• Applied Microscopy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 1988

The species of the slug used in the experiment is Limax flavus L. For identifying the chemical characteristics of the epidermis, granules and mucus-producing cell of this animal is examined with methylene blue-basic fuchsin double stain and PAS-alcian blue reagent. For the ultrastructural research of the epidermal free surface, the epitheial cell and the parenchymal cell are used with scanning electron microscope and transmission elec-tron microscope respectively. I . Epidermal tissue The epidermal tissue of the slug is observed being divided into the dorsal and the ventral side(toot pad) respectively. 1) Dorsal epidermal tissue The dorsal epidermis of the slug is constituted with the simple columnar epithelium and the microvilli are compacted on the epidermal free surface. Two different types of the secretory granules of the neutral and the acid mucus are observed between the epithelial cells, and the neutral mucous granules are highest electron-dense but the acid mucous granules are observed to be electron-lucent. 2) Foot epidermal tissue The Foot epidermis is formed with the taller simple columnar epithelium than the dorsal epidermis and these cells have both a large number of the microvilli and a few number of the large villi. The secretory granules of three different types, which are acid, neutral and mixed mucous granule of two different types are observed between the epithelial cells. The neutral mucous granules are highest electron dense but the acid mucous granules are observed to be electron-lucent. II . Mucous granule-producing cell and mucus-producing cells Seven different types of the granules-producing cell and the mucus-producing cells are observed between the parenchyma. 1) A-type of acid mucous granule-producing cell The electron-lucent granules are largely occupied in the cytoplasm of these cells and then the granules are surrounded by irregular membrane. These electron-lucent granules exhibit alcianophilia with PAS-alcian blue reaction, so these granules are certified to be acid mucopolysaccharide. 2) B-type of acid mucus-producing cell The nucleus and the cytoplasm of these cells are pushed by the acid mucus of the electron-lucent toward the cell membrane. This mucus has been confirmed to be the acid mucopolysaccharide with PAS-alcian blue reagent. 3) A-type of neutral mucous granule-producing cell These cells contain the electron-dense round granules with approximately $1{\mu}m$ in diameter, which exhibit strongly PAS-positive reaction. These granules are confirmed to be the neutral mucoplysaccharide. 4) B-type of neutral mucous granule-producing cell These cells contain two different types of electron dense granules and electron-lucent granules; The former exhibits to be strongly PAS-positive and the latter to have alcianophilia reaction respectively. 5) C-type of neutral mucus-producing cell These cells are similar to the shape and the size of the B-type of mucus-producing cell but these two different types of cells are stained with reversing properties to each other. The mucus of the C-type cell that electron-lucent is largely occupied in the cytoplasm that exhibits strongly PAS-positive reaction. 6) D-type of neutral mucous granule-producing cell These cells contain round granules about $1{\mu}m$ in size which are observed to be medium electron-dense granules and those granules are stained brightly red with PAS-weak positive reaction. The granules are certified to be neutral mucopolysaccharide. 7) E-type of neutral mucous granule-producing cell These cells are similar to the shape and the size of the D-type of neutral mucous granule-producing cell. These cells contain a large number of granules with about $1{\mu}m$ in diameter showing electron-lucent and then granules are seen to be PAS-weak positive reaction. III. Parenchyma The clear cell and dark cell are found in the parenchyma of the Limax flavus L. 1) Clear cell These cells are round formed and the nucleus of the cells are larger than cytoplasm. These cells which have the electron-lucent cytosol possess poorly developed organelles. 2) Dark cell These cells are found to be dark cells due to high electron-density, which exhibit strongly methylene-blue reaction from double stain of methylene blue-basic fuchsin.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.172-181
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• 2001

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) system employs granular sludge to treat various wastewaters including landfill leachate. CH$_4$ production of the granules determines overall performance of a UASB reactor. Sludge granules are developed by self-granulation of microorganisms and dynamic balance between granule growth and decay results in coexistence of granules with different sizes in the reactor. In this study, granules taken from a laboratory-scale UASB reactor were classified into 4 groups based on their diameters and their Physicochemical characteristics we were investigated. Each group was analyzed for settling ability, specific methanogenic activity (SMA), and elemental content. Settling ability was proportional to granule diameter. suggesting effective detainment of larger granules in the reactor. When acetate or glucose was used as a substrate, all groups showed relatively slight difference in SMA. However SMA with a volatile fatty acid mixture showed significant increase with granule diameter, suggesting better establishment of syntrophic relationship in larger granules. Larger granules showed higher value of SMA upon environmental changes (i.e., PH, temperature, or toxicant concentration). Comparative analysis of elemental contents showed that content (dry weight %) of most tested elements (iron, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, nickel. and manganese) deceased with granule diameter, suggesting importance of these elements for initial granulation. Taken together, this study verified experimentally that Physicochemical Properties of granules are related to granule size distributions. Overall results of physicochemical characterization supports that larger.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.488-496
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• 1998

Somatotropes, mammotropes and somatomammotropes of the Korean native goat hypophysis were studied by double immunoelectron microscopy using antisera to growth hormone(GH) and prolactin(PRL), and protein A-gold particles of different sizes. Mammotropes were round or oval in shape, and contained round and electron dense secretory granules. The size of secretory granules was variable from 460nm to 680nm in diameter. Somatotropes were elliptical or triangular in shape and the oval nucei were located eccentrically at the periphery of the cell. Secretory granules of the cell were oval in shape and clearly distinguished from round granules of mammotropes. The size of granules was 320~680nm in diameter, smaller than that of mammotropes. Somatomammotropes contained round or oval secretory granules. The granules had intermediate size between somatotropes and mammotropes. Some of granules contained both GH and PRL, while the others contained only one of them.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.763-771
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• 1996

Ultrastructures of hypophyseal gonadotropes were studied in the hypophysis of the Korean native goat by electron microscopic immunohistochemistry with antisera to follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH). 1. Gonadotropes in the adenohypophysis were observed in the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis, but not in the pars intermedia. 2. FSH cells were round or oval in shape, and contained two types of round secretory granules, i.e., small and large granules. Small secretory granules were electron-dense and 180-275nm in diameter. Large secretory granules were less electron-dense than small granules and 485-555nm in diameter. 3. LH cells were round or oval in shape and also contained two types of secretory granules, the size of which were smaller than that of FSH cells. Small secretory granules were electron-dense and 160-230nm in size. The size of large secretory granules were 315-415nm with moderate electron densities.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1992

To clarify the exocytotic features in adrenal medullary aminergic cells, the authors observed rat adrenal medulla prepared by the TAGO method with transmission electron microscope. Rat adrenal medulla contains two types of aminergic cells, adrenergic and noradrenergic, as described. They were present as a group. In a single group both adrenergic and noradrenergic cells were present, but the same kind of cells showed the tendency forming small groups. Adrenergic cells were characterized with the granules having relatively electroluscent cores. These granules were relatively uniform in size, and the cores filled the granules with only thin halos. Noradrenergic cells were characterized with the granules of various size and forms. Most of the cores of these granules were generally more electron-dense than those of the adrenergic cells and only partly filled the granules without forming the halos. But, some granules were very similar in the shape and electron density as those of the adrenergic cells. Even empty-looking granules were present. Exocytotic figures with the classical omega figures were observed in both types of aminergic cells, but they were more frequent in adrenergic cells. These figures were mainly present along the plasma membranes toward the capillary. The excreted materials could be identified in the cleft of the omega figures. Apocrine-like secretory patterns but without cytoplasmic rims were identified in noradrenergic cells. Some vesicles, possibly formed from the cytoplsmic tubular systems were released. Some irregular lamellar structures of varying sizes were also observed. They looked like membranous structures sneaking through the plasma membranes. We could not, however, found any evidences of their involvement in exocytotic processes. These were present toward the capillaries and found only in the adrenergic cells. The authors conclude that the secretory processes in adrenal chromaffin cells may include not only the classical exocytotic processes but also the unusual direct secretions of granules or parts of cellular organelles. The membranous lamellar structures may indicate the remnants of excreted granules or functionally inactive excess membranes of the organelles removed from the cytoplasm.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.187-196
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• 2006

A new GA-based methodology using information granules is suggested for the construction of fuzzy classifiers. The proposed scheme consists of three steps: selection of information granules, construction of the associated fuzzy sets, and tuning of the fuzzy rules. First, the genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to the development of the adequate information granules. The fuzzy sets are then constructed from the analysis of the developed information granules. An interpretable fuzzy classifier is designed by using the constructed fuzzy sets. Finally, the GA is utilized for tuning of the fuzzy rules, which can enhance the classification performance on the misclassified data (e.g., data with the strange pattern or on the boundaries of the classes). To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, an example, the classification of the Iris data, is provided.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.314-319
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• 1995

Antacid granules were prepared by agglomeration and powder method in high speed agitation type granulator. The copmositions of the test antacids were sodium bicarbonate nad magnesium carbonate nad a coating material was powder of polyvinylacetal diethyl-aminocacetate (AEA) and an additive material was talc powder. The dissolution characteristics of base from the antacid granules were investigated to evaluate neutralization capacity of hydrochloric profile of base and neutralization behavior, the following results were obtained : The prepared granules showed a pH-dependent dissolution pattern of a base. The dissolution profile of a base was varied with addition of talc powder as well as coating amount of AEA. The relationship between the ratio of dissolution retarded time for 20% and 10% AEA. The relationship between the ratio of dissolution retarded time for 20% AEA coated granules $\theta_{20}/\theta_{10}$ and the diameter reduction of the granules was explained by the rate process of neutralization of hydrochloric acid.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1979

A first systematic approach on new and simple preparation method of spherical granules in the system using organic granulating solution was carried out. Mixer granulation required narrow range of moisture content but gentle action of tumbling in the mixer and capilary forces were adequate to compact the porous mass and also were highly effective to produce granules close to sphere. Where the granules by massing and screening provided the more open structure, its pore distribution lied between 71 and 16 .mu.m by above 50% and on the contrary, that of the mixer granulated granules showed only below 25%. Increase in retention time in the mixer decreased the intragranular porosity of granules produced, and in comparison with granular particles produced by conventional wet granulation, those from the mixer granulation had the advantages of flow properties, packing characteristics and definite spherocity. They also had extremely low friability resulting in few fines.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.503-512
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• 1998

Fine structure of the cutaneous pigments in the black widow spider, Latrodectus mactans are studied with light and electron microscopes. The cutaneous pigments are only observed in epidermal layer just beneath the cuticle. These pigments are compactly distributed around the spinnerets which located at caudal area of the abdomen. According to the fine structural characteristics of the pigment granules, two main types of guanine pigment granules-carotenoid vesicles and reflecting platelets - are observed in the cytoplasm of the epidermal cells. Morphological features of these pigment granules are characterized as the electron dense carotenoid vesicles and the electron lucent reflecting platelets. Marginal electron density of the carotenoid vesicle is different from that of internal region, whereas the reflecting platelets have laminated crystalline granules. Typiral structures of these pigment granules are very similar to those of invertebrate's chromatophores, especially erythrophores and iridophores. Moreover differentiation of these pigment granules are also originated from the small vesicles of Golgi complexes similarly to those of cutaneous chromatophores.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.52-65
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• 1984

The ultrastructure of the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis was studied in the female Korean native goat ($10{\sim}16kg$, B.W.) by electron microscopy. Six granular cells and one agranular cell were recognized according to the characteristic patterns of secretory granules and cell organelles. Type I cells were. large, round or oval and contained the largest granules of 290 to 490 nm in diameter, Their endoplasmic reticula were well developed and packed with parallel lamellae close to nuclear membrane. Type II cells were elongate or polygonal. They contained granules of 220 to 390 nm in diameter and well developed Golgi complex. Type III cells were round, oval or angular and contained granules of 150 to 300 nm in diameter. Their endoplasmic reticula were coarsely scattered among the granules and provided an intracellular compartment for segregation in groups. Type IV cells were oval or round and contained granules of 120 to 280 nm in diameter. Their endoplasmic reticula were arranged at one pole of cytoplasm. Type V cells were round or polygonal and contained small granules of 110 to 140 nm in diameter Their endoplasmic reticula were packed with regularly parallel lamellae. Type VI cells were stellate and irregular in shape and had cytoplasmic processes projecting between the neighboring cells. Their granules were less than 130 nm in diameter, the smallest among the cells of the pars distalis. Agranular cells had no granules or a few, if any. They were stellate or irregular in shape.