• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.825-832
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• 2010

The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as "Any technological application that uses biological systems, dead organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" Biotechnology has made tremendous contributions to improve production efficiency of agriculture during the last century. This article reviews successful examples of application of bio-fermentation in improving swine nutrition efficiency mainly based on the authors'z own research experience. Production of feed grade supplemental amino acids by bio-fermentation allowed nutritionists to formulate accurate feed for optimal lean growth and reduced nitrogen excretion. Recent issues with high feed grain prices caused potential feed quality problems. Bio-fermentation allowed nutritionists to use exogenous supplemental enzymes such as phytase and NSPases in swine diets, thereby improving nutrient utilization and reducing nutrient excretion to the environment. Yeast metabolites are also produced by bio-fermentation and have been repeatedly shown to improve milk production of sows during early lactation even though actual mechanisms are still to be investigated. Bio-fermentation technology also allowed nutritionists to prepare vegetable protein sources with large protein molecules and anti-nutritional factors suitable for feeding newly weaned piglets, as selected microorganisms significantly reduce specific anti-nutritional factors and size of peptides. Preparations of vegetable protein sources suitable for newly weaned pigs will greatly contribute to swine nutrition by providing efficient alternatives to the use of animal protein sources that are often expensive and somewhat against societal preference. Considering the few examples listed above, biotechnology has closely influenced improvement of production efficiency in the swine industry. As we have limited resources to produce meat to satisfy ever-increasing global demands, extensive adaptation of biotechnology to enhance production efficiency should be continued. However, at the same time, wise and careful application of bio-technology should be considered to ensure production of safe food and to meet the expectations of our society.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.629-635
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• 2018

The present study investigated the effects of feed form and distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS) on meat quality and fatty acids profile of broiler chickens. A total of 720 broilers (Ross 308; average BW [body weight] $541{\pm}5.7g$) were randomly allotted to six treatments. Birds were fed three different feed forms (mash; SP, simple pellet; EP, expanded pellet) and DDGS (0 or $200g\;kg^{-1}$) in a $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. The addition of DDGS and EP to the diet resulted in increased shear force of breast meat. Moreover, DDGS inclusion in the diet reduced the concentration of stearic acid and behenic acid in thigh meat. Pelleting (SP and EP) of the diets increased palmitic acid content in the thigh, whereas the linolenic acid content decreased. The breast mass was higher with EP and SP diets than with the mash diet. Feed processing led to increased pectoralis muscle and drum mass compared to mash-fed chickens. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that EP decreased thigh linolenic acid and meat shear force. In addition, DDGS supplementation in broiler hampers meat quality by increasing the shear force.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.187-196
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• 2009

청보리, 밀, 호밀, 트리티케일, 귀리 등 5종의 총체맥류에 대하여 중부지역에서 답리작 재배시 월동 후인 3월 15일 부터 6월 15일까지 10일 간격으로 10회에 걸쳐 예취한 후 각 작물별 예취시기에 따른 사료가치를 비교하였다. ADF 함량은 5종의 총체맥류 모두 월동 후 증가하다가 각 작물별로 최고점에 도달한 후 성숙이 진행됨에 따라 감소되는 2차원적인 경향을 보였고, NDF 함량은 월동 후 점진적으로 증가하다가 대체로 어느 일정시기 이후에는 정체되거나 다소 감소되는 경향을 보였으며, 조단백질 함량은 잎이 풍부한 월동 직후에 높았다가 생육단계가 진행됨에 따라 점진적으로 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 가소화건물(DDM) 함량은 총체맥류 5종 모두 월동 후 생육이 진전될수록 낮아지다가 출수기 이후 종실이 충실해짐에 따라 다시 증가되는 경향을 보였고, 상대사료가치(RFV)는 월동 후 잎이 풍부한 생육초기에 높았다가 생육이 진전됨에 따라 감소되었으며, 출수기 이후에 종실이 충실해지면서 다시 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 맥종별로 보면 청보리인 영양보리는 다른 총체맥류에 비하여 출수기 이후 ADF와 NDF 함량이 낮았고, 가소화건물 함량과 상대사료가치(RFV)가 높았다. 금강밀은 다른 총체맥류에 비하여 단백질 함량이 높았고, 출수기 이후 가소화건물 함량과 상대사료 가치가 곡우호밀, 신영트리티케일, 삼한귀리에 비하여 상대적으로 높았다. 곡우호밀은 다른 총체맥류에 비하여 내한성과 내재해성이 강하지만 월동 후 성숙기 까지 ADF와 NDF 함량이 높고, DDM 함량과 상대사료가치 (RFV)가 낮은 조사료 작물에 해당하였다. 신영트리티케일은 영양보리 또는 금강밀과 곡우호밀의 중간적인 특성을 보였으며, 생육후기로 갈수록 가소화건물 수량이 직선적으로 증가하였다. 삼한귀리는 출수 전까지 ADF와 NDF 함량이 낮고 단백질이 풍부하였지만, 출수 후 성숙이 진행될수록 다른 총체맥류에 비하여 변화가 적었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.1276-1281
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• 2001

The feeding values of four indigenous Kenyan sorghum cultivars and the effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the utilization of high tannin sorghum by broiler chicks were studied in two 3-week feeding trials. In Experiment 1, one hundred and five broiler chicks (initial average weight 97 g) were randomly assigned to each one of the seven grain-soybean meal diets. The diets consisted of maize [diet 1; no assayable tannin], white sorghum [diet 2; 0.59% catechin equivalents (CE)], cream sorghum [diet 3; 0.94% CE], light brown sorghum [diet 4; 2.71% CE] and dark brown sorghum [diet 5; 3.54% CE]. Diets 6 and 7 were included to test the possibility of overcoming the detrimental effects of sorghum tannins by adding PVP at 0.25% and 0.5% to dark brown sorghum, which resulted in dietary tannin levels of 3.46% and 3.38% CE respectively. In Experiment 2, the effects of tannin on dry matter digestibility (DMD) and nitrogen (N) retention were studied in a 3-week substitution assay in which high tannin sorghum (5% CE) was substituted for white maize at different inclusion levels. Ninety broiler chicks aged 7 days (initial average weight 102 g) were randomly assigned to each one of the six diets. The diets consisted of corn gluten meal and fishmeal as protein sources plus maize [diet 1] and high tannin sorghum at different inclusion levels [diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6], resulting in dietary tannin levels of 0, 1.25%, 1.66%, 2.08%, 2.5% and 3.2% CE respectively. Feed intake, feed efficiency and body weight gain were measured weekly. In Experiment 2, tannin absorption, DMD and N retention were measured on days 19, 20 and 21. The results of Experiment 1 showed that feed intake, feed efficiency and body weight gain were all affected by treatment (p<0.05). Diets 1, 2 and 3 gave similar body weight gains and all were better than diets 4 and 5 (i.e. 504, 517, 473 g, vs. 256, 267 g). Similarly, feed efficiencies were higher (p<0.05) for diets 1, 2 and 3 compared to diets 4 and 5 (0.4, 0.42, 0.39 vs. 0.21, 0.23). When 0.25% PVP was added to the dark brown sorghum (diet 6) there was no significant improvement in chick performance (p>0.05). However, addition of 0.5% PVP (diet 7) resulted in significant improvement (p<0.05) in body weight gain compared to the untreated dark brown sorghum. Overall, PVP did not completely overcome the deleterious effects of tannins. The results of Experiment 2 indicate that sorghum inclusion level and subsequent tannin level had no effect on feed intake, feed efficiency, weight gain, DMD and N retention. The above results suggest that tannin level should be limited to below 2.71% CE in broiler chick diets containing 20% CP and 0.4% methionine. However, in diets with 23% CP and 0.8% methionine tannin level of up to 3.2% will not affect performance. Consequently high tannin sorghum (5% CE) can be used to substitute for white maize by up to 100% in broiler chick diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1563-1567
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• 2017

Objective: The influence of substituting steam-flaked corn (SFC) for dry rolled corn (DRC) on feedlot cattle growth performance and dietary net energy when cattle are allowed either ad libitum or 2-h restricted access to the finishing diet was evaluated. Methods: Treatment effects were tested using 96 crossbred steers ($251{\pm}2kg$) during the initial 56 d of the finishing phase. Cattle were blocked by weight and randomly assigned within blocks to 16 pens (4 pens/treatment). Bunk space was sufficient (41 cm/head) to allow all steers access to the feed bunk at the same time. Treatments consisted of two finishing diets containing (dry matter basis) 77.1% corn grain processed by dry rolling (density = 0.50 kg/L) or steam flaking (density = 0.36 kg/L). Cattle were fed twice daily at 06:00 and 14:00 h, allowing for approximately 5% residual. In the case of restricted feeding, steers were allowed access to feeders for 1 h following each feeding, after which residual feed was withdrawn. Results: There were no treatment interactions on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), gain efficiency (G:F), or dietary net energy (NE). Restricting feed access time reduced (p<0.01) feed intake, and hence, ADG. Substitution of SFC for DRC increased (p<0.01) ADG, feed efficiency (G:F), and estimated dietary NE, without affecting DMI. Based on tabular net energy of maintenance ($NE_m$) value (2.18 Mcal/kg) for DRC, the estimated $NE_m$ value for SFC using the replacement technique, averaged 2.44 Mcal/kg; an improvement of 10.7%. The ratio of observed-to-expected dietary NE was not affected by feed access time. Conclusion: Substitution of SFC for DRC in finishing diets for feedlot cattle enhanced ADG, gain efficiency, and the NE value of the diet. Although restriction of feed access time depressed DMI and ADG, it did not affect the comparative benefit of steam flaking toward enhancement of ADG, G:F, and dietary NE.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2002

This paper has studied to obtain the grinding characteristics and optimal grinding conditions of ceramic materials in the grinding with diamond wheel by design of experiments. The load on wheel by varying the feed rate was related with the surface roughness due to the minute destruction phenomenon of grains for the $Si_3\;N_4\;and\;ZrO_2$. The depth of cut is related with the surface roughness because the grinding is carried out by grain shedding process due to the brittle fracture phenomenon for the $A1_2\;O_3$. The major factors affecting the surface roughness and the optimum grinding conditions were obtained with minimum experiments using design of experiments.

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 1979년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.113.1-113
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• 1979

Each year, vast amount of agricultural crop residues are produced (about 60 percent of the total crop production), which have not been effectively utilized because they are bulky and lignocellulosic, thus having little fuel energy per unit volume. Using treated plant residues as animal feeds could result in an ultimate saving of fossil fuel energy and a more effective utilizat ion of products created by the photosynthetic process. Feeding the residues to animals would decrease the pollution potential, but these residues are difficult for even a ruminant animal to digest. If cellulosic wastes produced from cereal grain straw and wood could be digested, land now used for producing forage add grain cnuld be shifted to food crops for humans. During the past decade, considerable efforts were made to utilize crop residues. These utilization methods can be broadly grouped into for categories: (1) direct uses, (2) mechanical conversions, (3) chemical conversions and (4) biological conversions. Agricultural crop residues consist mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, andother plant carbohydrates. The nature of the constituents of these residues can be best utilized as one of the five FS: Fuel, Fiber, Fertilizer, Feed and Food. Many processes have teen proposed and some are in industrial production stage. However, economics of the process depend on the location where availability of other competitive products are different.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.48-59
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• 1981

The major limiting factor on the determination of combine capacity is the frequent occurence of clogging over the some parts of machine when the crop is wet in the case of Japanese self-feeding type combine. And in the case of American conventional combine having big separating parts, the great grain loss and damage occur when the machine is used for rice harvesting. This experiment was carried out to develop the new type threshing and separating equipment. Proto-type thresher which consist of a conical threshing drum and a conical separating sieve rotating around the threshing cone was constructed and tested. In the case of 800 rpm of threshing cone speed, average threshing loss was below 1 percent, separating loss was about 1 percent, grain damage was about 0.4 percent, and average total power required was about 2.6 PS. This design has some problems such as higher power required or wrapping problems under the conditions of feeding long damp straw. But, compared with the conventional combine or thresher, this machine certainly has some potentials for this approach to combine development. The crop feed rate must be increased through improvement of the feeding portion of the threshing cone. And it is required to investigate further about some parameters causing wrapping phenomena.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.363-373
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• 2017

This study examined the characteristics of the foodservice menu items offered at senior welfare centers to provide information on Korean senior menu development. A total of 514 lunch menu items were collected from 27 senior welfare centers in April, July, October and January. The most frequently served staple foods, soups, and side dishes were multi-grain rice, seaweed soup, Bulgogi, Kimchi, and liquid yogurt. The proportions of carbohydrate, protein, and lipids of total energy serving of senior welfare centers were 59.8%: 16.7%: and 22.8%, respectively. The nutrients served at less than 40% of the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) and Adequate Intake (AI) of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) were chloride (1.0%), vitamin D (1.3%), biotin (1.7%), magnessium (4.5%), Iodine (7.5%), pantothenic acid (8.0%), vitamin E (12.5%), vitamin $B_6$ (20.0~21.4%), vitamin K (21.1~24.3%), and water (35.7~39.7%). The nutrients served in excess of the daily intake goal and RNI were iron (98.9~127.1%), sodium (104.9%), and copper (1,100.0%).

• 한국균학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.142-148
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• 2013

국내의 수수재배는 주로 소면적으로 이루어지며, 대부분 식용이나 사료용으로 사용되고 있다. 2007년부터 2009년까지 전국의 수수 재배 포장을 조사한 결과, 이삭에 곰팡이가 발생하는 증상을 다수 관찰하였다. 병징은 매우 다양한데, 심하게 감염된 이삭의 경우 곰팡이가 발생하였고, 부분적으로 감염된 경우에는 수수 종실이 변색되거나 불임립이 형성되었다. 총 90개의 Fusarium균을 분리하였으며, 형태적 배양적 특성 조사에 의한 동정 결과, F. thapsinum이 41개, F. proliferatum이 23개, F. graminearum이 12개 분리되었으며, F. incarnatum과 F. equiseti가 각각 5개, 3개 분리되었다. Elongation factor 1 alpha 유전자의 염기분석을 이용한 계통분석 결과, 대부분이 NCBI GenBank에 등록된 각 유전자와 일치하는 결과를 나타냈다. 분리된 병원균의 병원성 검정 결과, 우점종인 F. thapsinum, F. proliferatum, F. graminearum종이 병원성이 강한 것으로 조사되었다. 이 연구는 Fusarium균에 의해 발생한 수수 이삭곰팡이증상에 대한 첫 번째 보고이다.