• International Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.95-110
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this research is to analyze how appropriately the sizing of domestically produced children's wear compares to children's sizes; it is based on an anthropometric survey conducted in 1998. By discovering and understanding discrepancies between the sizing system of children s wear and the real size of children, this study aims to suggest solutions that will lead to increased comfort and more suitable fitting in children's clothes. This research analyzes and compares 'the extent of growth between age groups' with 'the difference in sizing system in use by manufacturers'. The study focused on aged 4 to 12 children, who are usually divided in two groups; primary students and toddlers. In total, seven sizes were selected: bust, waist, and hip (which are girth sizes), and height, back neck to waist (top length), sleeve length, and waist to ankle (slacks length) as representing length. The results of this research are analyzed by basing on the actual increments between the sizes of children's wear in certain basic items rather than sizes themselves because each size quite differed according to companies, items and designs. Significantly, the increase in the sizing was not as great as the average biennial growth rate of children. The consequences are poorer fit and unsuitable representative value for each age group because the actual sizes of children increasingly differ from the sample size. Observing the increments in several sizes, we found that 81.8% of the companies used the certain and equal increases for grading sizes in sleeve length, waist, and bust. In addition, 72.7% of the companies adopted the same increments between sizes in height and hip girth, and 63.6% also chose equal increments in T-shirt length for making smaller or bigger sizes from the sample size. However, sleeve length and pant length were the components that displayed the most varied sizing. Interestingly, the few companies that used different increments between size groups, adopted the change only between one or two size groups, instead of all sizes. In conclusion, this research reveals the unsuitability of the current sizing system and the necessity to increase consumer confidence in the size tags on children's wear by modifying the system to reflect the actual growth of children. The results can also contribute to future study on the development of a new and more accurate sizing system for children's wear.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1982

밀도(密度)가 다른 동일시료토(同-試料土)에 시멘트계(系), 물유리계(系) 및 아크릴아미드계(系) 등의 약액(藥液)을 침투주입(浸透注入)시켜 고결토(固結土)에 대한 토질성상변화(土賢性狀變化)를 구명(究明)한 것이다. 더욱, 매우 잘 다져진 지반(地盤) 그리고 유수중(流水中)에서의 주입효과(注入効果)를 검토(檢討)하기 위하여 1액(液) 1계류식(系流式)과 2액(液) 1계류식(系流式)의 특수주입장치(特殊注入裝置)를 설계제작(設計製作)하여 침투주입(浸透注入)을 시도(試圖)하였다. 고결토(固結土)의 전단강도(剪斷强度) 및 차수효과(遮水効果)의 증대(增大)는 주로 점착력(粘着力)에 의한 것으로서 느슨한 상태의 경우는 박막점착력(薄膜粘着力)에 의해서, 조밀한 경우는 구조성점착력(構造性粘着力)에 의해서 증대(增大)된다. 유수중(流水中)에서의 주입효과(注入効果)는 매우 저하(低下)하여 유속(流速) 및 gel time의 변화(變化)에 따라 45~80%의 유효고결률(有効固結率)이 얻어졌으며, 더욱 주입재(注入材)의 입도(粒度)는 침투성(浸透性) 및 이동거리(移動距離)에는 크게 영향(影響)을 미치나 유효고결률(有効固結率)에는 별다른 영향(影響)이 없다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 관입저항분포도(貫入低抗分布圖)와 등강도곡선(等强度曲線)에 의해 다짐정도(程度)가 매우 큰 지반(地盤)에 대한 고결범위(固結範圍), 고결강도(固結强度) 및 약액침투상황(藥液浸透狀況) 등의 주입효과(注入効果)를 합리적(合理的)으로 판정(判定)할 수 있었다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.158-166
• /
• 2016

Purpose: To understand clinical significance of irregular interface between meningioma and adjacent brain parenchyma in predicting histological grading of tumor, focusing on brain parenchymal invasion. Materials and Methods: Pathologically confirmed 79 cases with meningiomas with pathological reports about the presence of parenchymal invasion were included. We defined the presence of interface irregularity as either spiculations or fuzzy margins between the tumor and brain parenchyma. We counted number of spiculations and measured ratio of fuzzy margin length to whole length of mass with consensus of two neuroradiologists. We classified the patients into Present group and Absent group, and the two groups were compared by using the Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical correlations between the presence of an interface irregularity and brain parenchymal invasion by the tumor as well as meningioma histological grade were tested with chi-square test. The optimal cutoff values of spiculation numbers and the ratio of fuzzy margins were determined. The sensitivity and specificity of number of spiculations, ratio of fuzzy margin and the presence of irregular interface as combined parameters for predicting the parenchymal invasion were calculated using ROC curve analysis. Results: Statistically significant differences were noted between the Present and Absent groups for number of spiculations and ratio of fuzzy margin (P = 0.038 and P = 0.028, respectively). The optimal cutoff value for number of spiculations (> 4.5 with 61.1% sensitivity and 68.9% specificity) and the ratio of fuzzy margin (> 0.24 with 66.7% sensitivity and 65.6% specificity) were determined. The sensitivity and specificity of interface irregularity as the combined parameters were 72% and 59%, respectively. The interface irregularity between tumor and brain parenchyma significantly correlated with not only brain parenchymal invasion (P = 0.001) and but also histological grade (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The interface irregularity between tumor and brain parenchyma in MRI can be a strong predictive factor for brain parenchymal invasion and high grade meningioma.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제46권11호
• /
• pp.1107-1111
• /
• 2003

목 적 : 진행된 신경모세포종 환아의 약물치료 후 수술한 예에서 조직변화를 관찰하여 예후와의 상관관계를 알아보고자 이 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 1991년 1월부터 2000년 6월까지 계명대학교 동산병원 소아과에서 진단된 신경모세포종 환아 중 항암치료 후 종양절제를 시행한 6례를 대상으로 하였다. 진단 당시 침생검소견과 항암치료 후 조직소견에서 신경모세포의 분화정도와 핵 모양 및 간질조직의 기질화 양상과 석회와 유무 등을 비교하여 변형된 Shimada 분류에 따라 분류하였다 결 과 : 항암치료 전과 후에 조직소견의 변화를 관찰하였으며 변형된 Shimada 분류에 따라 2가지 예후군으로 분류하였으며, 좋은 예후군 3례 중 2명은 생존해 있으며, 1명은 추적되지 않고 사망한 것으로 추정하였으며, 나쁜 예후군의 3례는 각각 패혈증과 retinoic acid 복용 중 발생한 출혈성 췌장염으로 사망하였다. 결 론 : 항암치료 전과 후에 조직소견의 변화를 관찰하였으며 Shimada 분류에 따라 비교하고, 치료 후 종양세포의 성숙을 관찰하였으며, 좋은 예후군에서 생존수가 많은 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.170-177
• /
• 2008

목적 : 순차적인 뇌초음파 검사 후 신생아 중환자실을 퇴원하는 고위험 환아에서 시행한 자기 공명 영상의 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 총 121명의 신생아에서 시행한 412 초음파와 121 자기공명 영상을 후향적으로 분석하여 초음파 검사에서 발견된 뇌병변과 자기 공명영상에서 발견된 병변을 비교하였다. 뇌병변은 배아기질 출혈 및 뇌실 내 출혈, 그 밖의 여러 출혈과 뇌실질 손상을 중심으로 비교 분석하였다. 결과 : 총 242개의 측뇌실 중 30뇌실의 배아기질 출혈 (GMH)을 초음파로 진단하였고 자기공명영상으로 7개의 GMH를 추가로 진단할 수 있었으며 46개 뇌실의 출혈 (IVH)을 추가로 진단하였다. 출혈의 1/2/3/4 등급은 초음파에서 각각 24/8/13/0 뇌실에서 진단하였고 자기공명영상에서 3/49/10/2 뇌실에서 진단하였다. 그 외에 자기공명영상에서 대뇌 출혈 (4예), 소뇌 출혈(4예), 경막하 및 지주막하 출혈 (8예), 미만성 백질 신호강도 변화 (72예), 조직손실이 없는 작은 실질 병변 (4예), 뇌연화증 (2예), 그리고 뇌실확장 (5예)이 추가로 발견되었다. 결론 : 자기공명영상은 초음파 검사 후 두개강내 출혈과 뇌실질 손상을 추가적으로 진단하는 유용한 검사였으며 특히 뇌실 출혈과 백질 손상의 진단에 우수한 반면 배아기질 출혈은 초음파 추적검사가 더 유용할 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.47-52
• /
• 2008

1. 조사농장의 산란율은 하이라인, 이사브라운 모두 $85{\sim}93%$ 수준 이였으며, 농가자체 파란율은 하이라인 $1.5{\sim}2.2%$, 이사브라운 $1{\sim}1.4%$이었다. 2. 계란 이송단계별 파란발생비율은 집란벨트 4.7%> 엘리베이터 2.5%> 선란기 1.7%> 컨베이어 0.9% 순 이었다. 3. 집란벨트에서 엘리베이터로 이송 중 계란이송가이드를 설치할 경우 약 1%의 파란경감 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 하이라인 브라운은 주령이 높아지면서 파란율은 높아지고, 파각력은 낮아지는 것으로 나타났으며, 회귀계수 분석 유의성은 $R^2=0.7$로 파각력의 변화가 파란율에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 5. 이사브라운에서는 환우 전에 비하여 환우 후 파각력이 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 6. 난각 두께와 파각력, 그리고 접촉 후 파각변위와 파각력과의 관계에서 이들 함수의 변수간에 회귀관계는 유의성이 나타나지 않았다.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.30-36
• /
• 2018

Background and Objectives : The effect of palliative injection laryngoplasty in cancer-related unilateral vocal cord paralysis patients on voice and swallowing function is uncertain and there are few previous studies of its suitability, benefits as a palliative treatment option. The purpose of this study is to confirm the objective results of voice and swallowing function after palliative office-based hyaluronic acid injection laryngoplasty in cancer-related unilateral vocal cord paralysis patients. Materials and Method : 36 patients who had unilateral vocal cord paralysis from non-thyroidal, extralaryngeal neoplasms were included in this study. To evaluate the clinical outcome, we analyzed perceptual GRBAS grading, acoustic analysis, aerodynamic study, Electroglottography (EGG), Voice Handicap Index (VHI-30) about voice function and disability rating scale (DRS), gastric tube dependency, aspiration pneumonia about swallowing function and 36-Item Short Form Survey version 2 (SF-36v2) about quality of life. Results : In GRBAS scale, G (p<0.001), R (p=0.004), B (p=0.001), A (p=0.011), and S (p=0.007) showed significant improvement. Jitter, shimmer, speaking fundamental frequency, maximal phonation time, VHI-30, DRS score, gastric tube dependency, aspiration pneumonia, and SF-36v2 were significantly improved after injection (p=0.016, p=0.011, p=0.045, p=0.005, p<0.001, p<0.001 p=0.003, p<0.001, and p<0.001 respectively). Conclusion : From this study we concluded office-based hyaluronic acid injection can be used as a useful palliative treatment option in cancer-related ill patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Palliative hyaluronic acid injection laryngoplasty avoids the need for tube feeding, thus reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonia. These outcomes are accompanied by significant improvement in voice quality.

• 해양환경안전학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.41-49
• /
• 2005

해양사고가 발생하게 되면 총론적으로는 해원의 형사책임은 자기부죄의 원칙상 해원이 직접 부담하지 아니할 수 없다. 그러므로 해원의 형사책임에 대한 대책은 형사상의 절차(영장실질심사제도, 구속적부심제도 등)를 최대한 이용하여 자신의 형사책임을 줄이는 방법 밖에는 없을 것이다. 기존법률의 개정을 통해 형벌을 낮추는 것도 하나의 방법이 될 것이다. 각론적으로 벌금 관련한 예로서 현행 해양오염방지법상의 과실로 인한 기름유출사고의 벌금인 3천만원은 유출량에 관계없이 최고액수가 벌금으로 나오는 경향이 있으므로 이를 유출량에 따라 차등화 시키는 것도 고려해볼 가치가 있을 것으로 판단된다. P&I의 벌금납부는 일반의 인식과는 달리 P&I가 법적의무를 부담하거나 P&I납부를 인정하는 경우에만 전보가 가능하다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 새로운 집단적 보험이나 공제제도를 신설하는 것도 하나의 대안이 될 것이다. 또한 해원들은 법률적인 문제에 대하여 전문가가 아니므로 법률적인 문제에 연루되게 되면 변호사 등 법률전문가의 조력을 체계적으로 받을 수 있도록 선주협회나 해기사협회 등에서 대안을 마련할 필요가 있다. (예 농어민무료법률구조지원사업 등). 끝으로 별도의 법률을 제정하든지 그렇지 않으면 기존의 교통사고처리특례법을 개정하여 해양사고부분을 삽입하는 것도 대안일 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.1215-1219
• /
• 2016

Background: Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and is a leading cause of cancer death. In the present study, we investigated the NQO1 C609T genotypic and allelic distribution in north Indian breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The genotypic distribution of the NQ01 C609T polymorphism was assessed in 100 invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) breast cancer patients and 100 healthy controls using allele specific PCR (AS-PCR). Results: A lower frequency of the CC genotype was found in breast cancer patients (24%) than in the controls. On the other hand, TT genotype frequency was also found to be higher in female healthy controls (32%) than the female breast cancer patients (20%). The frequencies of all three genotypes CC, CT, TT in patients were 24%, 56% and 20% and in healthy controls 50%, 22% and 32% respectively. We did not find any significant correlation between the NQO1 C609T polymorphism and age group, grading, menopausal status and distant metastasis. A less significant association was found between the NQ01 C609T polymorphism and the stage of breast cancer (X2=5.931, P=0.05). Conclusions: The present study shows a strong association between NQO1 C609T polymorphism with the breast cancer risk in the north Indian breast cancer patients so that possible use as a risk factor should be further expel.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.1621-1626
• /
• 2014

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in females worldwide. Many differences exist in clinico-pathological characteristics of breast cancer patients between China and Western countries. This study aimed to analyze clinico-pathological characteristics of breast cancer from central China. Methods: Clinico-pathological information on breast cancer from three hospitals in central China was collected and analyzed. Results: From 1994 to 2012, 2,525 patients with a median age 50 years were included in this study. The 45-49-year age group and invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified accounted for the highest proportions (19.1%, 480/2,525 and 81.0%, 1,982/2,446). Stages 0-I, II and III accounted for 28.0% (682/2,441), 48.4% (1,180/2,441), and 23.7% (578/2,441), respectively. Distribution of N stage showed that N0 accounted for 53.2% (1,344/2,525), and proportion of N0 rose from 51.1% (157/307) in 30-39-year age group to 64.3% (110/171) in ${\geq}$ 70-year age group, with an average increase of 2.1% in each age group. Modified radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy, breast-conserving surgery and simple mastectomy were performed for 71.8% (1,812/2,525), 18.0% (454/2,525), 5.2% (131/2,525) and 2.6% (66/2,525), respectively. Proportions of breast-conserving surgery in age ${\leq}$ 44-year group (68/132, 51.5%) and simple mastectomy in age ${\geq}$ 60-year group (57/89, 64.0%) were higher than in the other age groups. Breast cancers positive for estrogen receptor accounted for 53.0% (1,107/ 2,112). The comparisons among this study and other reports showed higher proportion of younger patients, lower proportion of breast-conserving surgery and positive estrogen receptor patients in China than western countries. Conclusions: Clinico-pathological characteristics in this study demonstrated clear differences between the center of China than Western countries. Additional classification systems should be developed to guide grading of early breast cancer more accurately, especially for N0 patients. Invasive ductal carcinoma is a focus for intensive research.