• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1992

The thermal stability of duplex high Mn-steel structure have been investigated using 15%Mn~1.0~2.4%C steels which are composed of ${\gamma}$-and ${\theta}$-phases in the range of temperature from 900 to $1100^{\circ}C$, and time from 50 to 300h. The results are as follows ; 1) The grain growth in single-phase region proceeds by grain boundary migration and the relation between mean radius $\bar{r}$ and annealing time t is described as follows ; $\bar{r}^2-{\bar{r}_0}^2=k_0{\cdot}t$ 2) The grain growth of duplex, (${\gamma}+{\theta}$), strucrure is slower than that single phase because the chemical composition of ${\gamma}$-and ${\theta}$-phases differs esch others. 3) The grain of (${\gamma}+{\theta}$) duplex structure grow slowly in a mode of Ostwald ripening. Because grain boundaries of ${\gamma}$-phase migrate under a restriction of pinning by ${\theta}$-phases. 4) In the duplex structures. the dispersed structures change to the dual-structures, as the volume fraction of the dispersed second-phase increase. Consequently, the growth-law, which is controlled by boundary-diffusion change to that of the volume diffusion-mechanism.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.98-104
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• 2002

A study on microstructures of welds for Zircaloy-4 sheath end closure by the resistance upset welding methods was carried out. Two upset welding process variations such as magnetic farce and multi-impulse resistance welding were used. Grain size and microhardness across welds were analysed in terms of welding parameters. Magnetic farce resistance weld with one cycle of unbalanced mode has smaller upset length and $\alpha-grain$ size in heat affected zone than those of multi-impulse resistance weld because of lower heat input and shorter welding time. Heat affected zone formed by two upset resistance welding variations revealed fine Widmanstatten structure or martensitic ${\alpha}'$ structure due to the high heating rate and foster cooling rate. Magnetic force resistance welds showed recrystallized grains before grain growth, whereas multi-impulse resistance welds showed full grain growth.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.62-67
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• 2009

Friction stir welding (FSW) was carried out for Al-Mg-Si series aluminum alloys which are being used for automotive body structure. Consequently, Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) was applied to the friction stir welds to evaluate the effect of the paint baking process which is one of the automotive fabrication process on friction stir welded zone (FSWZ) in 443K for 1.2Ks. Grain structure and its crystal orientation distribution was measured about both the as welded specimens and the post weld heat treated specimens. An optical microscope (OM) and an field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) was used for observing the grain structure and measuring its crystal orientation distribution, respectively. Changes on the grain structure and its crystal orientation distribution were not detected. From the present results, it was confirmed that the paint baking process after FSW do not affect on the grain structure and its crystal orientation distribution of FSWZ. The comprehensive investigations will be performed for various automotive aluminum alloys manufactured by different processes, in the future.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 2001

The effect of cryogenic heavy rolling method on grain refinement has been studied and compared with those obtained by previous methods of cryogenic rolling and heavy rolling developed separately. Both grain structure and grain size were analyzed using electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), which can distinguish grains each other by means of crystallographic misorientations between them. The cryogenic rolling and heavy rolling exhibit reduction in grain size of 39% and 87%, respectively, and the cryogenic heavy rolling shows reduced grain size similar to that observed in the heavy rolling. The heavy rolling was proved more effective in grain size refinement than the cryogenic rolling.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.523-526
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• 2006

When $GA_{4}$ was applied to heading stage, it was examined to understand the change of plant hormones and starch during grain filling and ripening. Exogenous gibberellin caused a dramatic decrease in endogenous ABA content. Endogenous $GA_{4}$ content in both superior and inferior part was more promoted in $GA_{4}-treated$ rice grain than in the control. $GA_{1}$ content of an inferior part was not detected in the control and $GA_{4}-treated$ rice otherwise $GA_{4}$ was detected in all grain parts. Ripened grain rate in $GA_{4}-treated$ rice grain was lower than that of the control plant. Amylopectin from $GA_{4}-treated$ grain contained more very short chains with degree of polymerization (DP) between 4 and 8 than amylopectin from the control plant. It suggests strongly that fine structure of rice endosperm may be changed by exogenously applied $GA_{4}$ in rice plants.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.683-689
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• 2007

Grain-boundary conduction in the fluorite-structure solid oxide electrolytes such as acceptor-doped zirconia and ceria were reviewed. The siliceous impurity, even several hundreds ppm, affects the ionic conduction across grain boundary to a great extent. Various approaches to improve grain-boundary conduction in fluorite-structure oxide electrolytes have been investigated, which include (1) the scavenging of siliceous phase by the reaction with second phase, (2) the gathering of intergranular siliceous phase into a discrete configuration and (3) the dewetting of intergranular liquid phase by post-sintering heat treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.30A no.6
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• pp.1-7
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• 1993

After the 1%S-Al metal is deposited, a thin oxide is formed thereon. Then, a single charged Argon(Ar$^{+}$) is ion implanted into the oxide layer, thereby causing the metal grain in the upper surface of the metal layer to become amorphous. Consequently, the grain size will be reduced and the rough surface of the metal layer flattened. However, the remainder of the metal layer beneath the upper surface thereof will still exhibit large grain size and low resistance, because the Argon ion is only implanted to characterized by a dual-sized grain structure which served to reduce interlayer stress, thereby decreasing the rate of stress migration, and to lower the resistivity of the metal line, thereby enhancing the electromigration characteristic thereof. Experiments have shown that the metal line exhibits a metal migration rate which is approximately 700% less than the control group and a standard deviation which is approximately 200% less than these group.p.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.62-63
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• 2006

Both densification and grain growth are driven by the reduction of the interfacial area, kinetics of which depends strongly on the interface structure. Abnormal grain coarsening in the system of singular solid/liquid interface such as WC-Co alloys was explained by the growth mechanism of 2-dimensional nucleation. Based on this concept, the marked inhibition of coarsening of WC grains by VC addition can be approached by the increase in the step free energy, which increases the barrier of 2-dimensional nucleation. The activated sintering in tungsten powders can be approached by the interface structure change induced by the addition of a small amount of nickel.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.439-446
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• 2002

This study presents a new computational model to analyze the grain deformation in a polycrystalline aggregate in a discrete manner and based directly in the underlying physical micro-mechanisms. When scaling down a metal forming process, the dimensions of the workpiece decrease but the microstructure of the workpiece remains the similar. Since the dimensions of the workpiece are very small, the microstructure especially the grain size will play an important role in micro forming, which is called size effects. As a result, specific characteristics have to be considered for the numerical analysis. The grains and grain boundary elements are introduced to model individual grains and grain boundary facets, respectively, to consider the size effects in the micro forming. The constitutive description of the grain elements accounts for the rigid-plastic and the grain boundary elements for visco-elastic relationships. The capability of the proposed approach is demonstrated through application of grain element and grain boundary element in the micro forming.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2003

Four different rice varieties, Sindongjinbyeo, Dongjin #1, Saegyehwabyeo, and Iksan 467, were transplanted under three different nitrogen levels and two different seedling numbers per hill to obtain basic information on panicle traits under different cultural conditions and to propose the ideal panicle structure in Japonica rice. Sindongjinbyeo and Iksan 467 were characterized by more primary rachis branches (PRBs) per panicle and more grains on PRB than other cultivars. The two varieties also had fewer secondary rachis branches (SRBs) per PRB and fewer grains on SRB per PRB. These characteristics, consequently, resulted in higher ripened grain rate, contrary to that of Dongjin #1 and Saegyehwabyeo. In the correlation coefficient analysis, PRB number per panicle and grain number on PRB per panicle were positively correlated with ripened grain rate, while SRB number per panicle, number of grains on SRB per panicle, SRB number per PRB, number of grains on SRB per PRB and grain number per panicle were negatively correlated with ripened grain rate. Therefore, the number of grains on PRB per panicle, SRB number per PRB and the number of grains on SRB per PRB were the appropriate criteria for determining and achieving higher ripened grain rate in rice. High ripened grain rate over 90% was obtainable with over 12.5 PRBs per panicle and 63 grains on PRB per panicle, and with under 1.7 SRBs per PRB, 5 grains on SRB per PRB, 130 grains per panicle, and 14 panicles per hill. The study recommended that for over 90% high ripened grain rate, the critical limiting factors should be under 2 SRBs per PRB, 6 grains per PRB, and 130 grains per panicle, irrespective of the PRB number per panicle and the number of grains on PRB.