• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.279-287
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• 1994

To develop mixed pesticides of herbicide and topdressing fertilizer for paddy rice, twelve mixtures were formulated with combination of urea coated with different level of acrylic acid wax(AAW) and four herbicides, which were thiobencarb, pretilachlor, mefenacet + bensulfuron-methyl and mefenacet + bensulfuron-methyl + dymron, and effects of the mixtures for weed control, phytotoxicity and rice tillering were investigated in the laboratory and the field experiments. Release rates of active ingredient of herbicides in the distilled water were over 90% during 24 hours same as that of the reference herbicides. The release rates of nitrogen showed different patterns according to coated level of granular urea with acrylic acid wax. Optimum release rate of nitrogen as $NH_4-N$ was obtained by 5.5% AAW coating on urea for thiobencarb or pretilachlor mixture, and by 4.0% AAW coating on urea for mefenacet + bensulfuron-methyl or mefenacet + bensulfuron-methyl + dymron mixture. The pesticide active ingredients of the mixtures were stable, which showed $3.7{\sim}8.0%$ of degradation rate after 90 days of storage under $50^{\circ}C$. Effects on weed control of mixtures were acceptable for both annual and perennial weeds, while ACRI-M9213 mixture showed considerable phytotoxicity at double dose of standard. When treated the mixed pesticides to paddy rice, rice growth status including culm length, ear length, panicle number and polished rice yield exhibited no significant differences compared with the conventional treatment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.437-443
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• 2001

Gastrodia elata blume (GEB) is considered to be a useful herbal medicine in oriental countries for the treatment of headache, migraine, dizziness, childhood convulsion, epilepsy, rheumatism, hypertension, neuralgia and neurological disorders. This study was carried out to investigate the quality of bread added with the powder of GEB. The possibility of GEB wheat flour mixture as bread was studied by adding 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% of GEB powder to wheat flour. In Farinograph data, the dough stability decreased with the increase of GEB powder. Granular size of starches ranged from $36\;{\mu}m\;to\;60{\mu}m$, and the shape of them showed a long oval figure. Amylograph showed that the increase in the ratio of GEB on the doughs slightly elevated in the maximum viscosity. The loaf volume of 0.5% powder increased by 10.2% but that of 2.0% decreased by 16.8%. The moisture content was 43.57% in the control but it increased as the powder addition. The colors of crust and crumb were not significantly different among L, b and ${\Delta}E$, but 'a' value in crumb was increased as the powder addition. The addition of the powder had no significant effect on bread texture. In sensory evaluation, the moistness increased as the increase of the powder addition. The control bread was most excellent, and the bread made by mixing additives were better than just 0.5% GEB-wheat flour in terms of quality.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1978

A field experiment was conducted on a soil where habitual zinc deficiency has been observed, to investigate the effectiveness of two forms of zinc containing fertilizers: zinc enriched fused phosphate and zinc enriched compound fertilizer. The result of present study is summarized as following. 1. The sail used for the study contained relatively large amount of 1N $CH_2COONH_4$ extractable Ca and the pH was 7.03. Available Zn extracted by 0.1 HCl and available $SiO_2$ extracted by NaOAc were 3.35 ppm and 67.7 ppm respectively. 2. In control plots Zinc content of rice plant measured at 20 days after transplanting was 22-23 ppm, which was a little higher than the critical level (20ppm). But at harvesting stage it dropped to 15ppm. 3. The ratios of $P_2O_5/Zn$ and N/Zn tended to lower as the zinc applied to the soil increased. 4. Application of Zinc clearly increased the number of tillers and plant height as compared to the control. It was also observed that the plots received znic headed and matured earlier compared to the control plots by two weeks. 5. Application of zinc increased all of the yield components and the yield of rice. However, there were no statistical differences in yield and yield components among the forms and levels of zinc fertilizers.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 1974

When the nomal silkworms reached active time of 3rd instar stage both non-moulting larva and normal silkworms from the same rearing tray were collected and fixed. The silkworms in 4th instar stage whose growth was as dwarfish as those in 1st and 2nd instar stages were also collected and fix with the normal silkworms. Non-moulting larva and normal silkworms were morphologically compared and the examined results from the tissue inspection are summarized as follows： 1. In spite of the fact that the normal silkworms reached the active eating time of 3rd instar stage non-moulting silkworms were dwarfish as if they had been reared for two days. Non-moulting silkworms which were observed at the time of 4th instar stage showed no much difference in their growth. 2. There was the tendency that the exuvial gland as was shown in Fig. 1 and 2 was flat cyslidium of ellipse and its size at thorax was small shile the gland at abdomen was big. 3. The exuvial gland at thorax has been reported to be bigger at thoracic base than at dorsal vessel but according to the present it was examined to be irregular. 4. The size of exuvial gland of silkworms in the active eating stage of 3rd instar was from 151.3${\mu}$ (major axis) to 94.5${\mu}$ (minor axis) at prothorax and from 568.6${\mu}$ (major axis) to 495.1${\mu}$ (minor axis) at 7th abdominal segment. The sire oe exuvial gland of non-moulting silkworm was 57.5${\mu}$ (major axis) to 51.3${\mu}$ (minor axis) at prothorax and from 91.5${\mu}$ (major axis) to 75.5${\mu}$ (minor axis) at 5th abdominal segment (see Fig. 1) 5. When the normal silkworms reached 4th instar active eating stage its exuvial gland was compared to that of dwarfish silkworm. The result was that the size of normal silkworm at prothorax was from 252.2${\mu}$ (major axis) to 131.6${\mu}$ (minor axis) and the size of exuvial gland at 7th abdominal segment was from 691.5${\mu}$ (major axis) to 493.4${\mu}$ (minor axis) while the sire of exuvial gland of non-moulting at prothorax was from 71.4${\mu}$ (major axis) to 61.5${\mu}$ (minor axis) and the size of the non-moulting silkworm's 8th abdominal segment was from 94.6${\mu}$ (major axis) to 71.5${\mu}$ (minor axis) (See Table 2) 6. There was a remarkable difference in the from of exuvial gland of non-moulting silkworm. The size of alveolar of the non-moulting silkworm was many times larger compared to that of normal silkworm 7. There was no great difference between secretory cells of normal and non-moulting silkworms but the granular type exuvial gland was small in sire compared to that of normal silkworm.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1935-1944
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• 2000

This research was performed to investigate the effects of the location of recirculation port on the wastewater treatment efficiency of an anaerobic hybrid reactor consisted of a fluidized bed and a packed bed. The recirculation port was located either at the top of the packed bed (Reactor 2) or above the fluidized bed (Reactor 1). Media for the fluidized bed and the packed bed were granular activated carbon and Pall ring-type plastic media. respectively. At organic loading rates(OLR) up to $6.2kg\;COD/m^3-day$. Reactor 2 showed somewhat better performance than Reactor 1 with COD removal efficiencies of 85.0-95.2%. The COD removal efficiencies of the reactors drastically deteriorated at OLRs above $6.2kg\;COD/m^3-day$, and the tendency was more severe for Reactor 1 than for Reactor 2. Eventhough the two reactors showed similar effluent SS concentrations at OLRs below $3.6kg\;COD/m^3-day$, Reactor 2 showed higher effluent SS concentrations than Reactor 1 at OLRs above $5.3kg\;COD/m^3-day$. Reactor 2 was stabler than Reactor 1 with a methane production rate of $5.5kg\;COD/m^3$-day at the OLR of $13.3kg\;COD/m^3-day$. An abrupt increase in effluent volatile acid concentration was observed at the OLR of $6.2kg\;COD/m^3-day$ for Reactor 1 and $7.1kg\;COD/m^3-day$ for Reactor 2. and the increase was greater in Reactor 1. In conclusion. the range of OLR for adequate treatment in the hybrid reactor was determined according to the location of the internal recirculation port. It is more desirable for higher OLRs to locate the recirculation port at the top of the packed bed in order to utilize the whole volume of the reactor.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.41-56
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• 2005

Present study was performed to observe the tegumental ultrastructures by the developmental stages which derived from the experimental life cycle of Spirometra erinacei in laboratory conditions. In SEM view, coracidium was spherical in shape with numerous cilia, and its surface was covered with long cilia, tuberclelike projections with millet-like processes, and small holes. The body surface of procercoid was covered with numerous pointed microtriches except that of frontal pit with stout spine-like ones. However that of cercomer was covered with somewhat sparse blunt-tiped microtriches. Plerocercoids of 3 days old resembled the mature procercoid in shape, and their frontal pits were covered with numerous stout spine-like microtriches. However frontal pit and body surface in more than 5 days old ones were covered with conoid microtriches. On the surface of adult scolex, hairly long filamentous and stout short microtriches were mixedly distributed. Filamentous microtriches were more densely distributed in the anterior portion than in the posterior of scolex. The neck and immature proglottid were covered with only stout short conoid microtriches. In TEM view of coracidia, embryophore and oncosphere were obviously distinguished. The embryophore contained numerous glycogen particles, mitochondria and lipid granules. The cilia on the surface of embryophore rooted in the coracidial sheath, and consisted of 9 pairs of microtubules and 2 core complex. The oncosphere was covered with a thin and unarmed tegument, and was multi-nucleated. The protoplasmic layer of procercoid and plerocercoid consisted of disc-shaped bodies, vacuoles and mitochondria. Their tegumental cells commonly retained a nucleus, granular endoplasmic reticulums and secretory granules. The protoplasmic layer of plerocercoid was more compacted than that of procercoid. From the above results, it was confirmed that the tegumental ultrastructures are something different according to the developmental stages of S. erinacei.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1311-1320
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• 2005

The purpose of this research is to survey characteristics of microbial community and the removal efficiency of organic materials for biological activated carbon in water treatment plant. Coal based activated carbon retained more attached bacterial biomass on the surface of the activated carbon than the other activated carbon with operating time and materials. The heterotrophic plate count(HPC), eubacteria(EUB) and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI) counts were ranged from $0.95{\times}10^7$ to $52.4{\times}10^7$ CFU/g, from $3.8{\times}10^8$ to $134.2{\times}10^8$ cells/g and from $7.0{\times}10^8$ to $250.2{\times}10^8$ cells/g, respectively. The biomass of EUB and DAPI appeared to be much more $10^2$ than HPC, which were increasing in bed volume of 20,000 at the stage of steady-state. The change of microbial community by analyzing fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH) method with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes, the dominant group was $\alpha$-proteobacteria($\alpha$ group) and high G+C content bacteria(HGC) the lowest distributing rate before reaching the bed volume of 20,000. After reaching the bed volume of 20,000, $\alpha$ group and other groups of bacteria became decreased, on the other hand, the proportion of both $\beta$-proteobacteria($\beta$ group) and $\gamma$-proteobacteri($\gamma$ group) were increasing. Coconut and wood based activated carbons had similar trend with coal based activated carbon, but the rate of $\alpha$ group on coal based activated carbon had gradually increased. Bacterial production with the operating period appeared highest in coal based activated carbon at the range of $1.2{\sim}3.4\;mg-C/m^3{\cdot}h$ while the coconut and wood based activated carbon were ranged from 1.1 to 2.6 $mg-C/m^3{\cdot}h$ and from 0.7 to 3.5 $mg-C/m^3{\cdot}h$ respectively. The removal efficiency of assimilable organic carbon(AOC) showed to be highly correlated with bacterial production. The correlation coefficient between removal efficiency of AOC and bacterial production were 0.679 at wood based activated carbon, 0.291 at coconut based activated carbon and 0.762 at coal based activated carbon, respectively.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.23
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• pp.25-37
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• 2008

This study focuses on identification of mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and interpretation of raw material sources for prehistoric chlorite beads excavated from Geoseokri site in Boseong and Buntori site in Haenam, Korea. These prehistoric beads consist of three grayish blue ring-shaped beads, one dark green tubular bead and one greenish black tubular bead that show acicular-columnar and fibrous microtexture. The beads are composed of $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, MgO and FeO as majors and a trace amount of $K_2O$, CaO and Na_2O$. Mineral species is mostly chlorite with a small amount of quartz and feldspar. Quantitative analysis indicates that the grayish blue ring-shaped beads and the dark green tubular bead belong to clinochlore and the greenish black tubular bead does to the boundary between clinochlore and sheridantie. Chlorite is a hydrous phyllosilicate mineral and it shows various microtexture of acicular, sheeted, earthy, granular andfibrous shapes. As its hardness is 2, chlorite is easily engraved due to its softness. It has aesthetic worthy as it shows green, black and greenish gray colors and pearly to greasy luster as well. These factors would lead to the extensive use of chloritic beads as ornaments from prehistoric times. Though the mineral sources of the chlorite beads can be found in central western region of Chungnam and Iwon of Hamnam, those areas are too distant from the two relic sites. Instead, chlorite ores commonly occur as altered products in wall rock alteration zone of every hydrothermal deposit. Therefore, it is probable that raw materials of chlorite were supplied from neighboring hydrothermal environment rather than far deposits. The result needs further study to verify raw material provenance interpretation, supply, manufacture and distribution on the basis of archaeological points of view.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the optimal media for 'Pechika' ever-bearing strawberry grown in hydroponic culture system in summer highland. Three mixed media (1:1, v/v) of peatmoss with perlite, rice hull, and granular rockwool, and four solution strengths of EC 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and $1.25 dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ were tested. Root zone temperature in peatmoss+perlite media was 1 to $3^{\circ}C$ lower than in the other media. The culture medium of mixing to peat moss and perlite was most effective in producing good yield and fruit quality. The culture medium of mixing to peat moss and perlite was the highest about 1,632kg/10a to yield yearly average, but was very undulating 732 kg/10a to yield in 2004 year and 3,013kg/10a in 2003 year. The deformed fruits were increased when the solution strength was increased, especially in EC $1.25dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The soluble solids and the acidity content of fruits were increased with higher solution strength regardless of media. The uptake of Ca and Mg was inhibited at higher solution strength, and the uptake of N, P and K was promoted. Therefore, the culture medium of mixing to peat moss and perlite was the most suitable culture medium to product strawberry in summer, because it had the highest yield even though fruit quality among treatments was not significant.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2006

Objective of this research was to determine the effect of application rate of dolomite in root media containing micronutrient mixes on growth of marigold 'Orange boy' in plug trays. To achieve this, three granular micronutrient mixes such as HF 1, MF 2, and MF 3 were produced and incorporated into three root media, peatmoss+composted pine bark (1:1, v/v, PB), peatmoss+composted rice-hull (1:1, v/v, PR), and peatmoss+composted saw-dust (1:1, v/v, PS), with a rate of $0.3g{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Elevated application rate of dolomite in PB medium containing MF 1 decreased crop growth at 35 days after sowing with the highest fresh and dry weight in the control treatment of dolomite. The treatments of 3.0 and $6.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of dolomite in PB medium containing MF 2 produced 0.133g of dry weight and 0.686g of fresh weight, respectively, which were the highest among treatments of dolomite. But the treatments of 3.0 and $6.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of dolomite in PB medium containing MF 3 produced the highest fresh and dry weight, respectively. Elevated application rate of dolomite in PR medium containing MF 1, 2, and 3 resulted in decrease of fresh an dry weight. The relative growth suppression induced by elevated application rate of dolomite was more severe when MF 3 were incorporated than MF 1 and 2. The treatments of 3.0 and $6.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of dolomite in PS medium containing MF 1 and 3 showed good growth, but elevated application rate of dolomite in PS medium containing MF 2 and control resulted in increase of dry and fresh weight. These results indicated that the application rate of dolomite should be adjusted by kinds of root media and micronutrient mixes.