface area, electrical conductivity, and photoluminescence) are performed to gain insight on their photocatalytic redox behaviors.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제12권3호통권46호
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• pp.291-302
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• 2000

복합적층 구조물에서 복합재료는 그 자체의 높은 강성, 강도와 내구성등의 특성을 갖고 있을 뿐 아니라, 구조물의 역학적 특성에 따라 얼마든지 재료의 특성을 합리적으로 구성하여 배치할 수 있는 매우 우수한 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 등분포로 재하된 복합적층경사판의 처짐에 관한 해석으로서 복합적층 경사판의 처짐을 나타내는 단일 4차 편미분방정식을 3개의 종속변수를 갖는 3원2차 연립방정식을 이용하여 해석하는 수치해석 법을 제시하였으며, 대칭 앵글-플라이 각도로 적층, 역대칭 앵글-플라이 각도로 적층, 비대칭 앵글-플라이 각도로 적층한 경우에 처짐과 단면력을 비교 검토하였다.

• Composites Research
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.412-420
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 면상발열체 특성을 향상시키기 위해 피치계 탄소종이에 전도성 탄소필러로 석유계 코크스, 카본블랙, 흑연을 페놀수지와 함께 함침시켰으며, 탄소종이에 함침된 탄소필러가 물리화학적 성질에 미치는 영향을 전기적, 열적 특성 분석을 통해 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 면저항과 계면접촉저항이 선형적으로 감소하였으며, 탄소필러의 함량이 증가함으로써 전기전도도와 열전도도가 향상하였다. 또한, 탄소종이에 1~5 V 전압을 인가하였을 경우 탄소종이의 면상발열 특성을 관찰하였을 때 5 V 전압에서 최대 $125.01^{\circ}C$로 발열 특성을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 탄소섬유 사이에 존재하는 미세공극이 채워짐으로써, 전기적 네트워크가 형성되어 전기적 및 열적 특성이 향상되었기 때문이다.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.14-19
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 탄소섬유(carbon fiber, CF)와 탄소나노튜브(carbon nanotube, CNT)를 포함하는 PMMA/PVDF 및 PET/PVDF 블렌드 나노복합재료를 이축성형 압출기를 이용하여 용융삽입법으로 제조하였다. SEM을 이용하여 PMMA/PVDF/CF/CNT 나노복합재료의 모폴로지를 관찰한 결과, CNT가 matrix에서 효과적으로 분산되지 못한 반면 PET/PVDF/CF/CNT 나노복합재료에서는 CNT가 잘 분산된 것으로 관찰되었다. 상분리된 PET/PVDF 블렌드에서 CNT가 PET 상에 효과적으로 분산된 것으로 보였는데 이는 PET의 페닐렌기와 CNT 표면의 그라파이트 시트가 ${\pi}-{\pi}$ interaction에 의한 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 CF도 PET와의 계면 접착성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. PET/PVDF/CF 나노복합재료의 전기전도도는 CNT를 첨가함으로써 증가하였으나 PMMA/PVDF/CF 나노복합재료에 CNT를 첨가한 경우 전기전도도가 향상되지 않았다. 모폴로지 관찰결과에서 CNT의 분산 정도는 전기전도도 물성 결과와 일치하였다. DSC 분석 결과, PET/PVDF/CF/CNT 나노복합재료에서는 결정화 온도가 증가하였는데, 이는 CF 및 CNT가 PET의 결정화를 촉진 시키는 조핵제 역할을 하기 때문인 것으로 보였다. 굴곡물성 결과, PET/PVDF/CF/CNT 나노복합재료에서 PET와 CF의 친화성이 우수하여 굴곡탄성률이 크게 증가하였다.