• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2007

Objective : This study was done to identify the status of Spiritual Well-Being in Nursing Students and to investigate the correlation between related various characteristics and Spiritual Well-Being and to provide baseline data for ride school-life and development of Spiritual-education program for nursing students. Method : The data was collected from 188 christian Nursing students by using questionary method. they are all all agreed to participate in this study. Their Spiritual Well-Being were measured using Spiritual Well-Being scale developed by Paloutzian & Ellison(1983) and translated by Choi(1990) and reversed by Kang(1996). Results : The data was analyzed by using SPSS/PC+12.0. The summary of results were as follows; 1. The mean score of Spiritual Well-Being were $63.95\pm10.256$(range from 20-80) 2. There were significant differences between the grade(F=6.101, p= .001), type of religion(F= 17.703, p= .000), In Christian, the level of devotee(F=8.194, p= .000), duration of church attendance(F=7.947, p= .000), regular attendance of chapel(F=4.242, p= .000), regular reading(study) of Bible and prayer (F=5.863, p= .001=0). perceived personal encounter with Jesus(F=4.160, p= .000), religion of parent(F=9.320, p= .000), perceived attitude of parenting(F=4.146, p= .000), hope to admit/transfer to other course or not(F=-2.050, p= .050). Conclusion : Our results were valuable to provide basic guidelines for ride school-life and for the development of Spiritual-education program for Nursing students.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.241-250
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• 2015

This study investigated the sensory attributes of Satsuma mandarins to provide basic data for the establishment of a quality grade establishment of mandarins. Samples of the mandarins in different sizes (small, medium, and large) were collected via organic green house cultivation, conventional cultivation without pesticides and conventional cultivation in Jeju Island. Eight trained panels performed the triplicate measurements. From the results of the quantitative descriptive analysis, mandarin samples were selected with five types of appearances (gloss intensity, color intensity, peel width, damage degree, and peel texture), three types of odors (sour, sweet, fresh), six types of tastes (sour, sweet, bitter, fresh, tasteless, and off flavor) four types of texture (hardness, granule toughness, juicy, and tough feel), and three types of after-tastes (sour, sweet, and bitter). The results of the analysis of the quality characteristics of the samples showed that their, pH, total acidity and solids contents differed depending on the size of the samples more than their cultivation methods. The correlation coefficients between the quality properties of the mandarins showed that their, sample size was positively correlated with their peel width and toughness. Moreover, the soluble solid of sample was positively correlated with its color intensity, sweet and fresh orange flavor. However, soluble solid content of the samples was negatively coreelated with their bitter flavor, tastelessness, and off flavor. In the principal component analysis of the sensory attributes data, PC1 represented the soluble solid, gross intensity, orange color, sour and sweet odor, unique mandarin flavor (sweet and, fresh orange), etc., and PC2 (26.77%) the size, pH, sample acidity, and peel texture.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.343-350
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to spectrophotometrically evaluate the shade difference between of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in the Korean by the standard of vita classical shade guide using $SpectroShade^{TM}$. Material and methods: In this study, the shades of healthy anterior teeth were examined and analyzed using the digital shade analysis of $SpectroShade^{TM}$. This study examined 80 individuals in their twenties, thirties, fourties, fifities ages and 40 males and 40 females, presenting 12 healthy, unrestored maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. Tooth brushing and oral prophylaxis were performed prior to evaluation. The $SpectroShade^{TM}$ was used to acquire images of the 12 maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. These images were analyzed using $SpectroShade^{TM}$ Software, and shade maps of each tooth were acquired. The shade difference of upper and lower, and gender differences and ages difference were investigated and analyzed with CIE $L^{*}a^{*}b^{*}$ color order system. One-Way ANOVA test was used to find out if there were significant differences between groups tested and Sheffe multiple comparison was used to identify where the differences were. Results: 1. Shade differences were significant (P < .05) between maxillary and mandibular central incisor, lateral incisor, canine. 2. No significant differences in shade distribution were seen between lateral incisors and central incisors. 3. Canine's shade difference were more significant than central incisor's and lateral incisors's. 4. No significant differences in shade distribution were seen between genders in maxillary and mandibulr central incisor, lateral incisor, canine. 5. No significant differences in shade distribution were seen in order of years in maxillary and mandibulr central incisor, lateral incisor, canine. Conclusions: The results of this study show that 1. Shade difference was founded in maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth and ${\Delta}E^{*}$ value was more than 2.0. 2. Canine's shade difference were more significant than central incisor's and lateral incisors's and between central incisors and lateral incisors shade differences were no significant. 3. No significant differences in shade distribution were seen between genders in maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. 4. No significant differences in shade distribution were seen in order of years grade in maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.305-312
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• 2008

Background: Anatomic and functional abnormalities of the systemic atrioventricular (AV) valve are common in single ventricle. pathologies and continue to be associated with poor early and late outcomes in surgically palliated single. ventricle patients. We aggressively performed valvuloplasty for atrioventricular valve regurgitation (AVVR) during the course toward a Fontan operation. Material and Method: Between January 1995 and December 2004, 209 patients underwent a Fontan operation in our institution. We retrospectively evaluated the prevalence of AVVR and the influence of AV valve repair on outcome, and we analyzed the progression of AVVR after the Fontan operation for 168 patients where echocardiographic follow up results for more than 6 months after the Fontan operation were available. During the course toward a Fontan operation, 25 patients underwent 30 procedures for AVVR. These procedures. were. carried out during placement of a bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt (BCPS) for nine patients, between the time of placement of a BCPS and the Fontan operation for four patients, and during the Fontan operation for 17 patients. Five patients underwent procedures for AVVR twice. Result: The late mortality rate after the Fontan operation was 4.2% (n=7), with a median follow-up duration of 52 months (range, $6{\sim}123$ months). Seven patients (4%) had unfavorable outcomes such as significant (moderate or severe) AVVR in six patients, and significant AV valve stenosis in one patient was determined at the last follow up after the Fontan operation. Among the seven patients, four patients underwent AV valve repair after the Fontan operation, and one patient underwent subsequent AV valve replacement. Progression to AVVR of equal to or greater than grade 2 was noted in 30 patients (18%) at the last follow up after the Fontan operation, including 12 patients that underwent previous AV valve procedures. Initial grading of AVVR, a previous AV valve operation, and specific AV valve morphology such as a common AV valve or mitral atresia were significant risk factors for the progression of AVVR after the Fontan operation. Conclusion: In our surgical series, a small percentage of patients showed unfavorable outcomes. related to AVVR during the course toward a Fontan operation. However, a closer follow-up is required to evaluate the progression of the AVVR after a Fontan operation, especially for patients showing poor AV valve function at the first presentation and specific AV valve morphology.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.261-268
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of geometrically different wax pattern shapes and sizes on the castability of Grade2 Cp-Ti (commercially pure titanium). Materials and methods: Total of 40 mesh wax pattern ($61mm{\times}24mm$, 207 grids), ($61mm{\times}17mm$, 138 grids) was cast in this experiment. Depending on the geometrical shape of the wax pattern, 8 groups was organized; Flat, Semicircular, Horse-shoe and V-shape, each consisting 5 samples. Runner-bar sprue was used in all patterns. The number of completely cast grid in wax pattern served as a measure for the castability of comercially pure titanium. Results: The mean value of square count in each group was as followed; 133.20 squares in group SS (96.52%), 132.40 squares in group SH (95.94%), 132.00 squares in group SF (95.65%), 127.60 squares in SV (91.43%), 198.60 squares in group LF (95.94%), 197.80 squares in group LV (95.56%), 196.40 squares in group LS (94.88%), and 188.00 squares in group LH (90.82%). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study the results indicate that there were no sttistically significant difference in castability of titanium regarding wax pattern shape (P>.05). However, Small size wax patterns were showing the noticeable castability more than Large size pattern.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.688-698
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• 2001

Objectives : Parkinson's disease is a well-known neurodegenerative disease characterized by dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra. The reactive gliosis by activated astrocytes and microglias is no more regarded as a simple sequel of neuronal cell death. Microglial activation takes place in a stereotypic pattern with graded morphologic and functional(resting, activated and phagocytic) changes. In Parkinson's disease animal model, the degree of microglial activation along the nigro-striatal dopaminergic tract has not been studied intensively. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of microglial reaction and to grade its degree of activation at substantia nigra and corpus striatum using 6-hydroxydopamine induced rat model of Parkinson's disease. Methods : Using Sprague-Dawley rat, parkinsonian model was made by 6-hydroxydopamine(OHDA) induced destruction of medial and lateral substantia nigra(SN). The rat was sacrificed 3-, 5-, 7-, 14- and 21-day-after operation. For control group, we injected saline with same manner and sacrificed 3-day after operation. With immunohistochemistry, we examined dopaminergic neuronal cells and microglial expression using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and OX-42 antibodies, respectively. Also we performed in situ hybridization for osteopontin, a possible marker of subset in activated microglia. Results : 1) In lesioned side of substantia nigra and corpus striatum, the TH immunoreactivity was markedly decreased in whole experimental groups. 2) Using optical densitometry, microglia induced immunoreactivity of OX-42 was counted at SN and corpus striatum. At SN, it was increased significantly on the lesioned side in control and all time-dependent experimental groups. At striatum, it was increased significantly in post lesion 3-day group only(p <0.05). Compared to control group, immunoreactivity of OX-42 on lesioned side was increased in groups, except post lesion 21-day group, at SN. Only post lesion 3-day group showed significance at striatum(p <0.05). Compared to SN region, immunoreactivity of OX-42 was much weaker in striatum. 3) Microscopically, the microglias showed typically different activation pattern. At SN, numerous phagocytic microglias were found at pars compacta and reticularis of lesion side. At striatum, no phagocytic form was found and the intensity of staining was much weaker. 4) At SN, the immunoreactivity of osteopontin showed definite laterality and it was markedly increased at pars compacta of lesion side with relatively short duration time. At striatum, however, it was not detected by in situ hybridization technique. Conclusion : The nigral 6-OHDA induced rat model of Parkinson's disease revealed several characteristic patterns of microglial reaction. At SN, microglias was activated shortly after direct neuronal damage and maintained for about three weeks. In contrast, despite of sufficient dopaminergic insufficiency at striatum, activation of microglias was trivial, and distinguished 3 day later. Antegrade slow neuronal degeneration is major pathophysiology in striatal dopaminergic deficiency. So, the acuteness of neuronal damage and consequential degree of neuronal degeneration may be important factor for microglial activation in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Additionally, osteopontin may be a possible marker for several subsets of activated microglia, possibly the phagocytic form.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the feeding effects of different additives on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers. Twenty-four Holstein steers, five months of age and 176.6 kg, were randomly allocated to three experimental groups of eight animals each for an 18-month feeding trial. The groups were control (not additive), T1 (fed zinc, vitamin C, and sulfur), and T2 (fed choline and lysine). The average daily gain was no different between the treatment groups during the growing to early fattening period, but it was significantly higher in the T1 group than the T2 group in the late fattening period (p<0.05). The final BW of the T1 group was relatively high in relation to the other groups, but was not significantly different. The additives had no effects on DMI during the experimental period; however, the feed conversion ratio of the T1 group in the late fattening period was significantly lower than that of the T2 group (p<0.05). The results of yield traits, carcass weight, and yield index were similar between groups, but back fat thickness and rib eye area were relatively lower in the T2 group than in the other groups. In terms of quality traits, meat color, texture, and maturity were not significantly different between the three groups. However, marbling score and appearance rate of high quality grade ($1^{++}$, $1^+$, and 1) were higher in the T1 group compared with the T2 group. Thus, the present results suggest that vitamin C, zinc, and sulfur supplementation may improve the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Holstein steers.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.57-71
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• 2012

Objectives: This study examines the situation regarding smoking among high school students in Seoul Province and identifies smoking-related factors. Methods: The study sample consisted of 1,000 high school second-grade students from 6 high schools in Seoul. The PRECEDE model was used to assess the students' needs. We carried out an educational diagnosis on attitudes, outcome expectations and social norms. Date were collected from June. 7 to 21, 2011, and were analyzed using SPSS-15.0 according to the study objectives. Results: Of 906 respondents, 9.4% had experiences to smoking: 12.7% were male and 5.7% were female. Smoking-related factors from among general characteristics were statistically significant depending on the degree of gender($x^2$=14.515, p=.001), school performance($x^2$=40.289, p=.001) and friends 'smoking status($x^2$=88.615, p=.001). Factors concerning attitudes toward smoking were statistically significant depending on the students' perceptions as follows: 'Smoking is fun(t=-14.801, p=.000)', 'Smoking looks cool(t=-10.349, p=.000)', 'People who smoke have more friends(t=-11.295, p=.000)', 'Smoking helps me manage stress(t=-15.059, p=.000)' and 'Smoking is not harmful to the body if you exercise(t=-6.388, p=.000)'. Factors concerning outcome expectations were statistically significant depending on their perceptions as follows: 'Tobacco smells good(t=-8.939, p=.000)' and 'Smoking helps in weight management (t=-7.304, p=.000)'. Factors concerning social norms were statistically significant depending on the following perception: 'My friends will not like it if I smoke(t=4.605, p=.000)'. The following influence high school students attitudes toward smoking: School performance (OR=11.66, 95%CI=1.67~81.37; OR=18.27, 95%CI=2.58~129.24; OR=26.74, 95%CI=3.06~233.79), Friends smoking status(OR=80.05, 95%CI=6.94~922.77), 'Smoking is fun(OR=12.90, 95%CI=3.87~43.04; OR=63.41, 95%CI=10.66~377.09)', 'Smoking looks cool(OR=0.15, 95%CI=0.03~0.64)', 'Smoking is not harmful to the body if you exercise(OR=1.44, 95%CI=0.03~0.62)', 'When there is no work to do, smoking is a good way to pass the time(OR=21.68, 95%CI=4.27~109.90)', 'When you are angry, smoking calms you down.(OR=13.39, 95%CI=3.92~45.65; OR=8.69, 95%CI=1.67~45.13)' and 'My parents consider it important that I do not smoke(OR=10.05, 95%CI=1.00~100.43)'. Conclusions: The study suggests that effective ways to discourage of high school students from smoking are changing their attitudes toward smoking, reducing the motivation to smoke, and controlling the number of cigarettes. Therefore, aiming at preventive education. Schools must provide accurate information about the effects of smoking. Thus, health education should actively involve preventive education not only in schools but also at home, the societal and national levels. Cooperation between various sectors of society is required for this.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.33
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• pp.51-80
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• 2012

This study is to summarize main contents which was mentioned by Beomseok Kim' doctoral dissertation. The purpose of this study focuses on presenting the outplacement countermeasure and retention level examination analysis about outplacement competency of special security government official through implement of questionnaire method. The questionnaire for retention level examination including four groups of outplacement competency and twenty subcategories was implemented in the object of six hundered persons relevant to outplacement more than forty age and five grade administration official of special security government officials, who have outplacement experiences as outplacement successors, outplacement losers, and outplacement expectants, in order to achieve this research purpose effectively. The questionnaire examination items are four groups of outplacement competency and twenty subcategories which are the group of knowledge competency & four subcategories including expert knowledge, outplacement knowledge, self comprehension, and organization comprehension, the group of skill competency & nine subcategories including job skill competency, job performance skill, problem-solving skill, reforming skill, communication skill, organization management skill, crisis management skill, career development skill, and human network application skill, the group of attitude-emotion competency & seven subcategories including positive attitude, active attitude, responsibility, professionalism, devoting-sacrificing attitude, affinity, and self-controlling ability, and the group of value-ethics competency & two subcategories including ethical consciousness and morality. The respondents highly regard twenty-two outplacement competency and they consider themselves well-qualified for the subcategories valued over 4.0 such as the professional knowledge, active attitude, responsibility, ethics and morality while they mark the other subcategories below average still need to be improved. Thus, the following is suggestions for successful outplacement. First, individual effort is essential to strengthen their capabilities based on accurate self evaluation, for which the awareness and concept need to be redefined to help them face up to the reality by readjusting career goal to a realistic level. Second, active career development plan to improve shortcoming in terms of outplacement competency is required. Third, it is necessary to establish the infrastructure related to outplacement training such as ON-OFF Line training system and facilities for learning to reinforce user-oriented outplacement training as a regular training course before during after the retirement.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.521-529
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• 2008

This research conducted a survey on waterbirds visiting this area four times by season from February to October in 2007 to look into the habitat use of waterbirds, to do a value and grade testing of the tidal flat by dividing the foreshore on Muan Bay located in Jeollanam-do into four areas (Dongam, Guro, Bokryong and Wangsan tidal flats). The survey results revealed that there existed a total of 15,755 individuals of 54 species including 2 species of grebes, 7 species of herons, 7 species of dabbling ducks, 6 species of diving ducks, 20 species of waders, 3 species of gulls and 9 other species and this survey also observed 9,291 individuals of the wading birds as a dominant group on Muan Bay. In these classified groups, the gulls and waders were observed to mostly use Dongam tidal flat as their habitat, while the group using Guro tidal flat as their habitat was mostly grebes, dabbling and diving ducks. As a result of UPGMA clustering analysis in consideration of the species and number of individuals, there appear the close similarities between Dongam and Bokryong tidal flats and so do Guro and Wangsan tidal flats. Taking a look at the grading of tidal flats by setting up ecological indexes, such as diversity index, abundance index, and dominance index, etc. legally reserved species and maximum number of individuals as a standard, the rank for the value and importance degree of Bokryong tidal flat appeared higher than that of the other three tidal flats. Like this, the gradation of tidal flats according to waterbirds are judged to able to suggest objective data on the issue of proper judgment and designation of valuable tidal flat areas and its subsequent effective preservation and management.