• Journal of Life Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.126-136
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• 1995

The studies had been conducted to evaluate the grain processing effects for ruminants on starch digestion, body weight gain and feed efficiency since 1970. This research deals with experimental results on chemical structure, gelatinization, microbial starch digestion in rumen, intestinal starch digestion in rumen, roles of protozoa, intestinal starch digestion of bypass starch, limits to starch digestion in small intestine. The grain processing has different effects on digestion, weight gain and feed efficiency when different grain sources and contents is used, and the quality and quantity of roughage is different. The economical and efficient method of grain processing should be selected considering weight gain and feed efficiency enhancement than digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.946-951
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• 2011

The study was conducted to evaluate enzose (corn dextrose), a corn milling byproduct, as substitute for corn grain as energy in growing lambs. Five iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated. The control diet (E0) had no enzose whereas enzose replaced 20, 40, 60 and 80% corn grain in E20, E40, E60 and E80 diets on the basis of energy supply, respectively. Fifty growing lambs were divided into 5 groups, 10 animals in each, in a randomized complete block design. Nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fibre) intake and digestibilities increased with gradual replacement of corn grain by enzose. Lambs fed E80 diet also retained higher nitrogen (N) than those fed E0 diet. Plasma glucose, $T_3$ and $T_4$ increased while urea N decreased in lambs receiving higher enzose content. Maximum weight gain was recorded in lambs fed diets containing maximum concentration of E as a replacement for corn grains. A better feed conversion ratio was recorded in lambs fed E80 compared with those fed E0 diet. The study suggests that enzose can be used as an economical feed ingredient to replace corn grain upto 80%, without any adverse effects on growth performance of growing lambs.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.193-202
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• 2024

Objective: Oxidative stress (OS) is a pathological process arising from the excessive production of free radicals in the body. It has the potential to alter animal gene expression and cause damage to the jejunum. However, there have been few reports of changes in the expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the jejunum in piglets under OS. The purpose of this research was to examine how lncRNAs in piglet jejunum change under OS. Methods: The abdominal cavities of piglets were injected with diquat (DQ) to produce OS. Raw reads were downloaded from the SRA database. RNA-seq was utilized to study the expression of lncRNAs in piglets under OS. Additionally, six randomly selected lncRNAs were verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to examine the mechanism of oxidative damage. Results: A total of 79 lncRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in the treatment group compared to the negative control group. The target genes of DE lncRNAs were enriched in gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) signaling pathways. Chemical carcinogenesis-reactive oxygen species, the Foxo signaling pathway, colorectal cancer, and the AMPK signaling pathway were all linked to OS. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that DQ-induced OS causes differential expression of lncRNAs, laying the groundwork for future research into the processes involved in the jejunum's response to OS.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.156-163
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to select the wheat varieties, among 8 domestic cultivates, that are suitable, for use as grain feed at paddy fields in the Honam region. The seeds of wheat were sown and harvested in Wanju County. Among the wheat varieties, "Jojoong" was the earliest for its heading date on April 15, and it showed the earliest day for the maturing date on May 24. The heading date of "Baegjong" was the same as that for "Keumkang" on April 18, and the maturing date was one day later than that for "Keumkang" on May 29. But there was no significant difference of heading and maturing dates among the 8 wheat varieties. The lowest number of spikes/㎡ was 513/㎡ of "Goso", and the highest number of spikes/㎡ was 974/㎡ of "Chongwoo". The spikes/㎡ and yield of "Baegjon" was 542kg/10a and it was the highest yielding variety among the 8 wheat varieties. The chemical compositions of DM (dry matter) and CP (crude protein) on rumen digestibility were not significantly different among the 8 wheat varieties. Furthermore, rumen digestibility of DM and CP, and the nutrients value were slightly higher than those of corn. The domestic 8 wheat varieties for grain feed, with their high nutrient qualities, could eventually replace imported grain feed and wheat grain feed. These 8 varieties are cost-effective feed and paddy field fodder for livestock farmers.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.3878-3884
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• 1975

This study was carried out to develop the throw-in type thresher with its size as small as possible. Developing the smallest possible size of the throw-in type thresher has been very important to increase mobility and to reduce the machine price. The thresher that developed for this purpose was tested as to threshing and separation performance for the samples collected in eight catch boxes under the concave while threshing. The amount of grain collected in each compartments was measured and the threshing and separating pattern along the total span of the threshing drum was determined. The performance of separating and threshing units of the test thresher and threshing loss was evaluated by use of the developed grain separating apparatus and the method for measuring the grain separating performance of threshers. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The unthreshed grain (drum losses) and semi-threshed grain did not appeared at all throughout the treatments. 2. When threshed by making use of the developed throw-in type thresher, the threshing grain loss at about 25 per cent grain moisture was about one-half when threshed at about 18 per cent grain moisture. 3. And its grain separating loss in higher feed rate was decreased in comparison with that of lower feed rate. These results suggests that the throw-in type thresher may be suitable for wet threshing and for higher feed rate of threshing. 4. Above 60 per cent of total grain passing through concave fell through the screen within a scant 30 cm from the feeding inlet. This threshing pattern may suggest that major threshing action may be finished before about one third of cylinder length. The required separating load extended over the whole drum span is so defferent that separating elements should be redesigned so as to accomodate this variable pattern of separation load. 5. It was apparent from the experiment that the length of the threshing drum of the throw-in type thresher could be reduced from 1285mm to about 1050mm without increasing grain separation loss greatly.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.332-338
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• 2007

Yield mapping is necessary for precision farming. An on-site rice weighing system for a head-feed combine was developed to measure the total weight of rice grain harvested while the combine was operated. A load cell system was used to monitor rice weights accumulated into the combine grain tank using a load cell. This method gave cumulative grain weight readings as a function of time. The system consisted of a load cell, two supporting brackets, and a computer-based data acquisition system. The weights measured with the system from two fields were compared with those obtained with a commercially available electronic balance. The response of the load cell to varying grain weights was linearly modeled, showing a coefficient of determination of 0.998 and a standard error of ${\pm}4.09kg$.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.251-261
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• 1989

The amount of grain loss incurred during harvesting operation through the chaff-outlet of combine may not be negligible. To minimize this grain loss and optimize condition of combining, it may be necessary that the amount of chaff-outlet loss dependent on varying crop condition is to be estimated as exactly as possible. This study was thus intended to develop the monitor that could indicate the amount of grain loss occurred through the chaff-outlet of combine during harvesting operation. The function of this monitor is to measure at the sounding board the impact sound of paddy kernels which could be distinguished from those of other threshing products through chaff-outlet, and from vibration or noise created by the combine engine and other moving parts. To develop such monitor, the frequency distributions of each sound generated by the impact of grain and chaff, the sound generated by the impact of the mixture of grain and chaff, and vibration or noise created by the combine engine and other moving parts were investigated experimentally. From the results of frequency analyses, the trainsducer adequate for the monitering system was selected and sounding board was constructed. The grain loss monitor thus obtained was tested by attaching the sounding board to the chaff-outlet of combine.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 1996

The optimum conditons were experimentally established for the powder synthesis and sintering of the feed-rods for $LiNbO_3$ crystal growth by a floating zone method. At the lower synthesis temperatures(700, $ 800^{\circ}C$) the minor amounts of $Li_2CO_3$ and $Nb_2O_5$ were present in the synthesized $LiNbO_3$ powder and at the higher temperature the particle size increased which is not favorable for the sintering process for the feed-rods. $LiNbO_3$ powder synthesized at $950^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours was found to be the best because it contains only the$LiNbO_3$ phase with the small particle size and uniform particle size distribution. As the sintering temperature and the soaking time increase, the sintered feed-rods exhibited the higher sintered density and grain growth phenomena. The $LiNbO_3$ feed rods sintering at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours were found to have the best microstructure for the precursor feed-rods of the floating zone crystal growth because of their higher density, small grain size and uniform particle size distribution. As the sintering temperature and the soaking time increase, the sintered feed-rods exhibited the higher sintered density and grain growth phenomena. The $LiNbO_3$ feed rods sintering at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours were found to have the best microstructure for the precursor feed-rods of the floating zone crystal growth because of their density, small grain size and uniform grain size distribution.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1690-1698
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• 2011

Feedlot and in vitro ruminal experiments were conducted to assess the effects of saponin-containing surfactant applied during tempering of barley grain on cattle growth performance and on ruminal fermentation. In the feedlot experiment, treatments with three barley grain/barley silage based diets were prepared using barley grain at 7.7% moisture (dry, D), after tempering to 18% moisture (M), or after tempering with a saponin-based surfactant included at 60 ml/t (MS). Each treatment was rolled at settings determined previously to yield optimally processed barley. A total of 180 newly weaned British${\times}$Charolais steers were fed three diets in 18 pens for a 63-d backgrounding period and 91-d finishing period to determine feed intake, growth rate and feed efficiency. Cattle were slaughtered at the end of the experiment to measure the carcass characteristics. Tempering reduced (p<0.001) volume weight and processing index, but processing characteristics were similar between MS and M. Tempering increased (p<0.05) growth during backgrounding only, compared with D, but did not affect feed intake in either phase. During backgrounding, feed efficiency was improved with tempering, but during finishing and overall this response was only observed with the surfactant. Tempering did not affect carcass weight, fat content or meat yield. Surfactant doubled the proportion of carcasses grading AAA. In the in vitro experiment, barley (500 mg; ground to <1.0 mm or steam-rolled) was incubated in buffered ruminal fluid (40 ml) without or with surfactant up to 20 ${\mu}l/g$ DM substrate for 24 h. Surfactant increased (p<0.05) apparent DM disappearance and starch digestibility but reduced productions of gas and the volatile fatty acid and acetate:propionate ratio, irrespective of barley particle size. Compared with feeding diets prepared with non-tempered barley, tempering with surfactant increased the feed efficiency of feedlot steers. This may have arisen from alteration in processing characteristics of barley grain by surfactant rather than its direct effect on rumen microbial fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.188-191
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• 2000

Appetite stimulant ether-soluble neutral extract of a high-grain compound feed was separated into four fractions with an open column of silica gel chromatograph using four carrier solutions containing n-pentane and diethyl ether as 100:0 (Fraction A), 90:10 (Fraction B), 75:25 (Fraction C) and 0:100 (Fraction D). The stimulative effects of the fractions were examined by comparing the intake of hay (with or without the fractions) in two-choice test bioassays with cattle. The Fractions A, B and C of the neutral extract stimulated (p<0.05) hay consumption in cattle, whereas Fraction D had no effect on selective feeding when compared with the control fraction. Furthermore, Fractions A, B and C had higher (p<0.05) feeding stimulative indices (FSI) than that of the Fraction D. The results suggest that chemical stimulants to increase palatability of hay are present in the neutral Fractions A, B and C of high-grain concentrate.