• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.978-983
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• 2004

The effects of glycyrrhizic acid (GLZ) on protein binding of diltiazem, verapamil, and nifedipine were investigated. Protein binding studies (human serum, human serum albumin (HSA) and (X1-acid glycoprotein (AAG)) were conducted using the equilibrium dialysis method with and without addition of GLZ. The binding parameters, such as the number of moles of bound drug per mole of protein, the number of binding sites per protein molecule, and the association con-stant, were estimated using the Scatchard plot. The serum binding of nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem was displaced with addition of GLZ, and the decreases of Ks for serum were observed. GLZ decreased the association constants of three drugs for HSA and AAG, while the binding capacity remained similar with addition of GLZ. Although the characteristics of interaction were not clear, GLZ seemed to mainly affect HSA binding of nifedipine rather than AAG binding, while GLZ seemed to affect both AAG- and HSA-bindings of verapamil and dilt-iazem resulting in a serum binding displacement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.170-175
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• 2000

This study was carried out to compare the quality of licorices from various cultivating areas. licorice samples used in this study were collected from North-east and Sinkiang area in China, Mongolia, Uzvekistan and Kazahstan. The chemical components of licorice samples were analyzed and the signal patterns of the electracts were detected by the electronic nose. Contents of glycyrrhizin and glicyrrhizic acid, the key components of licorice were distributed in the region of 16.7～25.2% and 5.8～10.2%, respectively and were various according to the samples of the collected areas. In glycyrrhizin contents, root of Sinkiang showed the lowest value of 16.7%, and that of North-east the highest of 25.2%. In glycyrrhizic acid contents, root of Sinkiang showed the lowest of 5.8 %, and Kazahstan showed the highest of 10.2 %. Composition ratio of glycyrrhizin to glycyrrhizic acid was not always limear. As other components is other components affecting quality, contents of ash, starch and gums were 2.4～3.7%, 0.2～3.9%, respectively. When the headspace volatiles of licorices were analyzed using Electronic Nose System and the obtained data were interpreted using statistical method of MANOVA, characteristic patterns of licorices were different from each other according to collected area and its p value showed 0.0001. These results suggest that licorices may be discriminated from the collected areas by using Electronic Nose System.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2023

Fine dust has emerged as seriously hazardrous particles, which can cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, we have developed a natural complex extract consisted of Codonopsis lanceolata (Siebold & Zucc.) Trautv., Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer in the ratio of 3 : 5 : 2, which have a beneficial effect on respiratory system. In this study, simultaneous quantitative analysis of marker compounds, lobetyolin, platycodin D, and glycyrrhizic acid in the natural complex extract was developed and validated with high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector. The marker compounds were shown in a large linearity with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 1.000. The limit of detection (LOD) of lobetyolin, platycodin D and glycyrrhizic acid were 5.40 ㎍/mL, 3.94 ㎍/mL and 5.86 ㎍/mL, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of lobetyolin, platycodin D and glycyrrhizic acid were 16.36 ㎍/mL, 11.94 ㎍/mL and 17.75 ㎍/mL, respectively. The content analysis revealed that the amounts of lobetyolin, platycodin D, and glycyrrhizic acid were 0.039±0.013 mg/g, 0.337±0.048 mg/g, and 1.171±0.003 mg/g, respectively, in the natural complex extract. Therefore, these results could be used as basic data for the standardization and quality control of the natural complex extract.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.374-380
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate of quality variation of Sibujeondaebotang according to storage period and temperature (5 and $25^{\circ}C$) Identificaion test, pH, specific gravity, heavy metal, microbial limit test and glycyrrhizic acid, paeoniflorin content of Sibjeondaebotang were performed during 12 months. The significant change was not shown on identificaion test, specific gravity, microbial limit test under long term storage and the result suited a safe level standards of 'Korean National Standard of Traditional Medicinal (Herbal and Botanical) Materials - "Sibjeondaebotang"'. The test of pH showed meaningful changes between two storage temperature (5 and $25^{\circ}C$) according to increasing storage period. The contents of glycyrrhizic acid and paeoniflorin had no relation with storage temperature($5^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$) but it showed a tendency to decrease according to the length of storage period. We predicted shelf-life of glycyrrhizic acid and paeoniflorin at storgae temperature(5 and $25^{\circ}C$) as about 6 and 3 months, respecttively. Therefore considering glycyrrhizic acid and paeoniflorin, sibjeondaebotang is determined to be in good condition within 3 months, regardless of the room temperature and refrigerated temperature. We were expected to serve as a basis for the guideline of medication counseling sibjeondaebotang.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.343-343
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• 1994

1. 목 적 : 혈액 중에 존재하는 약물은 대부분 혈장 단백질과 결합하며, 비단백 결합성 약물만이 생체막을 통과하여 여러 조직에 분포되고, target eel1에서 약리학적 작용을 나타내며, 대사, 배설 될 수 있다. 단백결합율이 높은 약물일수록 비결합성 약물의 양은 적어지며, 따라서 비결합성 약물의 증가는 약효의 상승을 의미하게 된다. 최근 만성 질환에 한약의 병용투여가 증가하고 있다. 본 실험에서는 단백결합율이 높은 감초의 주성분인 Glycyrrhizic acid(GA)와 고혈압 치료제로 많이 사용되는 칼슘 길항제를 병용 투여할 경우, 칼슘 길항제의 혈장 단백결합에 미치는 영향을 살펴 보았다. 2. 방 법 : Diltiazem hydrochloride, Verapamil hydrochloride, Nifedipine 와 GA를 model 약물로 하여 평형 투석법과 한외 여과법을 이용하여 fatty acid free human serum albumin(HSA), Low density lipoprotein( LDL ), of-Acid glycoprotein(AAG), plasma 각각에 대한 결합율을 HPLC로 분석하였으며 또한 Scatchard plot를 이용하여 binding parameter를 구하였다. 3. 결과 및 고찰 : GA는 Diltiazem의 HSA와 plasma의 결합율에 영향을 미쳤으며, Verapamil의 HSA, LDL, AAG, Plasma 결합율에, 그리고 Nifedipine의 HSA, LDL, Plasma의 단백 결합율에 영향을 주었으며, 각각 n과 Ka값에 변화를 주었다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.258-266
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• 2005

Licorice Extract and Erythritol, food additives used in korea, are widely used in foods as sweetener. Its application for use in food is regulated by the standard and specification for food additives but official analytical method far determination of these sweetener in food has not been established. Accordingly, we has been carried out to set up analytical method of the glycyrrhizic acid in several foods by the way of thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography glycyrrhizic acid is qualitative anaylsis technique consists of clean-up with a sep-pak $C_{18}$ cartridge, separation of the sweeteners by Silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate using 1-butanol:4Nammonia solution:ethanol (50:20:10) as mobile solvent. Also, the quantitative analysis for glycyrrhizic acid, was performed using Capcell prk $C_{18}$ column at wavelength 254nm and DW:Acetonitrile (62:38 (pH2.5)) as mobile phase. and we has been carried out to set up analytical method of the erythritol in several foods by the way of high performance liquid chromatography. erythritol is qualitative anaylsis technique consists of clean-up with a DW and hexane. The quantitative analysis for erythritol, was performed using Asahipak NH2P-50 column, Rl and DW:Acetonitrile (25:75) as mobile phase. The glycyrrhizic acid results determined as glycyrrhizic acid in 105 items were as follows; N.D$\∼$48.7ppm for 18 items in soy sauce, N.D$\∼$5.3ppm for 12 items in sauce, N.D$\∼$988.93ppm for 15 items in health food, N.D$\∼$180.7ppm for 26 items in beverages, N.D$\∼$2.6ppm for 8 items in alcoholic beverages repectively and ND for 63 items in the ethers. The erythritol results determined as erythritol in 52 items were as follows; N.D$\∼$155.6ppm for 13 items in gm, N.D$\∼$398.1ppm for 12 items in health foods repectively and ND for 45 items in the others.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.419-427
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• 1996

To solubilize practically insoluble biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB), which has been used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis as tablets or hard capsules, the solubilities of DDB in various hydrophilic, oily and hydrocarbon vehicles, and aqueous surfactant solutions were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. It was found that, among the vehicles studied, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 300 revealed the best solvency, and the solubility reached 17.6 mg/ml at 37$^{\circ}C$. The addition of glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt (GAA) to DDB-PEG 300 solution (5-20 mg/g) inhibited the formation of precipitates, and at the concentration of 10 mg/g, any precipitaction was not observed even after 2 years at 4$^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, GAA markedly enhanced the permeation of DDB through the rabbit duodenal mucosa in a concentration dependent manner. The addition of copolyvidone (ca. 1.0%) to DDB-GAA-PEG 300 system (1 : 0.5 97.5 w/w) was most effective in preventing the considerable precipitation of DDB-PEG 300 solution (7.5 mg/750 mg) when mixed with water of 300-900 ml at 37$^{\circ}C$. GAA showed a synergistic effect in the prevention of precipitate formation. This finding suggests that this DDB formulation may form less precipitation when DDB soft capsules disintegrate and diffuse into the gastrointestinal fluid, resulting in improving the bioavailability Dissolution rate of DDB (7.5 mg) from sort elastic capsules of DDB-GAA-PEG 300 system was rapid. The supersaturation state was maintained for 2 hr at the concentration of 7.35$\pm$3.3 mg in 900 ml of water without precipitation. The total amount of DDB dissolved from this new formulation was 5.3 and 6.1 times higher, when compared to marketed DDB tablets (25 mg) and capsules (7.5 mg), respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.315-321
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• 2017

Background: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Radix (GR) is a crude drugs used in Asian countries that has been reported to prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The present study examined whether GR and its active compounds, glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and isoliquiritigenin (IL), exerted protective effects on $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage in C6 glial cells. Methods and Results: We exposed C6 glial cells to hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) for 24 h and investigated the cellular response to GR and its active compounds by evaluating cell viability, reactivie oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptosis-related protein expression. GR successfully mitigated the reduced cell viability and ROS production induced by $H_2O_2$ in C6 glial cells, IL and GA significantly increased the cell viability and decreased ROS production. In addition, IL and GA down-regulated apoptotic Baxdependent caspase-3 activation, but each compound exerted different mechanisms, i.e., IL dose-dependently decreased ROS production and, GA up-regulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that GR and its active components, IL and GA, exhibit potential for use as natural neurodegenerative agents for the modulation of apoptosis in C6 glial cells.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.137-144
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• 2022

This paper presents the effect of the supramolecular complex of GA (Glycyrrhizic acid) and Mt(menthol) and GA: Mt (4: 1) obtained on their basis can restore functional dysfunction of the liver mitochondria in alloxan diabetes, ie, inhibit lipid peroxidation. The hypoglycemic activity and mitochondrial membrane stabilizing properties of the supramolecular compound GA: Mt (4: 1) in alloxan diabetes were more pronounced than those of menthol, GA and its GK: Mt (2: 1) and GA: Mt (9: 1) compounds. According to the results obtained, the concentration of GA did not affect the peroxidation of lipid membranes of the liver mitochondria. However, a concentration of 15 μM of GA was found to reduce LPO (lipid peroxidation) formed by the effect of Fe²+ / ascorbate on the mitochondrial membrane by 58.0 ± 5.0% relative to control. The inhibitory effect of GA and its supramolecular compounds in different proportions with menthol on the peroxidation of lipids in rat heart and brain tissue has been studied

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.301-309
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• 2002

Licorice has been wed in clinical medicine for thousands of years. However it is only in recent times that we have been able to employ scientific methods to prove its efficacy and to give us a better understanding of its mechanism of action. One of important mechanisms for its efficacy is related to mineralocorticoid activity increased by glycyrrhizic acid, the active ingredient in licorice. Also the main undesirable side-effects of Licorice relate to is mineralocorticoid activity resulting in a state of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME). These therapeutic and undesirable effects are explained by the inhibition of 11-$\beta$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-$\beta$-HSD) activity. Recently, the reduction of serum testosterone in men by licorice was reported which would have important health implications in the context of fertility and sexual dysfunction. Here, health implication of licorice were reviewed In term of its pharmacodynamic and toxicodynamic mechanism.