• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.120-123
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• 2010

산양유의 체세포수는 측정방법에 따라 많은 차이가 보고되고 있으나 국제적인 표준방법으로 pyronin Y-methyl green stain에 의한 직접현미경법이 사용되고 있다. 8개 목장 총 48개 시료를 pyronin Y-methyl green stain에 의한 직접검경법, 국립축산과학원에서 보유중인 ADAM-SCC, 충청북도 축산위생연구소에서 보유중인 Somacount 500으로 측정하여 결과를 비교하였다. Pyronin Y-methyl green stain 측정시 전체 평균은 $7.3{\times}10^5$ cells/mL인 반면 ADAMSCC와 Somacaount 500은 각각 $4.9{\times}10^5$과 $11.6{\times}10^5$ cells/mL로 나타나 과소 또는 과대평가되는 결과를 보였다. 직접현미경법과 ADAM-SCC또는 Somacaount 500과의 상관계수는 각각 0.0332 또는 0.2285로 매우 낮으며 장비간의 상관계수도 0.1552로 매우 낮게 나타났다. 산양유의 체세 포수 저감을 위해서는 측정장비의 개발이 필요하며 장비를 표준화하기 위한 표준측정법으로 pyronin Y-methyl green stain의 채택이 필요하다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.102-108
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• 2020

본 연구는 국내 재래흑염소 집단 (당진 계통, 장수 계통, 통영 계통 및 경상대 계통)과 교잡종 염소 집단의 유전적 다양성 및 유전적 유연관계를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 각 집단에 존재하는 공통 SNP 45,658개를 이용하여 분석에 이용하였다. 유전적 다양성의 지표가 될 수 있는 기대, 관측 이형접합도는 교잡종, 경상대, 장수, 통영 계통 순으로 나타났다. 집단 사이의 유전적 다양성 정도를 나타내는 분산 성분은 당진과 경상대 계통 사이에서 19.98%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 장수와 통영 계통 사이에서 8.87%로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 또한, 집단 사이의 유전적 거리는 장수, 통영 계통에서 하나의 분지를 형성하였으며, 당진, 경상대 계통이 하나의 분지로 나타냈다. 또한, 교잡종 집단은 당진, 경상대 계통과 하나의 분지를 이루는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 국내 계통 간의 불필요한 근친교배와 유전자원 흐름을 줄이기 위한 기초자료 및 국내 재래흑염소 유전자원의 고유성을 나타내는 기초자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1140-1149
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• 2015

This research aimed to define the energy requirement of Dorper and Hu Hybrid $F_1$ ewes 20 to 50 kg of body weight, furthermore to study energy requirement changes with age and evaluate the effect of age on energy requirement parameters. In comparative slaughter trial, thirty animals were divided into three dry matter intake treatments (ad libitum, n = 18; low restricted, n = 6; high restricted, n = 6), and were all slaughtered as baseline, intermediate, and final slaughter groups, to calculate body chemical components and energy retained. In digestibility trial, twelve ewes were housed in individual metabolic cages and randomly assigned to three feeding treatments in accordance with the design of a comparative slaughter trial, to evaluate dietary energetic values at different feed intake levels. The combined data indicated that, with increasing age, the net energy requirement for maintenance ($NE_m$) decreased from $260.62{\pm}13.21$ to $250.61{\pm}11.79kJ/kg^{0.75}$ of shrunk body weight (SBW)/d, and metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance (MEm) decreased from $401.99{\pm}20.31$ to $371.23{\pm}17.47kJ/kg^{0.75}$ of SBW/d. Partial efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance ($k_m$, 0.65 vs 0.68) and growth ($k_g$, 0.42 vs 0.41) did not differ (p>0.05) due to age; At the similar condition of average daily gain, net energy requirements for growth ($NE_g$) and metabolizable energy requirements for growth ($ME_g$) for ewes during late fattening period were 23% and 25% greater than corresponding values of ewes during early fattening period. In conclusion, the effect of age upon energy requirement parameters in the present study were similar in tendency with previous recommendations, values of energy requirement for growth ($NE_g$ and $ME_g$) for Dorper and Hu crossbred female lambs ranged between the NRC (2007) recommendation for early and later maturating growing sheep.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.940-947
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• 2017

Goat milk has a protein composition similar to that of breast milk and contains abundant nutrients, but its use in functional foods is rather limited in comparison to milk from other sources. The aim of this study was to prepare a goat A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction with improved digestibility and hypoallergenic properties. We investigated the optimal conditions for the separation of A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction from goat milk by pH adjustment to pH 4.4 and treating the casein suspension with calcium chloride (0.05 M for 1 h at $25^{\circ}C$). Selective reduction of ${\beta}$- lactoglobulin and ${\alpha}_s$-casein was confirmed using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The hypoallergenic property of A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction was examined by measuring the release of histamine and tumor necrosis factor alpha from HMC-1 human mast cells exposed to different proteins, including A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction. There was no significant difference in levels of both indicators between A2 ${\beta}$-casein treatment and the control (no protein treatment). The A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction is abundant in essential amino acids, especially, branched-chain amino acids (leucine, valine, and isoleucine). The physicochemical properties of A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction, including protein solubility and viscosity, are similar to those of bovine whole casein which is widely used as a protein source in various foods. Therefore, the goat A2 ${\beta}$-casein fraction may be useful as a food material with good digestibility and hypoallergenic properties for infants, the elderly, and people with metabolic disorders.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.487-495
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• 2007

The objectives of the present study were to initiate cloning of Korean native goat by somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) and to examine whether unovulated (follicular) oocytes can support the same developmental ability of NT embryos as ovulated (oviductal) oocytes after hCG injection in stimulated cycles of the goat. The in vivo-matured and immature oocytes were collected from the oviducts and follicles of superovulated does, respectively, and the immature oocytes were maturated in vitro. Ear skin fibroblasts derived from a 3-yr-old female Korean native goat were used as the donors of nuclei or karyoplasts. Following fusion, activation and in vitro culture to a 2- to 4-cell stage, 49 in vitro-derived and 105 in vivo-derived embryos were transferred to 6 and 17 recipient does, respectively. One doe and three does of the respective groups were identified as pregnant by ultrasonography on day 30 after embryo transfer. However, only one doe, which had received in vivo-derived embryos, delivered a normal female kid of 1.9 kg on d 149. The cloned kid gained more weight than her age-matched females as much as 87% during the first 4 mo after birth (17.7 vs. $9.4{\pm}0.8$ kg) and reached puberty at 6-mo age a few months earlier than normal female does. The telomere length of the kid, which was similar to that of the donor fibroblast at 2-mo age, decreased 8% between 2- and 7-mo ages. Moreover, at 7-mo age, she had 21% shorter telomere than her age-matched goats. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which a cloned animal born with a normal weight exhibited accelerated growth and development. The unusually rapid growth and development of the cloned goat may have resulted from SCNT-associated epigenetic reprogramming involving telomere shortening.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1252-1261
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• 2008

Twenty-four yearling Boer$\times$Spanish goats were used in a crossover design experiment to determine effects of tethering on forage selection, intake and digestibility, grazing behavior and energy expenditure (EE) with forage high in nutritive value and low to moderate in mass. Objectives were to determine if tethered goats could be used as a model for study of unrestrained animals and to characterize tethering as a production practice. Four 0.72-ha pastures of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium) were grazed in December and January. Each pasture hosted six animals, three with free movement and three attached to a 4.11-m tether for access to a circular area of $53.1m^2$. Tethering areas were moved each day. One animal of each treatment and pasture was used to determine forage selection, fecal output or grazing behavior and EE; therefore, there were eight observations per treatment. Mass of forage DM before grazing in Tethered areas averaged 1,280 and 1,130 kg/ha in periods 1 and 2, respectively. The CP concentration in ingesta was greater ((p<0.05) 239 and 209 g/kg; SE = 8.0) and the NDF level was lower (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (503 and 538 g/kg; SE = 12.0); in vitro true DM digestion was similar between treatments (0.808 and 0.807 for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 0.0096). Intakes of DM (1,013 and 968 g/d; SE = 78.6), NDF (511 and 521 g/d; SE = 39.9) and ME (10.9 and 10.7 MJ/d; SE = 0.90) were similar between treatments, but CP intake was greater (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (241 and 203 g/d; SE = 17.2). There were small treatment differences in in vivo apparent digestibility of OM ((p<0.05) 0.780 and 0.814; SE = 0.0049), CP ((p<0.05) 0.800 and 0.817; SE = 0.0067) and NDF ((p<0.09) 0.777 and 0.760 for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 0.0078). There were no treatment effects on time spent ruminating or grazing (346 and 347 min/d for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 42.5), but EE was considerably greater (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (571 and 489 kJ/kg $BW^{0.75}$; SE = 8.9). In conclusion, with forage of high nutritive value and low to moderate in mass, tethering can offer a production advantage over free grazing of less energy used for activity despite similar grazing time. With forage removal considerably less than that available for grazing, effects of tethering on chemical composition of selected forage were small and less than needed to markedly affect digestion. Tethering may offer a means of studying some aspects of grazing by ruminants, but would not seem suitable for energy metabolism.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2013

The objective of the present study was to determine the minimum alcohol (ethanol) concentration that gives rise to the coagulation of goat milk for the alcohol precipitation test, and to evaluate the physical parameters of goat milk which include alcohol and heat stability. A total of 1,295 udder-half milk samples from 648 lactating dairy goats were collected from seven farms in Jeonnam province, Republic of Korea, to determine the alcohol and heat stability. The majority (99.6%) of the samples were coagulated when 70% ethanol was added to the milk, while only 11.0% of the samples were precipitated by the addition of an equal volume of 45% ethanol. With the concentration of 65%, 60%, 55% and 50% aqueous ethanol, 99.2%, 96.8%, 81.0% and 52.8% of the milk samples were coagulated, respectively. Of 1,295 dairy goat milk samples tested for heat stability, 127 (9.8%) were coagulated by boiling. Among the 143 alcohol test-positive udder-half milk samples, 52 (4.0%) were unstable by heat test, while 1,032 (79.7%) of the 1,152 alcohol test-negative milk samples were stable by heat test. According to the results of boiling test, sensitivity and specificity of 45% alcohol precipitation test were 0.3023 (95% CI: 0.2346~0.3772) and 0.9190 (95% CI: 0.9017~0.9344), respectively. The contents of protein and the specific gravity were higher in the milk samples of 45% alcohol test-positive than in those of 45% alcohol test-negative. However, lower levels of lactose and milk urea nitrogen were observed in the milk samples of 45% alcohol test-positive compared to the alcohol test-negative milk samples. The lowest pH values ($6.73{\pm}0.20$) were shown in the 45% alcohol test-negative and heat-unstable milk samples, while the lowest values of somatic cell counts and bacterial counts were shown in the 45% alcohol test-negative and heat-stable milk samples. Results of this study suggest that the alcohol precipitation for dairy goat milk may have to be tested with ethanol concentration less than 45% for the determination of freshness and heat-stability.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.488-494
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• 2007

고랭지 농업은 표고가 높은 산지의 경사지에서 이루어지고 있고, 비료 및 퇴비 등의 고투입농법에 의존하고 있기 때문에 토양유실 가능성이 상당히 높고 따라서 환경에 악영향을 미칠 가능성이 크다. 이 연구는 식생을 이용한 토양 유실저감효과를 규명하기 위하여 경제성이 있는 산채작물을 재배함으로서 이들의 토양 유실 저감 정도를 평가하였다. 2005년 실험에 따르면 배추포장에 비하여 눈개승마와 참취 포장의 토양 유실량은 1/2로 저감되었으며, 유출량 또한 상대적으로 눈개승마 재배 포장과 침취 재배 포장에서 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 경사도(15%, 30%, 45%)에 따른 토양유실량은 경사도가 증가할수록 증가하였으며, 15% 포장에서 눈개승마의 경우 52.50 kg, 30% 포장에서 눈개승마의 경우 108.33 kg, 45% 포장에서 눈개승마의 경우 171.50 kg로 나타났으며, 배추포장의 경우는 눈개승마 포장에 비해 2~3배 많은 토양 유실량을 보였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2019

본 연구는 염소 난자의 체외배양 시 혈청과 호르몬 첨가의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 체외성숙 효율, 유전자발현 및 체외수정 후 배발달율을 조사하였다. 본 실험에서는 기본 체외성숙 배양액에 10% gBS, 10% gFF를 첨가하여 혈청유무에 따른 효과와 FSH를 조합하여 체외성숙 효율을 조사한 결과, 처리구 모두 대조구보다 유의적으로 높은 성숙률을 보였다. 특히 gBS와 FSH를 조합하였을 때 처리구 중에서도 77.8%로 유의적으로 가장 높은 체외성숙 결과를 보였다. 또한, 각 처리구로부터 얻은 성숙 난자를 이용하여 체외수정 배발달 효율을 조사한 결과 모두 유의적으로 향상되었으며 특히 gBS와 gFF에 FSH를 혼합 처리한 두 그룹이 우수한 결과를 보였다. 난자의 성숙과 관련된 BMP15와 GDF9의 mRNA 발현량을 비교한 결과, 처리구간 특이점이나 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과 염소 난자의 체외성숙에 관한 추가적인 실험이 필요할 것으로 생각되나, gBS, gFF 및 FSH 첨가가 성숙 효율 향상에 도움이 됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.144-155
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• 2023

Objective: Adipocyte differentiation is regulated by a variety of functional genes and noncoding RNAs. However, the role of miRNAs in lipid deposition of goat white adipose tissue is still unclear. Therefore, this study revealed the miRNA expression profile in goat subcutaneous adipocytes by sRNA-seq. Methods: The miRNA expressed in goat subcutaneous preadipocytes and the mature adipocytes were sequenced by sRNA-seq. The differentially expressed miRNAs (DEm) were screened and gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia for genes and genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function combined with oil red O staining, Bodipy staining, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were utilized to determine the effect of miR-133a-3p on adipocyte differentiation. Results: A total of 218 DEm were screened out. The target genes of these DEm were significantly enriched in GO items such as biological regulation and in KEGG terms such as FAK signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway. qPCR verified that the expression trend of miRNA was consistent with miRNA-seq. The gain-of-function or loss-of-function of miR-133a-3p showed that it promoted or inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets, and CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and C/EBPβ were extremely significantly up-regulated or down-regulated respectively (p<0.01), the loss-of-function also led to a significant down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) (p<0.01). Conclusion: This study successfully identified miRNAs expression patterns in goat subcutaneous adipocytes, and functional identification indicates that miR-133a-3p is a positive regulator of the differentiation process of goat subcutaneous adipocytes. Our results lay the foundation for the molecular mechanism of lipid deposition in meat-source goats from the perspective of miRNA.