• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2017

There have been numerous reports indicating that milk proteins influence immune functions. Colostrum refers to the breast milk of mammals, secreted starting from the fourth or fifth day after delivery. It has abundant nutrition for the survival of newborn infants. Most importantly, it contains bioactive substances with growth-stimulating and antibiotic, functions. Thus, the colostrum has various physiological roles. This study measured the differences in the composition of colostrum derived from dairy cattle, hanwoo, porcine, and goat sources. The results showed that immunoglobulin, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, serum albumin, IgG heavy chain, and IgG light chain were significantly higher in the colostrum of dairy cattle, hanwoo, and goats, but low in porcine colostrum. There was no significant difference in ${\alpha}_{S2}$-casein, ${\alpha}_{S1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin, and ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin contents until seven days after birth. However, porcine colostrum showed high contents of all proteins from the first day to the second day after delivery.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the amounts of voluntary intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in Korean native goats (KNG) fed agricultural by-products containing rice straw (RS) and apple pomace (AP) and to obtain a basic information for establishing the feeding system of KNG. The result are as follows. 1. Among the chemical composition of experimental diets, the highest values in crude protein (CP ; 18.6%) and crude ash contents (10.7%) were observed in alfalfa hay. Those of RS+AP treatment were significantly low 6.0 and 4.8%, respecitively. Acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents were shown an adverse tendency. 2. Dry matter (DM) intakes per day in KNG fed RS+commercial diet (CD), RS+AP and RS+AP+CD were significantly lower (P<0.05) 210.3, 228.3, respectively than 358.1g in alfalfa hay. 3. DM intakes per basal weight expressed as DM g/kg of BW0.75 and DM g/kg of BW(%) were highest (P<0.05) 60.5g and 3.3%, respectively in KNG fed alfalfa hay, any other treatments showed 35.6 to 42.5g and 2.0 to 2.3%, respectively and this result was similar to those of DM intake per day. 4. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter, CP, ADF, neutral detergent fiber (NDF). crude ash and ether extract in alfalfa hay and RS+AP+CD treatment were significantly higher (P<0.05) than RS+CD treatment. Those of CP, ADF and NDF of RS+AP treatment in not significantly different with these treatments. 5. NSC digestibility was higher in alfalfa hay (66.7%) than those of other treatments (44.2~52.0% ; P<0.05). 6. Nitrogen retentions expressed as N retention(g) and N retention (%) in KNG were highest (P<0.05) 0.6g and 15.6%, respectively in RS+AP+CD treatment and RS+CD treatment was lowest (P<0.05) -06g and -21.4%, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.591-595
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• 1996

This paper presents results from a study of the age and weight at puberty of Thai does. A randomized block $3{\times}3$ factorial design was used. Factors were genotype (Thai Native; TN, 75% TN $\times$ 25% Anglo-Nubian; AN and 50 TN $\times$ 50% AN does), year of kidding (1989, 1990 and 1991) and birth type (single or twin) as a block. It was shown that there were no significant (p > 0.05) difference in age at puberty among genotypes ($167.6{\pm}6.0$, $157.6{\pm}7.0$ and 160.0 = 4.7 days for TN, 75% TN $\times$ 25% AN and 50% TN $\times$ 50% AN does, respectively) and between birth types. However, does kidded in 1991 had significantly (p < 0.01) longer age at puberty ($194.0{\pm}7.4$ days) than did does kidded in 1989 ($143.0{\pm}4.5$ days) or in 1990 ($148.1{\pm}5.7$ days). There was an interaction effect between genotype and year. Fifty % TN $\times$ 50% AN does had significantly (p < 0.05) higher weights at pubery ($17.2{\pm}0.4kg$) than those of TN($14.3{\pm}0.5kg$ and 75% TN $\times$ 25% AN ($14.4{\pm}0.6kg$) does. There was no significant difference in weights at puberty between TN and 75% TN $\times$ 25% AN does. There was no effect of birth type on weight at puberty. There was an interaction effect between genotype and year of kidding on age and weight at puberty and on growth rate from birth to weaning.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.4883-4889
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• 2013

Background: The most common incident cancer and cause of cancer-related deaths in women is breast cancer. The Myc gene is upregulated in many cancer types including breast cancer, and it is considered as a potential anti-cancer drug target. The present study was conducted to evaluate the Myc (gene and protein) expression pattern in an experimental mammary tumour model in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty six Sprague Dawley rats were divided into: Experimental group (26 animals), which received the chemical carcinogen N-methyl nitrosourea (MNU) and a control group (10 animals), which received vehicle only. c-Myc oncoprotein and its mRNA expression pattern were evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively, in normal rat mammary tissue and mammary tumours. The rat glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was used as internal control for semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results: Histopathological examination of mammary tissues and tumours from MNU treated animals revealed the presence of premalignant lesions, benign tumours, in situ carcinomas and invasive carcinomas. Immunohistochemical evaluation of tumour tissues showed upregulation and heterogeneous cellular localization of c-Myc oncoprotein. The expression levels of c-Myc oncoprotein were significantly elevated (75-91%) in all the tumours. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed increased expression of c-Myc mRNA in mammary tumours compared to normal mammary tissues. Conclusions: Further large-scale investigation study is needed to adopt this experimental rat mammary tumour model as an in vivo model to study anti-cancer strategies directed against Myc or its downstream partners at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.325-333
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• 1994

This study was undertaken at Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia as part of a larger forage genetic resource evaluation project. The experimental program consisted of a field experiment where grasses and legume species were grown in monocultures and the yield, N content and rumen bag digestibility using goats were measured. The field experiment was conducted from December 1985 to October 1986. Eight species of legumes (Desmodium heterophyllum cv. John-stone, Desmodium triflorum from Gowa, South Sulawesi, Arachis sp. from Maiwa, South Sulawesi, Clitoria ternalea CPI 50973, Macroptilium atropurpureum ev. Siratro, Neonotonia wightii cv. Tinaroo, Centrosema pubescens CPI 58575, Centrosema plumeri CPI 58568) were grown as monocultures. After establishment all plants were cut to a uniform height of 5 cm, and subsequent cuts were made on regrowth after 14, 28, 42, and 56 days (cycle 1). Cycle 2 commenced towards the end of the wet season and continued for 157 days into the dry season. The highest yielding legumes were C. ternatea in the wet season and Arachis sp. in the dry season. The mean rumen bag dry matter digestibility (RBDMD) of legumes of 67.6% for leaf material (averaged over all cycles and ages) was 7.6% higher than for stem material. The RBDMD of Arachis was significantly higher than all other species. The RBDMD of all legumes declined with age. Calculation of yield of digestible DM (yield $\times$ RBDMD) showed that Arachis sp. was the best legume. The combination of plant "quality" with yield measures is a valuable adjunct to routine agronomic survey procedures in plant evaluation programs. Arachis sp. appears to offer considerable promise and should be more widely evaluated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2008

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on the semen characteristics of the Markhoz buck. Sixteen bucks were randomly allocated into 4 groups and received four different diets: unsupplemented control diet, supplemented with fish oil at 2.50% dry matter (DM), supplemented with fish oil (2.50% DM) and vitamin E (0.30 g/kg DM), and supplemented with vitamin E (0.30 g/kg DM). All experimental diets were formulated according to AFRC (1998). Semen was collected at 14 d intervals from June 17, 2006 to September 2, 2006. Semen characteristics were evaluated. Significant effects (p<0.05) of the week (sampling time) were observed for all parameters except semen volume. Also a significant effect (p<0.05) of dietary treatment was observed for all parameters except for percent sperm with normal morphologies and semen volume. Fish oil supplementation with excess vitamin E had a significant effect (p<0.05) on total number and sperm density, motility and progressive motility, percentage viability and dead sperm. The interaction between fish oil feeding and sampling time was significant (p<0.05) for all of the parameters. The bucks that received fish oil in association with vitamin E, effect fish oil showed the greatest improvement in semen characteristics compared with the other groups (p<0.05). This study showed that fish oil supplementation with vitamin E may have a beneficial effect on the semen quality and fertility of Markhoz bucks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 1996

A 13-month study was conducted to determine the monthly variation of crude protein(CP), cell contents(CC), fiber fractions and mineral concentrations of paragrass [Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf.] and stargrass (Cynodon plectostachyum Pilger) and to estimate the correlations among the nutrient fractions and climatic factors. The forage samples collected by hand plucking were found to contain CP and mineral concentrations. i.e. calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), potassium(K) and zinc(Zn) above the critical levels based on ruminant veeds. Monthly differences(p<0.05) were observed in all CP, CC, neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), hemicellulose(HE), cellulose(CE) and acid detergent lignin(ADL) between the two grass species. Monthly differences(p<0.05) were also observed in all concentrations of forage Ca, K, phosphorus(P), copper(Cu) and Zn except in Mg of both grasses and K of stargrass. Species differences(p<0.05) were observed in all nutrient fractions except Mg and K concentrations. Rainfall had positive correlations to CP, P(p<0.01) and CC(p<0.05); it had negative correlations to NDF(p<0.05). ADF, CE, Ca, Cu and Zn(p<0.01). Temperature, humidity and daylength had also some correlations to various nutrient fractions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1585-1591
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• 2008

The aim of the present work was to monitor metabolic and hormonal profiles in newborn kids, born from dams fed diets with low or high levels of energy requirements. Starting from the last month of pregnancy, 14 goats were randomly allocated to two groups: Group LD (low diet) and Group HD (high diet) that received a diet that covered 80% and 140% of their energy requirement, respectively. At delivery, the kids were weighed and a blood sample was taken before they suckled colostrum (Time 0) and 1, 2, 3, 12 and 24 h after they started suckling. Plasma insulin, IGF-I, glucose, fT3 and fT4 concentrations were not influenced by the dietary treatments, but a significant effect of time was observed as they progressively increased during the first 12 h of life. Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, globulin and total protein plasma concentrations were significantly higher in Group HD than those of Group LD. In Group HD, cortisol concentrations were significantly lower than those of Group LD. Positive correlations were observed between LW and IGF-I (r = 0.71; p<0.05), plasma insulin and glucose (r = 0.79; p<0.05) and total protein and globulin concentrations (r = 0.97; p<0.001). Our results show that perinatal nutrition affects newborn goat kids' metabolic and hormonal profile.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1998

The present study was performed to investigate the patterns of a, pp.arance of lectin in uterus of fetuses of 90 and 120 days old and neonates of Korean native goat. The carbohydrate markers were used in histochemistry for the determination of the lectin by staining of avidin-biotin-per-oxidase complex(ABC), rincinus communis agglutinin(RCA-I), ulexeuropalus communis agglutinin(UEA) and wheat germ agglutinin(WGA). 1. The effects of this study were as follows; 1. The binding reactions for Con-A were weak on the mucosal epithelium of endometrium in 90 and 120 days old fetuses, and neonates and moderate at the free surface of mucosal epithelia. 2. The binding reactions for DBA was partially moderate on the mucosal epithelium of endometrium and partially strong at the free surface of mucosal epithelia in 120 days old fetuses. In neonates, the reactions were strong on the mucosal epithelium and gland primordium of endometrium, and the secretions at the free surface showed strong reactions for DBA. But, in 90 days old fetuses, the reaction was negative. 3. The binding reactions for RCA-I were moderate on the mucosal epithelium of endometrium and at the free surface of mucosal epithelia in 90 days old fetuses. In 120 days old fetuses, the reactions were weak on the mucosal epithelium of endometrium and moderate at the free surface of mucosal epithelia. In neonates, the reactions were moderate on the mucosal epithelium of endometrium and strong at the free surface of mucosal epithelia and also strong in the uterine gland. 4. The binding reactions for UEA were negative in 90 and 120 days old fetuses and neonates. 5. In 90 days old fetuses, the binding reactions for WGA were generally weak on the mucosal epithelium of endometrium, but several epithelial cells showed moderate reaction for WGA. In 120 days old fetuses and neonates, the reactions were moderate on the mucosal epithelium and blood vessels of endometrium and strong at the free surface of mucosal epithelia.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 2006

In order to generate transgenic goats expressing human growth hormone (hGH) in their mammary glands, goat ${\beta}-Casein/hGH$ hybrid gene was introduced into goat zygotes by pronuclear microinjection. DNA-injected embryos were transferred to the oviduct of recipients at 2-cell stage or to the uterus at morula/blastocyst stage after cultivation in glutathione-supplemented mSOF medium in vitro. Pregnancy and survival rate were not significantly different between 2-cell embryos and morula/blastocysts transferred to oviduct and uterus, respectively. One transgenic female goat was generated from 153 embryos survived from DNA injection. Southern blot analysis revealed that the transgenic goat harbored single-copy transgene with a partial deletion in its sequences. Despite of the partial sequence deletion, the transgene was successfully expressed hGH at the level of $72.1{\pm}15.1{\mu}g/ml$ in milk throughout lactation period, suggesting that the sequence deletion had occurred in non-essential part of the transgene for the transgene expression. Unfortunately, however, the transgene was not transmitted to her offspring during three successive breeding seasons. These results demonstrated that goat ${\beta}-casein/hGH$ gene was integrated into the transgenic goat genome in a mosaic fashion with a partial sequence deletion, which could result in a low level expression of hGH and a failure of transgene transmission.