• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 1981

The study was conducted during 1975-1980 to evaluate the performance of several herbicides in controling alternate host, Pedicularis spp., of white pine blister rust disease in forest stands. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. It was found that Roundup was effective and most suitable herbicide in the fosest stands except that it accompanied some chemical injuries to neighboring plants. 2. As for the reduction density on the plot treated with Roundup was 100% and 65-91% respectively when investigated one and two years after its treatment on Pedicularis spp. 3. Another four chemicals, 2.4-D, Gramoxone, 2.4. 5-T and Para-col killed stems and leaves of Pedicularis spp. at the year treated, but appeared again next spring. 4. Eradication effectiveness in terms of spraying season was proved to be that late August was better than late May or June.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.17-22
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• 1996

To elucidate the fatal blood concentration of paraquat (Gramoxone), a contact herbicide, we investigated blood concentration of paraquat in 91 cases of paraquat intoxication. The blood paraquat concentration of 91 cases due to ingestion of paraquat was 0.9 $\mu$g/ml-1023.5$\mu$g/ml and has been subdivided according to survival time. 48 of 91 cases were identified survival time. In 34 of 48 cases died within a day after ingestion of paraquat, blood paraquat concentration was ranged from 2.3-636.61$\mu$g/ml, and in 12 of 48 cases died 1-4 days after ingestion of paraquat, blood paraquat concentration was ranged from 0.9- 25.1 $\mu$g/ml.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.379-382
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• 2002

A patient (Pointer+Viszula mixed breed, 4 months old, male), with chief historic sign of acute vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, anorexia and dyspnea during 4 days was admitted to College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University. Necropsy findings were revealed ulcer and hemorrhage contained hemorrhagic diarrhea in gastrointestinal tract, severe emphysema and hemorrhage in the lung and kidney and cardiac hypertropy. Histopathological changes showed emphysema, hyperemia and hemorrhage in the lung, severe hyperemia, hemorrhage, hepatic vacuolation and cellular necrosis in the liver, hyperemia, hemorrhage, necrosis of tubular epithelium in the kidney, hemorrhage in cardiac muscle and hyperemia, necrosis and sloughing of epithelium in the intestine. Histopathological diagnosis was made as paraquat poisoning.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.128-134
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• 2001

Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, also called comet assay, is a rapid and sensitive method to detect DNA damage in single cell level. To evaluate the DNA damage of lymphocytes of pesticides sprayers, SCGE assay was carried out for 50 pesticides sprayer and 58 control subjects. They were interviewed with structured questionnaire to get the information about the kinds and amount of pesticide. Insecticides and fungicides were predominant among pesticides. Major components of pesticides were organophosphorus, organosulfate, cartap, carbamates, and triazole. Sprayed pesticides were classified into two groups. Group I included organophosphorus, organoarsenic, organotin, tetrazine, triazole and gramoxone, which were known to cause DNA damages. Group II pesticide were carbamates, surfactants, organosulfates, etc., which were not found as DNA damaging agents in scientific documents. Olive tail moments of 100 lymphocytes were measured by KOMET 3.1 program for each person. The means of tail moments were compared between farmers exposed to pesticides and control subjects. Farmers showed higher tail moments than control subjects (2.07$\pm$1.40 vs 1.53$\pm$0.77, p<0.05). The means of tail moments also were compared among group I sprayers (n=36), group II sprayers (n=24) and, control subject, and the means or tail moments were 3.4s$\pm$3.2o, 2.66$\pm$2.20 and 1.53$\pm$0.77 respectively. The difference between means of group I sprayers and controls was statistically significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study showed higher DNA damage in farmers exposed to pesticides than control subjects, and comet assay could be useful as a biological monitoring method of genotoxic pesticides for farmers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.122-125
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• 2005

Paraquat, is a widely used for its great effect as a herbicide. But the mortality rate by paraquat intoxication is known to be very high. It is thought to act by changing form to superoxide and peroxide free radical. Almost paraquat intoxication is through ingestion. A few intoxication of paraquat is through skin absorption. But there was no known death case through skin absorption. We experienced a case of a expired patient by paraquat intoxication through skin abrasion and scratching wound. A 75-year-old man was visited emergency room after motorcycle accident during transporting paraquat. He has multiple abrasion and scratching wound on extremities, and pelvic bone fracture. There was no evidence of ingestion of paraquat. But serum/urine gramoxone level was all positive. In spite of wound irrigation and hemoperfusion, his condition was been gone form bed to worse. 2 days after, multiple organ failure and the respiratory arrest were developed and he was expired. Paraquat intoxication through skin wound is extremely dangerous and death by that could possibly happen

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.321-330
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• 1995

Purpose : To evaluate whether the early pulmonary irradiation can prevent or decrease the pulmonary damage and contribute to improve ultimate survival in paraquat lung. Materials and Methods : From Jun. 1987 to Aug. 1993, thirty patients with paraquat poisoning were evaluated. Fourteen of these patients were received pulmonary irradiation(RT). All of the patients were managed with aggressive supportive treatment such as gastric lavage, forced diuresis, antioxidant agents and antifibrosis agents. Ingested amounts of paraquat were estimated into three groups(A : minimal 50cc). Pulmonary irradiation was started within 24 hours after admission(from day 1 to day 11 after ingestion of paraquat). Both whole lungs were irradiated with AP/PA parallel opposing fields using Co-60 teletherapy machine. A total of 10Gy(2Gy/fr. x 5days) was delivered without correction of lung density. Results : In group A, all patients were alive regardless of pulmonary irradiation and in group C, all of the patients were died due to multi-organ failure, especially pulmonary fibrosis regardless of pulmonary irradiation. However, in group B, six of 7 patients($86{\%}$) with no RT were died due to respiratory failure, but 4 of 8 patients with RT were alive and 4 of 5 patients who were received pulmonary irradiation within 4 days after ingestion of paraquat were all alive though radiological pulmonary change. One patient who refused RT after 2Gy died due to pulmonary fibrosis. All 3 patients who were received pulmonary irradiation after 4 days after ingestion were died due to pulmonary fibrosis in spite of recovery from renal and hepatic toxicity Conclusion : It is difficult to find out the effect of pulmonary irradiation on the course of the paraquat lung because the precise plasma and urine paraquat concentration were not available between control and irradiation groups. But early pulmonary irradiation within 4 days after paraquat poisoning with aggresive supportive treatment appears to decrease Pulmonary toxicity and contribute survival in patients with mouthful ingestion of paraquat who are destined to have reversible renal and hepatic damage but irreversible pulmonary toxicity.