• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2009

본 연구는 간식 중의 첨가당 함량에 관한 자체 DB를 제작해 청소년의 간식을 통한 1일 첨가당섭취량을 파악하고, 고당류식품 섭취와 밀접한 관계가 있는 고당류식품 관련 이벤트 데이에 대한 청소년의 참여행동을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 본 연구에서 설문조사, 식사조사, 간식조사가 실시되었는데, 설문 조사대상자는 전국의 읍 면, 중소도시, 대도시에 소재한 일반계 및 실업계 중 고등학교에 재학 중인 $12{\sim}18$세의 남녀 학생 959명, 식사조사 대상자는 공주시에 소재한 중학교에 재학 중인 남녀 학생 71명, 간식조사 대상자은 공주시와 서울시에 소재한 중 고등학교에 재학 중인 남녀 학생 230명을 대상으로 실시하였으며, 설문조사, 간식조사, 식사조사 간에 대상자는 서로 중복되도록 구성하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다.1) 조사대상자는 평소 간식으로 빵/패스트푸드를 가장 즐겨 먹으며, 그 다음이 과자류, 우유 및 발효유의 순이었다. 중학생은 고등학생에 비해 우유 및 발효유를 선호하며, 고등학생은 중학생보다 빵/패스트푸드를 선호하는 것으로 나타났다 (p < 0.01). 간식 섭취 빈도는 중학생과 고등학생 모두 일주일에 $3{\sim}6$번이 가장 많으며, 그 다음이 하루에 1번인 것으로 나타났다. 중학생은 고등학생보다 간식 섭취 빈도가 낮은 경향이었다 (p < 0.05). 간식 섭취 시간은 중학생은 고등학생보다 점심${\sim}$저녁식사 사이에 섭취하는 경우가 많으며, 고등학생은 중학생보다 오전시간 및 밤 9시${\sim}$잠자기 전에 섭취하는 경우가 많았다 (p < 0.001). 2) 조사대상자의 1일 평균 에너지섭취량 및 대부분의 비타민과 무기질섭취량은 이들의 성별과 연령에 대한 KDRI를 충족시키는 수준이어서 양호하였다. 그러나 엽산과 칼슘의 1일 평균 섭취량은 남중생과 여중생 모두 KDRI의 1/2 수준이어서 불량하였다. 1일 평균 나트륨섭취량은 남중생의 경우 KDRI의 300%, 여중생은 240%으로 과다 섭취하였다. 3) 이벤트 데이가 주는 장점에 대해‘우리들만의 행사를 즐기는 것'이라는 응답이 가장 많고, 그 다음이‘친구와 어울릴 수 있는 것'으로 나타났으며, 이에 관한 응답은 중 고생간에 차이가 있었다 (p < 0.01). 이벤트 데이에 선물을 주는 대상자로‘학교 친구'가 가장 많으며, 그 다음이‘이성 친구',‘부모' 등의 순이었다. 중학생은 고등학생에 비해‘학교 친구'에게 선물을 주는 비율이 높으며, 고등학생은 중학생에 비해‘이성 친구'에게 선물을 주는 비율이 높았다 (p < 0.001). 이벤트 데이를 위해 고당류식품을 구입할 때 식품표시와 식품포장상태를 확인을 하지 않는 비율 (61.6%)이 높으며, 이 점에 관해 중 고생간에 차이가 없었다. 또한 이벤트 데이를 준비하기 위해 조사대상자가 고당류식품을 구입할 때 선택 기준을‘예쁜 모양'에 두는 비율이 높으며, 그 다음이‘맛',‘가격'의 순이었다. 이점에서 중학생은 고등학생에 비해‘가격'을 중시하며, 고등학생은 중학생에 비해‘예쁜 모양'을 중시하였다 (p < 0.01). 4) 이벤트 데이에 주고받는 선물로는 사탕, 초콜렛, 빼빼로, 엿 등이 있으며, 친구 생일 (68.4%)과 빼빼로데이 (61.5%)에 참여한 비율이 높았다. 중학생은 고등학생보다 빼빼로데이, 발렌타인데이, 화이트데이에 더 참여하였으며, 고등학생은 중학생에 비해 수능이나 학교 정기시험과 같은 큰 시험일에 더 참여하였다. 5) 간식 종류별 1일 첨가당 섭취 비율을 보면 중 고생 모두 /과자, 비스킷, 빵류, 케이크/으로 부터 첨가당을 많이 섭취하며, 그 다음이 음료수, /양갱, 쵸코렛, 캔디/에 의한 것으로 나타났다. 간식을 통한 1일 평균 총첨가당섭취량은 중학생 $30.5{\pm}23.5g/d$ ($3.0{\sim}137.9\;g/d$), 고등학생 $31.7{\pm}23.2g/d$ ($1.2g{\sim}126.1g/d$)으로 나타나 두군간에 차이가 없었다. 그리고 간식 종류별 1일 첨가당섭취량은 대부분의 간식에서 중 고생간에 차이가 없으나, 요구르트에 의한 것은 중학생이 고등학생보다 높았다 (p < 0.05). 간식에 의한 1일 첨가당 에너지 비율은 중학생 $0.6{\sim}26.1%$ (평균 $6.3{\pm}4.7%$), 고등학생 $0.3{\sim}23.9%$ (평균 $6.3{\pm}4.4%$)로 나타났다. WHO/FAO에서 정한 1일 첨가당 에너지 비율인 10%를 초과한 대상자는 중학생 17.8%, 고등학생 20.9%로 나타나, 고등학생이 중학생보다 간식을 통한 총첨가당 섭취량이 높은 경향이었다. 이상에서 우리나라 청소년들 사이에 고당류식품을 주고 받는 각종 이벤트 문화가 이미 자리 잡았고 간식으로 맛이 달은 식품이 자주 섭취되고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 식품 구입시 영양소 함량 등의 내용면보다는 모양이나 포장과 같은 외형이 중시되고 있는 경향 등에 의해, 우리나라 청소년들이 당류를 과다 섭취할 수 있는 식생활 환경에 노출되어 있음을 볼 수 있었다. 실제로 본 연구에서 일부 청소년의 경우 간식만으로도 1일 첨가당 에너지 비율이 WHO/FAO의 상한선인 10% 이상을 초과하고 있어 청소년의 고당류섭취 현상을 확인해주었다. 따라서 청소년의 고당류 섭취 문제에 대한 현실적인 인식과 함께 당류 섭취 저감화를 위한 영양정책 수립 및 영양교육 실시 등의 실효성 있는 지원이 시급히 이루어져야 하겠다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.29-52
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• 2012

Consumers differ in the way they make a purchase. An audio mania would willingly make a bold, yet serious, decision to buy a top-of-the-line home theater system, while he is not interested in replacing his two-decade-old shabby car. On the contrary, an automobile enthusiast wouldn't mind spending forty thousand dollars to buy a new Jaguar convertible, yet cares little about his junky component system. It is product involvement that helps us explain such differences among individuals in the purchase style. Product involvement refers to the extent to which a product is perceived to be important to a consumer (Zaichkowsky, 2001). Product involvement is an important factor that strongly influences consumer's purchase decision-making process, and thus has been of prime interest to consumer behavior researchers. Furthermore, researchers found that involvement is closely related to perceived risk (Dholakia, 2001). While abundant research exists addressing how product involvement relates to overall perceived risk, little attention has been paid to the relationship between involvement and different types of perceived risk in an electronic commerce setting. Given that perceived risk can be a substantial barrier to the online purchase (Jarvenpaa, 2000), research addressing such an issue will offer useful implications on what specific types of perceived risk an online firm should focus on mitigating if it is to increase sales to a fullest potential. Meanwhile, past research has focused on such consumer responses as information search and dissemination as a consequence of involvement, neglecting other behavioral responses like online merchant selection. For one example, will a consumer seriously considering the purchase of a pricey Guzzi bag perceive a great degree of risk associated with online buying and therefore choose to buy it from a digital storefront rather than from an online marketplace to mitigate risk? Will a consumer require greater trust on the part of the online merchant when the perceived risk of online buying is rather high? We intend to find answers to these research questions through an empirical study. This paper explores the impact of enduring product involvement and perceived risks on required trust level, and further on online merchant choice. For the purpose of the research, five types or components of perceived risk are taken into consideration, including financial, performance, delivery, psychological, and social risks. A research model has been built around the constructs under consideration, and 12 hypotheses have been developed based on the research model to examine the relationships between enduring involvement and five components of perceived risk, between five components of perceived risk and required trust level, between enduring involvement and required trust level, and finally between required trust level and preference toward an e-tailer. To attain our research objectives, we conducted an empirical analysis consisting of two phases of data collection: a pilot test and main survey. The pilot test was conducted using 25 college students to ensure that the questionnaire items are clear and straightforward. Then the main survey was conducted using 295 college students at a major university for nine days between December 13, 2010 and December 21, 2010. The measures employed to test the model included eight constructs: (1) enduring involvement, (2) financial risk, (3) performance risk, (4) delivery risk, (5) psychological risk, (6) social risk, (7) required trust level, (8) preference toward an e-tailer. The statistical package, SPSS 17.0, was used to test the internal consistency among the items within the individual measures. Based on the Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficients of the individual measure, the reliability of all the variables is supported. Meanwhile, the Amos 18.0 package was employed to perform a confirmatory factor analysis designed to assess the unidimensionality of the measures. The goodness of fit for the measurement model was satisfied. Unidimensionality was tested using convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity. The statistical evidences proved that the three types of validity were all satisfied. Now the structured equation modeling technique was used to analyze the individual paths along the relationships among the research constructs. The results indicated that enduring involvement has significant positive relationships with all the five components of perceived risk, while only performance risk is significantly related to trust level required by consumers for purchase. It can be inferred from the findings that product performance problems are mostly likely to occur when a merchant behaves in an opportunistic manner. Positive relationships were also found between involvement and required trust level and between required trust level and online merchant choice. Enduring involvement is concerned with the pleasure a consumer derives from a product class and/or with the desire for knowledge for the product class, and thus is likely to motivate the consumer to look for ways of mitigating perceived risk by requiring a higher level of trust on the part of the online merchant. Likewise, a consumer requiring a high level of trust on the merchant will choose a digital storefront rather than an e-marketplace, since a digital storefront is believed to be trustworthier than an e-marketplace, as it fulfills orders by itself rather than acting as an intermediary. The findings of the present research provide both academic and practical implications. The first academic implication is that enduring product involvement is a strong motivator of consumer responses, especially the selection of a merchant, in the context of electronic shopping. Secondly, academicians are advised to pay attention to the finding that an individual component or type of perceived risk can be used as an important research construct, since it would allow one to pinpoint the specific types of risk that are influenced by antecedents or that influence consequents. Meanwhile, our research provides implications useful for online merchants (both online storefronts and e-marketplaces). Merchants may develop strategies to attract consumers by managing perceived performance risk involved in purchase decisions, since it was found to have significant positive relationship with the level of trust required by a consumer on the part of the merchant. One way to manage performance risk would be to thoroughly examine the product before shipping to ensure that it has no deficiencies or flaws. Secondly, digital storefronts are advised to focus on symbolic goods (e.g., cars, cell phones, fashion outfits, and handbags) in which consumers are relatively more involved than others, whereas e- marketplaces should put their emphasis on non-symbolic goods (e.g., drinks, books, MP3 players, and bike accessories).

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.27-52
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• 2010

그동안 기업의 사회적 책임활동에 대한 척도개발이 국·내외적으로 일부 연구자들에서 수행되어져 왔지만, 기업의 사회적 책임활동을 측정하고 있는 구성개념(측정항목)들에 대한 이론적 배경의 결핍과 기업의 네 가지 사회적 책임활동 차원이 과연 서로 이질적인 차원인지에 대한 의문이 제기되었다. 또한, 기업의 사회적 책임활동과 관련된 지난 30년간 발표된 정량적 분석에 의하면, 대부분의 연구들이 측정항목과 방법론 측면에서 많은 문제점을 보이고 있다. 이처럼 기업의 사회적 책임활동 (CSR)에 대한 학문적 관심은 오래 지속되고 있지만, 기업의 사회적 책임차원 (경제적, 법률적, 윤리적, 자선적 책임)에 대하여 소비자들이 어떻게 바라보는지, 혹은 어떻게 인지하는지에 대해 측정할 수 있는 척도가 미흡한 실정이다. 특히 기업의 사회적 책임활동에 대한 척도가 서구사회 위주로 개발되어 국내에서 인용되다보니, 국내 특성에 맞는 기업의 사회적 책임활동을 측정할 수 있는 척도가 미흡하였다. 이에 본 연구는 다양한 이해관계들을 대상을 집단면접(FGI)을 실시하여 국내 상황에 맞는 척도를 개발하였고, 본 연구에서 개발된 새로운 척도가 기존 척도에 비하여 더 높은 예측력을 지니는지를 간접적으로 증명하였다. 본 연구결과를 통해 새롭게 개발된 기업의 사회적 책임활동에 대한 척도는 다음과 같다. 우선, 경제적 책임은 '제품의 품질개선 노력', '고객의 불평처리에 대한 체계구축', '이윤창출을 통한 국가 경제발전 이바지', '고용창출 노력', 법률적 책임으로는 '법적기준 준수', '직원들의 복지추구와 고용 관련법 준수', '명시된 계약적 책임이행', '기업경영 관련법 준수', '소비자보호법 준수', 윤리적 책임으로는 '윤리강령 지침마련', '과장광고나 허위광고', '투명경영', '사업파트너와의 공정한 거래', 자선적 책임으로는 '지역사회와의 협력사업', '스포츠 및 문화활동 지원', '지역사회 봉사', '사회환원' 등이다. 연구결과는 국내 기업들에게 경제적 책임활동의 중요성을 다시 한 번 인지시키고 있으며, 특히 국내 기업들에게 자사의 사회적 책임활동을 진단하는데 중요한 실무적인 시사점을 제시할 것이다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.59-88
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• 2008

Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer's need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer's mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer's interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer's perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer's perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer's perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don't know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs 'similar-to-Cellular phone' segment or 'similar-to-TV' segment? However, we analyze the AD's effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with perception after AD. Comparisons are made for each segment and for each AD. For the segment who perceives DMB similar to TV, AD that describes DMB as cellular phone could change the prior perception. And AD that describes DMB as personal TV, could enforce the prior perception. For data collection, subjects are selected from undergraduate students because they have basic knowledge about most digital equipments and have open attitude about a new product and media. Total number of subjects is 240. In order to measure perception about DMB, we use indirect measurement, comparison with other similar digital products. To select similar digital products, we pre-survey students and then finally select PDA, Car-TV, Cellular Phone, MP3 player, TV, and PSP. Quasi experiment is done at several classes under instructor's allowance. After brief introduction, prior knowledge, awareness, and usage about DMB as well as other digital instruments is asked and their similarities and perceived characteristics are measured. And then, two kinds of manipulated color-printed AD are distributed and similarities and perceived characteristics for DMB are re-measured. Finally purchase intension, AD attitude, manipulation check, and demographic variables are asked. Subjects are given small gift for participation. Stimuli are color-printed advertising. Their actual size is A4 and made after several pre-test from AD professionals and students. As results, consumers are segmented into two subgroups based on their perceptions of DMB. Similarity measure between DMB and cellular phone and similarity measure between DMB and TV are used to classify consumers. If subject whose first measure is less than the second measure, she is classified into segment A and segment A is characterized as they perceive DMB like TV. Otherwise, they are classified as segment B, who perceives DMB like cellular phone. Discriminant analysis on these groups with their characteristics of usage and attitude shows that Segment A knows much about DMB and uses a lot of digital instrument. Segment B, who thinks DMB as cellular phone doesn't know well about DMB and not familiar with other digital instruments. So, consumers with higher knowledge perceive DMB similar to TV because launching DMB advertising lead consumer think DMB as TV. Consumers with less interest on digital products don't know well about DMB AD and then think DMB as cellular phone. In order to investigate perceptions of DMB as well as other digital instruments, we apply Proxscal analysis, Multidimensional Scaling technique at SPSS statistical package. At first step, subjects are presented 21 pairs of 7 digital instruments and evaluate similarity judgments on 7 point scale. And for each segment, their similarity judgments are averaged and similarity matrix is made. Secondly, Proxscal analysis of segment A and B are done. At third stage, get similarity judgment between DMB and other digital instruments after AD exposure. Lastly, similarity judgments of group A-1, A-2, B-1, and B-2 are named as 'after DMB' and put them into matrix made at the first stage. Then apply Proxscal analysis on these matrixes and check the positional difference of DMB and after DMB. The results show that map of segment A, who perceives DMB similar as TV, shows that DMB position closer to TV than to Cellular phone as expected. Map of segment B, who perceive DMB similar as cellular phone shows that DMB position closer to Cellular phone than to TV as expected. Stress value and R-square is acceptable. And, change results after stimuli, manipulated Advertising show that AD makes DMB perception bent toward Cellular phone when Cellular phone-like AD is exposed, and that DMB positioning move towards Car-TV which is more personalized one when TV-like AD is exposed. It is true for both segment, A and B, consistently. Furthermore, the paper apply correspondence analysis to the same data and find almost the same results. The paper answers two main research questions. The first one is that perception about a new product is made mainly from prior experience. And the second one is that AD is effective in changing and enforcing perception. In addition to above, we extend perception change to purchase intention. Purchase intention is high when AD enforces original perception. AD that shows DMB like TV makes worst intention. This paper has limitations and issues to be pursed in near future. Methodologically, current methodology can't provide statistical test on the perceptual change, since classical MDS models, like Proxscal and correspondence analysis are not probability models. So, a new probability MDS model for testing hypothesis about configuration needs to be developed. Next, advertising message needs to be developed more rigorously from theoretical and managerial perspective. Also experimental procedure could be improved for more realistic data collection. For example, web-based experiment and real product stimuli and multimedia presentation could be employed. Or, one can display products together in simulated shop. In addition, demand and social desirability threats of internal validity could influence on the results. In order to handle the threats, results of the model-intended advertising and other "pseudo" advertising could be compared. Furthermore, one can try various level of innovativeness in order to check whether it make any different results (cf. Moon 2006). In addition, if one can create hypothetical product that is really innovative and new for research, it helps to make a vacant impression status and then to study how to form impression in more rigorous way.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제9권
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• pp.555-652
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• 1996

Up to the present the scholastic achievements in the history of the medical system have been rather scare despite its importance in the Korean History. Hence, this dissertation attempts to examine the significance of the institute in the Korean History, covering the period from the ancient times through the early Chosun-Dynasty. In the ancient times, the medical practice relied primarily upon human instincts and experiences at the same time, shaman's incantations were widely believed to cure diseases, the workings of evil spirits supposedly. For the period from the Old Chosun through Samhan(巫堂), Chinese refugees brought a long medical knowledge and skills of the continent. New Chinese medicine, traditional practices and incantations were generally used at this time. Medicine and the medical system were arranged by the period of the Three Countries(三國時代). No definite record concerning Koguryo remains now. As for Paekje, however, history shows that they set up the system under the Chinese influence, assigning medical posts such as Euibaksa(medical doctor), Chaeyaksa(pharmacist), and Jukeumsa(medicine man) within Yakbu(department of medicine). Scientifically advanced, they sent experts to Japan, giving a tremendous influence on the development of the science on ancient Japan. After the unification of the three countries, Shilla had their own system after the model of Dang(唐). This system of the Unified Shilla was continued down to Koryo and became the backbone of the future ones. In the ancient time religion and medicine were closely related. The curative function of the shaman was absolute. Buddhism played a notable part in medical practice, too, producing numerous medical monks. The medical system of Koryo followed the model of Dang with some borrowings from Song(宋). Sangyakkuk(尙藥局) was to deal exclusively with the diseases of the monarch whereas Taeeuigam(太醫監) was the central office to handle the national medical administration and the qualification test and education for doctors. In addition, Dongsodaebiwon(東西大悲院), Jewibo(濟危寶), and Hyeminkuk(惠民局) were public hospitals for the people, and a few aristocrats practiced medicine privately. In 987, the 6th year of Songjong(成宗), local medical operations were installed for curing the sick and educating medical students. Later Hyonjong(顯宗), established Yakjom(clinics, 藥店) throughout the country and officials were sent there to see patients. Foreign experts, mainly from Song, were invited frequently to deliver their advanced technology, and contributed to the great progress of the science in Korea. Medical officials were equipped with better land and salary than others, enjoying appropriate social respect. Koryo exchanged doctors, medicine and books mainly with Song, but also had substantial interrelations with Yuan(元), Ming(明), Kitan(契丹), Yojin(女眞), and Japan. Among them, however, Song was most influential to the development of medicine in Koryo. During Koryo Dynasty Buddhism, the national religion at the time, exercised bigger effect on medicine than in any other period. By conducting national ceremonies and public rituals to cure diseases, Taoism also affected the way people regarded illness. Curative shamanism was still in practice as well. These religious practices, however, were now engaged only when medication was already in use or when medicine could not held not help any more. The advanced medical system of Koryo were handed down to Chosun and served the basis for further progress. Hence, then played well the role to connect the ancient medicine and the modern one. The early Chosun followed and systemized the scientific and technical achievement in medicine during the Koryo Dynasty, and furthermore, founded the basis of the future developments. Especially the 70 years approximately from the reign of Sejong(世宗) to that of Songjong(成宗) withnessed a termendous progress in the field with the reestablishment of the medical system. The functions of the three medical institute Naeeuiwon(內醫院), Joneuigam(典醫監), Hyeminkuk(惠民局) were expanded. The second, particualy, not only systemized all the medical practices of the whole nation, but also grew and distributed domestic medicaments which had been continually developed since the late Koryo period. In addition, Hyeminso(惠民局, Hwarinwon(活人院)) and Jesaenwon(濟生院)(later merged to the first) played certain parts in the curing illness. Despite the active medical education in the capital and the country, the results were not substantial, for the aristocracy avoided the profession due to the social prejudice against technicians including medical docotors. During the early Chosun-Dynasty, the science was divided into Chimgueui (acupuncturist), Naryogeui(specialist in scrofula) and Chijongeui (specialist in boil). For the textbooks, those for the qualification exam were used, including several written by the natives. With the introduction on Neoconfucianism(性理學) which reinforced sexual segregation, female doctors appeared for the female patients who refused to be seen by male doctors. This system first appeared in 1406, the sixth year of Taejong(太宗), but finally set up during the reign of Sejong. As slaves to the offices, the lowest class, female doctors drew no respect. However, this is still significant in the aspect of women's participation in society. They were precedents of midwives. Medical officials were selected through the civil exam and a special test. Those who passed exams were given temporary jobs and took permanent posts later. At that time the test score, the work experience and the performance record of the prospective doctor were all taken into consideration, for it was a specialized office. Most doctors were given posts that changed every six months, and therefore had fewer chances for a goverment office than the aristocracy. At the beginning the social status of those in medicine was not that low, but with the prejudice gradully rising among the aristocracy, it became generally agreed to belong to the upper-middle technician class. Dealing with life, however, they received social respect and courtesy from the public. Sometimes they collected wealth with their skills. They kept improving techniques and finally came to take an important share in modernization process during the late Chosun-Dynasty.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제9권
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• pp.432-552
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• 1996

The influence of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era(金元代) on the completion of the medicine in the Chosun dynasty(朝鮮朝) can be summarized as follows. 1. The four noted physicians of Geum-Won era were Yoo-Wan-So(劉完素), Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正), Lee-Go(李杲), Ju-Jin-Heung(朱震亨). 2. Yoo-Wan-So(劉完索) made his theory on the basic of Nae-Kyung("內經") and Sane-Han-Lon("傷寒論"), his idea of medicine was characterized in his books, for exemple, application of O-Oon-Yuk-Ki(五運六氣), Ju-Wha theory(主火論) and hang-hae-seng-je theory(亢害承制論). from his theory and method of study, many deviations of oriental medicine occurred. He made an effort for study of Nae-Kyung, which had been depressed for many years, on the contrary of the way old study that Nae-Kyung had been only explained or revised, he applied the theory of Nae-Kyung to clinical care. The theory of Yuk-Gi-Byung-Gi(六氣病機) and On-Yeul-Byung(溫熱病) had much influenced on his students and posterities, not to mention Jang-Ja-Wha and Ju-Jin-Heung, who were among the four noted physicians therefore he became the father of Yuk-Gi(六氣) and On-Yeul(溫熱) schools. 3. Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正) emulated Yoo-Wan-So as a model, and followed his Yuk-Gi-Chi-Byung(六氣致病) theory, but he insisted on the use of the chiaphoretic, the emetic and the paregoric to get rid of the causes, specially he insisted on the use of the paregoric, so they called him Gong-Ha-Pa(攻下派). He insisted on the theory that if we would strenthen ourselves we should use food, id get rid of cause, should use the paregoric, emetic and diaphoretic. Jang-Jong-Jung'S Gang-Sim-Wha(降心火) theory, which he improved Yoo-Wan-So's Han-Ryang(寒凉) theory influenced to originate Ju-Jin-Heung'S Ja-Eum-Gang-Wha(滋陰降火) theory. 4. Lee-Go(李杲) insisted on the theory that Bi-Wi(脾胃) played a loading role in the physiological function and pathological change, and that the internal disease was originated by the need of Gi(氣) came from the disorder of digestive organs, and that the causes of internal disease were the irregular meal, the overwork, and mental shock. Lee-Go made an effort for study about the struggle of Jung-Sa(正邪) and in the theory of the prescription he asserted the method of Seung-Yang-Bo-Gi(升陽補氣), but he also used the method of Go-Han-Gang-Wha(苦寒降火). 5. The authors of Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳"), Eui-Hak-Ib-Moon("醫學入門"), and Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") analyzed the medical theory of the four noted physicians and added their own experiences. They helped organizing existing complicated theories of the four noted physicians imported in our country, and affected the formation of medical science in the Choson dynasty largely. Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳") was written by Woo-Dan(虞槫), in this book, he quoted the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, especially, Ju-Jin-Heung was respected by him, it affected the writing of Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要"). Eui-Hak-ib-Moon("醫學入門"), written by Lee-Chun(李杲), followed the medical science of Lee-Go and ju-jin-heung from the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. Its characteristics of Taoism, idea of caring of health, and organization affected Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). Gong-Jung-Hyun(龔延賢) wrote Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") using the best part of the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, this book affected Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") partly. 6. our medical science was developed from the experience of the treatment of disease obtained from human life, these medical knowledge was arranged and organized in Hyang-Yak-Jib-Sung-Bang("鄕藥集成方"), medical books imported from China was organized in Eui-Bang-Yoo-Chwi("醫方類聚"), which formed the base of medical development in the Chosun dynasty. 7. Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要") was written by Jung-Kyung-Sun(鄭敬先) and revised by Yang-Yui-Soo(楊禮壽). It was written on the base of Woo-Dan's Eui-Jung-Jun, which compiled the medical science of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. It contained confusing theories of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era and organized medical books of Myung era, therefore it completed the basic form of Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治) influenced the writing of Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). 8. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑") was written on the base of basic theory of Eum-Yang-O-Haeng(陰陽五行) and the theory of respondence of heaven and man(天人相應說) in Nae-Kyung. It contained several theories and knowledge, such as the theory of Essence(精), vitalforce(氣), and spirit(神) of Taoism, medical science of geum-won era, our original medical knowledge and experience. It had established the basic organization of our medical science and completed the Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham developed medical science from simple medical treatment to protective medical science by caring of health. And it also discussed human cultivation and Huh-Joon's(許浚) own view of human life through the book. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham adopted most part of Lee-Go(李杲) and Ju-Jin-Heung's(朱震亨) theory and new theory of "The kidney is the basis of apriority. The spleen is the basis of posterior", so it emphasized the role of spleen and kidney(脾腎) for Jang-Boo-Byung-Gi(臟腑病機). It contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of the cause and treatment of disease by colour or fatness of man(black or white, fat or thin). It also contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of "phlegm break out fever, fever break out palsy"(痰生熱 熱生風) and the theory of Sang-Wha(相火論). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham contained Lee-Go's theory of Wha-Yu-Won-Bool-Yang-Lib (火與元氣不兩立論) quoted the theory of Bi-Wi(脾胃論) and the theory of Nae-Oi-Sang-Byun(內外傷辨). For the use of medicine, it followed the theory by Lee-Go. lt used Yoo-Wan-So'S theory of Oh-Gi-Kwa-Keug-Gae-Wi-Yul-Byung(五志過極皆爲熱病) for the treatment of hurt-spirit(傷神) because fever was considered as the cause of disease. It also used Jang-Jons-Jung's theory of Saeng-Keug-Je-Seung(生克制勝) for the treatment of mental disease. 9. Lee-je-ma's Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") adopted medical theories of Song-Won-Myung era and analyzed these theories using the physical constitutional theory of Sa-Sang-In(四象人). It added Dong-Mu's main idea to complete the theory and clinics of Sa-Sang-Eui-Hak(四象醫學). Lee-Je-Ma didn't quote the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era to discuss that the physical constitutional theory of disease and medicine from Tae-Eum-In(太陰人), So-Yang-In(少陽人), So-Eum-In(少陰人), and Tae-Yang-In(太陽人) was invented from their theories.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2012

본 연구는 커피 시장에 대한 시장 규모가 커지고 점차 확대되고 있는 대형 브랜드 커피전문점을 중심으로 점포선택 속성(가격, 종업원서비스, 점포의 입지, 점포 분위기)을 4가지로 규정하여, 그 선택속성들과 커피전문점 이용자의 특성이 어떠한 관계가 있는 가를 알아보자 하였으며, 또한 커피전문점의 브랜드 태도에는 어떠한 영향을 미치는 바를 조사하였다. 그 결과 이용자의 특성에 따라 차이가 났지만 점포선택속성 중 점포의 분위기와 점포입지가 점포선택 속성에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이러한 결과를 토대로 본 연구는 커피전문점이 충성고객을 확보하기 위해 어떠한 속성에 중점을 두어야 하며 아울러 소비자의 욕구에 부합되는 선택 속성을 연구하고자 한다. 특히, 유통학문의 연구방법론은 크게 2가지로 규범적 연구방법론, 실증적 연구방법론(경험적 분석기법, 통계적 분석기법)이 있는데, 이중에 본 연구는 실증적 연구방법론중에서 통계적 분석기법을 활용한다. 본 연구의 한계점으로는 첫째, 응답자의 분포가 수도권에 편중되어 있다는 것이다. 본 연구에 이용된 2차 자료를 보면 서울지역의 응답자 수는 경기도 지역에 비해 압도적으로 많았고 경기도 지역의 응답자 수 또한 6대 광역시에 비해 압도적으로 많았다. 따라서 지역 표본이 해당 지역의 모집단을 대표하는데 어느 정도의 한계가 있다고 판단된다. 둘째, 응답자의 비율을 측정척도로 사용한 점이다. 본 연구에서 점포선택속성에 대한 지각정도와 브랜드 선호도를 측정함에 있어서 응답자의 비율을 척도로 사용하였는데 이를 통해 점포선택속성과 브랜드 선호도 간의 관계, 집단 간 차이를 비교적 정확하게 규명하기에는 한계가 따른다. 따라서 향후 연구에서는 위의 한계점을 보완하고 다음과 같은 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이라 판단된다. 커피전문점들이 점차 지방으로 확대되어 가고 있는 추세에 비추어 볼 때, 6대 광역시 뿐만 아니라 지방 소도시의 소비자들까지 포함하여 설문조사를 실행하여 1차 자료를 수집하는 것이다. 특히 설문조사에서 관련된 변수들을 리커트 척도로 측정하되 점포선택속성에 대한 지각정도, 브랜드 선호도 외에도 재 구매의도까지 포함시킬 수 있다. 따라서 상관관계분석, 다중회귀분석, 분산분석 등을 통해 더욱 정교한 실증분석을 실행하여 소비자의 태도와 행동에 대한 보다 세밀한 분석결과를 도출해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.49-64
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• 2006

본 연구는 중등학교 가정과 교사들을 대상으로 웹 콘텐츠 자료 활용과 개발에 대해 알아보고, 가정과 수업에서 웹 콘텐츠 자료 활용 및 개발에 대한 보다 효율적인 방안을 모색하는데 필요한 기초 자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 조사 대상은 전국에 소재한 중등학교 가정과 교사 312명이었고, 조사 도구는 질문지를 사용하였으며, 조사 대상자의 일반적 특성, 웹 콘텐츠 자료 활용수업에 대한 가정과 교사의 인식과 웹 콘텐츠 자료 개발에 대한 요구 사항을 22문항으로 구성하였다. 수집된 자료는 SAS/PC program을 사용하여 조사 대상자의 일반적인 특성과 가정과 교사의 웹 콘텐츠 활용 인식 및 개발요구를 파악하기 위해 빈도와 백분율로 산출하였고, 근무학교 및 교육 경력에 따른 차이를 분석하기 위해 일원변량 분산분석(ANOVA)을 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 웹 콘텐츠 활용 수업에 대한 인식 정도는 88.5% 가정과 교사가 의미를 정확히 파악하고 있었으며, 웹 콘텐츠 자료가 가정과 교수 학습 자료 준비에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석 결과는 90.4%의 가정과 교사가 교수 학습 활동에 도움을 줄 것이라고 하였다. 그리고 웹 콘텐츠 자료 활용 수업이 가정과 수업의 질 향상에 도움이 된다고 긍정적으로 생각하는 가정과 교사가 80.1%로 나타났다. 둘째, 웹 콘텐츠 자료를 학습 효과의 극대화를 위해 수업에 활용하고 있었으며, 활용하지 않은 가정과 교사들은 교실환경 시설이 갖춰지지 않아서가 43.2%, 수업 자료 제작 기간이 길어서가 37.8%로 나타났다. 셋째, 웹 콘텐츠 자료 중 가장 많이 활용하는 자료의 형태는 프리젠테이션 자료 48.4%, 멀티미디어 학습 자료 23.7%, 동영상자료 19.9%로 나타났다. 넷째, 안으로 개발되었으면 하는 웹 콘텐츠 자료는 단원별로 살펴보면 가족생활과 주거, 자원의 관리와 환경, 의복 마련과 관리 순으로 개발을 희망했고, 수업 단계는 보충 심화 학습 자료, 학습 내용 정리, 동기 유발 단계 순으로 자료 개발을 희망했으며, 자료 형태는 동영상자료 56.7%, 멀티미디어 자료 형태를 32.4%의 순으로 개발을 희망하였다. 다섯째, 주로 사용하는 웹 사이트는 가정과 교사나 교과 연구회에서 운영하는 사이트를 46.2%, 에듀넷이나 한국교육학술정보원(KERIS) 사이트는 30.8%가 활용하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 학습 자료 개발은 제작 능력이 있는 가정과 교사들이 교과 연구회를 만들어 공동으로 제작 할 수 있기를 희망하고 있었다. 시대적인 변화와 교육 환경의 변화로 웹 콘텐츠 자료를 활용한 교수 학습 방법이 중요한 도구로 인식되고 있다. 특히 가정 교과는 일상생활에 필요한 기초적인 경험을 실생활과 접목시켜 종합적으로 다루는 교과이기 때문에 다양하고 창의적인 콘텐츠가 절실히 요구되는 실정이다. 본 연구의 결과들에서 제시한 여러 가지 사항들을 고려하여 웹 콘텐츠 자료 활용과 개발이 이루어진다면 보다 효율적인 교수 학습이 이루어질 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.1064-1072
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• 2010

급식소 오븐 사용실태와 사용효과를 평가하고자 대구 경북지역 학교급식소를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 조사대상 오븐사용 학교급식소는 도시형이 75.0%, 농 어촌형이 22.7%, 도서 벽지형이 2.3%였고, 급식생산방식은 한 번에 조리가 75.0%, 분산조리가 25.0%였다. 오븐을 이용하는 조리법은 구이류(95.5%), 찜류(86.4%), 조림류(61.4%)의 순이었다. 오븐사용에 대한 기대효과-사용효과 분석결과 전체 항목 중 다양한 메뉴 생산 가능, 음식맛의 향상, 음식 모양 형태 유지 용이, 음식의 표준화, 구이류 조리 개선, 찜류 조리개선, 조림류 조리 개선, 조리시간 단축, 작업조작의 단순화, 조리완료시간의 정확성, 최종 조리음식의 위생 확보, 작업장 온도 관리 용이, 급식생산관리에 미치는 총체적인 효과 등 총 13개 항목(48.1%)에서 기대효과와 사용효과가 모두 높았다. 그리고 조리인력 감소, 조리장 위생 개선, 조리원 업무만족도 향상, 조리원에게 작업지시 용이 등 총 4항목은 기대효과에 비해 사용효과가 높게 평가되었다. 또한 도시형 학교급식소의 경우 농어촌형 급식소에 비해 총 8개 항목에서 오븐 사용효과가 높게 평가되었다. 볶음솥과 환기팬의 구비율은 오븐 미사용 급식소가 오븐 사용 급식소보다 유의적으로 높았고, 오븐 사용 급식소가 오븐 미사용 급식소보다 전체적으로 기기용량이 더 충분한 것으로 평가되었다. 본 연구 결과를 종합해볼 때 급식생산시 오븐 등의 대량조리기기를 적극적으로 도입하여 활용한다면 급식대상자의 기호도가 높았던 메뉴 중 인력과 조리기기의 부족 등으로 제공할 수 없었던 메뉴의 제공이 가능해질 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 조리장과 최종 조리음식의 위생관리도 용이해짐에 따라 급식만족도의 향상과 더불어 급식의 질적 향상을 도모할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 따라서 학교급식의 효율적인 운영과 질적 향상을 위해서는 빠른 시일 내에 학교급식소 시설 설비의 현대화 및 자동화를 실현해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.118-129
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 산림치유 프로그램 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 본 연구는 탐색적 연구로 산림치유 잠재수요자의 산림치유 프로그램 선호도가 무엇인지 파악하게 함으로써, 산림치유 프로그램을 개발하고 운영하는데 중요한 기초자료가 될 것이라고 생각된다. 일반 성인 남 여 620명을 대상으로 산림치유 프로그램의 선호도에 관한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을 사용하여 빈도분석(Frequency analysis), T검정(T-test), 일원분산분석(One-way ANOVA)을 통해 성별, 연령, 직업에 따른 산림치유 프로그램 선호도의 차이를 살펴보았다. 산림치유 프로그램 선호도가 성별, 연령, 직업 등에 따라 다양하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 첫째, 성별에 따라, 남성은 여성에 비해 숲속 운동회, 캠핑을 선호하고, 여성은 남성에 비해 전반적인 프로그램에서 선호도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 연령에 따라서 다른 연령과 비교해서 20대는 스트레스 평가와 진단, 음식 만들기, 숲속 사진치료 등, 30대는 자유롭게 숲속 걷기, 상담, 강의 듣기(스트레스, 대인관계 관련), 비전 세우기 등, 40대는 명상, 경관보기, 삼림욕, 풍욕, 일광욕, 맨발로 숲속 걷기 등, 50대는 호흡법 호흡체조, 요가, 등산, 묵언 산행, 자연음식 먹기 등의 프로그램을 각각 특히 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 직업에 따른 산림치유 프로그램 선호도를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 다른 직업과 비교해서 학생은 스트레스 평가와 진단, 음식 만들기 등을, 교사는 자유롭게 숲속걷기, 등산, 숲속 독서, 경관보기, 삼림욕 풍욕 일광욕, 캠핑 등을, 주부는 요가, 물 흐르는 소리 듣기, 허브차 마시기, 자연음식 먹기 등을, 전문 연구직은 호흡법 호흡체조, 묵언산행, 명상, 숲속 잠자기 등을 각각 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 분석 결과가 성인을 대상으로 하는 산림치유 프로그램 개발을 위한 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.