• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권10호
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• pp.2387-2393
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• 2020

In this study, a gradient material for shielding neutrons and gamma rays was developed, which consists of epoxy resin, boron carbide (B₄C), lead (Pb) and a little graphene oxide. It aims light weight and compact, which will be applied on the transportable nuclear reactor. The material is made up of sixteen layers, and the thickness and components of each layer were designed by genetic algorithm (GA) combined with Monte Carlo N Particle Transport (MCNP). In the experiment, the viscosities of the epoxy at different temperatures were tested, and the settlement regularity of Pb particles and B₄C particles in the epoxy was simulated by matlab software. The material was manufactured at 25 ℃, the Pb C and O elements of which were also tested, and the result was compared with the outcome of the simulation. Finally, the material's shielding performance was simulated by MCNP and compared with the uniformity material's. The result shows that the shielding performance of gradient material is more effective than that of the uniformity material, and the difference is most noticeable when the materials are 30 cm thick.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.417-423
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• 2011

목적: 본 연구는 근거리 경사 AC/A 비가 원거리 외사위 교정에 적용될 수 있는지를 알아 보기 위하여 원거리 및 근거리 경사 AC/A 비의 차이를 비교하고 또한 계산 AC/A 비와 경사 AC/A 비의 관계에 대하여 연구 하였다. 방법: 타각적 및 자각적 굴절검사에 의한 완전교정 후 원거리 경사 AC/A 비 검사는 -1.00 D를 가입한 후 Howell 시표(3 m용)를 사용하였으며, 근거리 경사 AC/A 비 검사는 +1.00 D, -1.00 D, +2.00 D와 -2.00 D를 각각 가입한 후 Howell-Kim(40 cm 용) 시표를 사용하여 사위검사와 계산 AC/A 비를 측정하였다. 결과: 원거리 사위는 평균 외사위 1.17${\pm}$1.17 $\Delta$, 근거리 평균 외사위 3.71${\pm}$2.80 $\Delta$으로 나타나(t-test. p < 0.001), 원근거리 사위의 상관관계(r = 0.59, p < 0.001)는 비교적 높게 나타났다. 경사 AC/A 비는 측정거리와 조절자극에 따라 다양하였고(r = 0.11~0.53. p < 0.001) 측정거리가 가까울수록 조절자극이 클수록 높았다. 또한 플러스 굴절력보다 마이너스 굴절력에 의한 조절자극이 높게 나타났다(t-test. p<0.001). 또한 계산 AC/A 비가 클수록 경사 AC/A 비는 오히려 낮아지는 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 원거리와 근거리에서 -1.00 D 부가한 경사 AC/A 비는 원거리가 1.30 $\Delta$/D 근거리가 1.68 $\Delta$/D로 근거리 AC/A 비가 유의적인 수준에서 약간 크게 나타났다(t-test. t=1.67, p<0.001). 결론: 본 연구를 통하여 계산 AC/A 비와 경사 AC/A 비의 음의 상관관계를 알 수 있었고, 근거리 경사 AC/A 비가 원거리 경사 AC/A 비보다 작지만 유의적 수준의 차이를 보여 원거리 외사위의 교정은 원거리 경사 AC/A비를 반드시 측정할 필요성이 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 오토저널
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.83-93
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• 1985

The prediction of emission concentrations in a 4cycle spark ignition engine was made by considering nonuniform model with thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium and kinetic mechanism of nitric oxide. Calculation of this model shows that a temperature difference of the order of 500K can be established across he cylinder. Results of the kinetic calculation of nitric oxide show that the temperature gradient across the cylinder has a profound effect on the nitric oxide formation. The predicted values for nitric oxide, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide agree with measured ones for a variety of equivalence ratio.

• 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회논문지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1996

산포된 자료 보간을 응용하는 분야에는 모델링, 자연현상 가시화 등을 비롯하여 여러 가지를 들 수 있다. 사면체 분할은 사차원적 공간 형성을 위한 전 처리 단계 중의 하나이다. 본 논문은 다양한 사면체 분할법인, Delaunay, least squares fitting, gradient difference, 와 jump in normal direction derivatives 들을 논의하였다. 본 논문은 사면체 영역을 가시화 함으로써, 사면체 분할법들을 구별시키고, 사면체 영역을 바탕으로 보간된 공간상의 등사치를 수치적 뿐만 아니라 시각적으로 가시화 하여 그 정확도를 비교 분석할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제28권2C호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2003

에러 은폐기법은 네트워크를 통한 영상회의 등 실시간 전송을 필요로 하는 응용분야에서 매우 유용한 기법이다. 본 논문에서는 불연속에 민감한 시각 특성을 고려하여 블록 경계의 차를 최소화하는 에러 은폐기법을 제안한다. 손실 블록에 대한 에러 은폐는 그래디언트 차에 기반을 둔 확장된 매칭 기법을 이용하여 달성된다. 제안된 기법은 실험 영상에 대한 컴퓨터 모의 실험을 통해 기존의 기법에 비해 평균 약 1.3㏈ 의 화질의 향상을 가져왔다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.85-93
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• 1996

This study is to make a comparison between the node method and the pipeline method for the analysis of the water distribution systems. For these purposes, the two methods were applied to a pipeline system in series, an artificial distribution network and a real distribution network. The results are as follows. 1. The difference between the results of the two methods was increased with the increase of the hydraulic gradient and the length between two adjacent nodes. 2. When all pipe lengths between two adjacent nodes were larger than 200~300m and have the steep hydraulic gradient, it was found that the results of the two methods showed high differences. 3. The difference between the results of the two methods were negligible in the case of the real distribution system in which only 12% whole pipelines were longer than 30m and the longest pipe length was 850m.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.591-602
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• 2018

This research presents an investigation on the thermal buckling resistance of FGM plates having parabolic-concave thickness variation exposed to uniform and gradient temperature change. An analytical formulation is derived and the governing differential equation of thermal stability is solved numerically using finite difference method. A specific function of thickness variation is introduced where it controls the parabolic variation intensity of the thickness without changing the original material volume. The results indicated that the loss ratio in buckling resistance is the same for any gradient temperature profile. Influencing geometrical and material parameters on the loss ratio in the thermal resistance buckling are investigated which may help in design guidelines of such complex structures.

• 대기
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.635-647
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• 2016

The effects of sea surface temperature (SST) gradient induced by the previous typhoon on the following typhoon motion over East Asia have been investigated using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for the previous Typhoon Bolaven (1215) and following Typhoon Tembin (1214). It was observed that Typhoon Bolaven remarkably reduced SST by about $7^{\circ}C$ at Yellow Sea buoy (YSbuoy). Using the WRF experiments for the imposed cold wake over West of Tembin (WT) and over East of Tembin (ET), this study demonstrates that the effects of eastward SST gradient including cold wake over WT is much significant rather than that over ET in relation to unexpected Tembin's eastward deflection. This difference between two experiments is attributed to the fact that cold wake over WT increases the magnitude of SST gradient under the eastward SST gradient around East Asia and the resultant asymmetric flow deflects Typhoon Tembin eastward, which is mainly due to the different atmospheric response to the SST forcing between ET and WT. Therefore, it implies that the enhanced eastward SST gradient over East Asia results in larger typhoon deflection toward the region of warmer SST according to the location of the cold wake effect. This result can contribute to the improvement of track prediction for typhoons influencing the Korean Peninsula

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.605-616
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• 2017

Concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) composite girder is a new type of structures for bridge constructions. The existing design codes cannot be used to predict the thermal stress in the CFST truss girder structures under solar radiation. This study is to develop the temperature gradient curves for predicting thermal stress of the structure based on field and laboratory monitoring data. An in-field testing had been carried out on Ganhaizi Bridge for over two months. Thermal couples were installed at the cross section of the CFST truss girder and the continuous data was collected every 30 minutes. A typical temperature gradient mode was then extracted by comparing temperature distributions at different times. To further verify the temperature gradient mode and investigate the evolution of temperature fields, an outdoor experiment was conducted on a 1:8 scale bridge model, which was installed with both thermal couples and strain gauges. The main factors including solar radiation and ambient temperature on the different positions were studied. Laboratory results were consistent with that from the in-field data and temperature gradient curves were obtained from the in-field and laboratory data. The relationship between the strain difference at top and bottom surfaces of the concrete deck and its corresponding temperature change was also obtained and a method based on curve fitting was proposed to predict the thermal strain under elevated temperature. The thermal stress model for CFST composite girder was derived. By the proposed model, the thermal stress was obtained from the temperature gradient curves. The results using the proposed model were agreed well with that by finite element modelling.

• 환경생물
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.82-87
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• 2009

우리나라의 주요 우점종인 상수리나무, 굴참나무, 신갈나무의 생태적 특성을 밝히기 위하여 식물생장에서 가장 중요하다고 판단되는 광, 토양수분, 영양소를 이들 3종의 참나무 유식물에 각각 실내에서 처리하여 그 생육반응을 관찰하고, 분석하고자 시도하였다. 상수리나무와 굴참나무는 광이 높을수록 잘 자라는 경향이 있었고, 신갈나무만이 뚜렷한 경향이 없었다. 신갈나무는 낮은 광도에서도 생육이 크게 감소하지 않았다 굴참나무와 신갈나무는 수분구배에 따라 생육의 차이가 없었고, 상수리나무만이 약간 높은 구배에서 잘 자랐을 뿐이었다. 상수리나무, 굴참나무와 신갈나무 모두는 영양소가 적을 때 잘 자랐고, 높을수록 못 자랐다. 영양소 구배에 따른 감소정도는 굴참나무, 신갈나무, 상수리나무 순으로 낮았다. 이상으로 볼 때, 신갈나무는 피음조건에, 상수리나무는 토양이 다습한 조건에 그리고 굴 참나무는 유기물이 적은 조건에서 각각 적응한 종이라고 판단된다.