• BMB Reports
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.84-90
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• 2006

During our search for macrophage stimulating compounds from medicinal plants, we isolated biopolymers from Acanthopanax sessiliflorus. Isolated fraction AS-5 showed maximum potential, and stimulated lysosonal enzymatic activity by 230% at $300\;{\mu}g/ml$. The nitric oxide (NO) producing ability of AS-5 $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ was $58\;{\mu}M$ when treated with interferon-$\gamma$ and lipopolysaccharide $20\;{\mu}g/ml$. The lymphocyte proliferating effects of isolated biopolymer fractions were also investigated. Highest lymphoproliferative activity (a 2.8-fold enhancement compared to saline treated group was exhibited by AS-3 at $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ followed by AS-5 and AS-6. The AS-3 fraction stimulated only T-lymphocytes and had little or no effect on B-lymphocyte proliferation. Partially methylated alditol acetates were prepared to elucidate the glycosyl linkage-compositions of the AS-3 and AS-5 biopolymers, and were analyzed by GC-MS. The AS-3 and AS-5 biopolymer fractions were found to contain 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucitol, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galacitol 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-galacitol, 2-O-methyl-arabinitol and 2,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucitol, 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-galacitol linkages, respectively.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.524-528
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• 2002

국내에서 양식되는 가시파래의 당 결합 양식을 조사하기 위하여 가시파래의 수용성 산성 다당을 황산기 제거 및 우론산의 환원처리를 한 후 methylation하여 GC/MSD로 분석을 하였다. 가시파래의 수용성 산성 다당의 우론산은 대부분이 glucuronic acid 였으며, 주로 황산기를 함유한 rhamnose, xylose, glucuronic acid로 이루어진 다당이었다. 이 수용성 산성 다당을 화학적 수식한 후 GC/MSD로 분석시 황산기는 rhamnose의 C-3과 xylose의 C-2에 결합되어 있었으며, 주 결합구조는 C-3에 황산기가 결합한 1,4-, 1,2,4-결합된 rhamnose, C-2에 황산기가 결합한 1,4-결합된 xylose, 1,4-결합된 xylose, 그리고 1,4-결합된 glucuronic ac:김였다. 그리고 일부 미량의 1,4-결합된 rhamnose, 1,4,6-결합된 galactose도 분리되었다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2010

Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14)는 곰팡이와 곤충 등에서 세포벽이나 외골격을 형성하는 생물학적 방어기질의 구성 요소인 chitin의 ${\beta}$-1,4-linkages를 가수분해하는 효소이다. 이러한 chitinase를 포함하는 Glycosyl hydrolases 18 family는 Archea, Prokaryotes 그리고 Eukaryotes에 널리 퍼져 있는 Ancient gene으로 알려져 있다. 그 중, 지렁이는 곰팡이와 세균이 많은 환경에서 자라기 때문에 이러한 미생물들의 공격으로부터 스스로를 보호할 수 있는 면역체계를 가지고 있는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 본 연구에서는, 붉은줄지렁이 (Eisenia andrei)의 중장에서 발현되는 Chitinases의 cDNA 서열을 얻기 위해 기존에 알려져 있던 EST 서열을 가지고 RT-PCR 및 RACE-PCR을 수행하였고 이를 통해 E. andrei의 중장에서 발현되는 Chitinase의 특성을 동정 및 규명하였다. 그 결과 309개의 아미노산을 암호화하는 927개의 염기 서열을 얻을 수 있었으며 다른 종들의 Chitinases와 아미노산 서열을 비교 분석한 결과 지렁이의 Chitinase는 Glycosyl hydrolases 18 family에 속하고, 기질 결합과 촉매 작용에 관여하는 2개의 영역이 잘 보존되어 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.637-642
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• 2001

Hershel found out Infrared for the first time, in the Industrial Revolution the Infrared and FlR had been begun to use making products. FIR with low temperature can deeply penetrate on the human body composed things without troublesome. since FIR has effectively operated on the human body at low temperature (35-40$^{\circ}$C). When FIR penetrated on the human body, it would inhibit the abnormal genes and cells expression, and then information of DNA and RNA would be reexpressed for arranging DNA and RNA abnormal state. As FIR's receptors in the body, it colud be presumed that N-glycosyl linkage of purine and deoxyribose, RNA splicing process. and Heat shock protein. To radiate optimized FIR, in this study, we made the FIR radiation compound and instrument for unharming biological things. According to the results, the FIR radiation to E. coli., it did not induce genetic mutations and change the survival rate of E.coli.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.389-415
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• 1996

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer(Araliaceae) has been traditionally used as an expensive and precious medicine in oriental countries for more than 5, 000 years. Ginseng saponin isolated from the root of Panax ginseng have been regarded as the main effective components responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities. Such as antiaging effects. antidiabetic effects anticancer effects. Protection against physical and chemical stress. Analgesic and antipyretic effects. Effects on the central nervous system, tranquilizing action and others. Thirty kinds of ginsenosides have been so far isolated from ginseng saponin and their chemical structures have been elucidated since 1960's. Among which protopanaxadiol type is 19 kinds. protopanaxatriol type. 10 kinds and oleanane type, one. Since ginsenosides are generally labile under acidic conditions ordinary acid hydrolysis is always accompanied by many side reactions, such as epimerization. hydroxylation and cyclization of side chain of the sapogenins Especially. it is well known that C-20 glycosyl linkage of ginsenoside was hydrolysed on heating with acetic acid to give an equilibrated mixture of 20(S) and 20(R) epimers. And also, the chemical transformations of the secondary metabolites have appeared during the steaming process to prepare red ginseng. Indicating demalonylation of malonyl ginsenosides, elimination of glycosyl residue at C-20 and isomerization of hydroxyl configuration at C-20. But these studies have not provided a comprehensive picture in explaning how these ginsenosides showed val'iotas pharmacological activities of ginseng. Though some of them have been involved in the mechanism of pharmacological actions. Recently, non-saponin components have received a great deal of attention for their antioxidant, anticancer antidiabetic, immunomodulating. anticomplementary activities and so on. To meet the demand for such wide applications, studies on the non-saponin components play an important role in providing a good evidence of pharmacological and biol ogical activities. Among the non-saponin constituents of Korean ginseng, polyacetylenes, phenols. Sesquiterpenes, alkaloids. polysaccharides oligosaccharides, oligopeptides and aminoglycosides together with ginsenosides of terrestrial part are mainly described.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.477-482
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• 2001

Until now, it has not been well known for Far-infrared(FIR) how to affect to the human body. We introduced and presumed the mechanism of FIR based on molecular biology in this study, as below. The human body is composed of proteins which get easily changed by a thermal factor (about 42 $^{\circ}$C over). FIR with low temperature can deeply penetrate on the human body composed things without troublesome, since FIR has effectively operated on the human body at low temperature (35-40 $^{\circ}$C). When FIR penetrated on the human body, it would inhibit the abnormal genes and cells expression, and then information of DNA and RNA would be reexpressed for arranging DNA and RNA abnormal state. As FIR's receptors in the body, it colud be presumed that N-glycosyl linkage of purine and deoxyribose, RNA splicing process, and heat shock protein.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2018

Chitinases are glycosyl hydrolases which cleave the ${\beta}$-1,4 linkage of chitin into oligo or monomers of N-acetylglucosamine. These bacterial enzymes have been used for a wide range of applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, we isolated two potential chitinolytic strains, BAO-01 and BAO-02, from salt-fermented shrimp, which were shown to belong to the genus Salinivibrio through genetic characterization using 16S rRNA. These isolates were gram-positive, rod-shaped, and non-spore forming. BAO-01 showed greater growth and chitinase activity than BAO-02 after the incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ for 4 days. Both strains grew on a wide range of carbon and nitrogen sources, pH values, temperatures, and salt levels. However, they showed minor biochemical differences. In addition, their antimicrobial activities against foodborne pathogens and antibiotic susceptibilities were evaluated. These Salinivibrio spp. did not show bioamine production, hemolytic activity, and mucin degradation. Therefore, the in vitro screening results suggested that these bacteria could be widely used as new candidates for chitin hydrolyzation and seafood fermentation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2008

Three amino acid residues (His119, Glu164, and Glu338) in the active site of Thermus caldophilus GK24 ${\beta}$-glycosidase (Tca ${\beta}$-glycosidase), a family 1 glycosyl hydrolase, were mutated by site-directed mutagenesis. To verify the key catalytic residues, Glu164 and Glu338 were changed to Gly and Gln, respectively. The E164G mutation resulted in drastic reductions of both ${\beta}$-galactosidase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase activities, and the E338Q mutation caused complete loss of activity, confirming that the two residues are essential for the reaction process of glycosidic linkage hydrolysis. To investigate the role of His119 in substrate binding and enzyme activity, the residue was substituted with Gly. The H119G mutant showed 53-fold reduced activity on 5mM p-nitrophenyl ${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside, when compared with the wild type; however, both the wild-type and mutant enzymes showed similar activity on 5mM p-nitrophenyl ${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside at $75^{\circ}C$. Kinetic analysis with p-nitrophenyl ${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside revealed that the $k_{cat}$ value of the H119G mutant was 76.3-fold lower than that of the wild type, but the $K_m$ of the mutant was 15.3-fold higher than that of the wild type owing to the much lower affinity of the mutant. Thus, the catalytic efficiency $(k_{cat}/K_m)$ of the mutant decreased to 0.08% to that of the wild type. The $k_{cat}$ value of the H119G mutant for p-nitrophenyl ${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside was 5.l-fold higher than that of the wild type, but the catalytic efficiency of the mutant was 2.5% of that of the wild type. The H119G mutation gave rise to changes in optima pH (from 5.5-6.5 to 5.5) and temperature (from $90^{\circ}C\;to\;80-85^{\circ}C$). This difference of temperature optima originated in the decrease of H119G's thermostability. These results indicate that His119 is a crucial residue in ${\beta}$-galactosidase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase activities and also influences the enzyme's substrate binding affinity and thermostability.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.509-527
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• 2001

The Sun's ray is composed of Infrared(49%), Visible light(40%) and Ultra violet(11%), however the ray getting to the earth is FIR(Far infrared; 60%), IR(Infrared; 20%), and UV(Ultra Violet; 20%). Human beings has utilized FIR already from time immemorial. Hershel found out Infrared for the first time. in the Industrial Revolution the Infrared and FIR had been begun to use making products. In these days, with contemporary science FIR would be begun to clear up the implication in the human body and organic compound. IR classified by wavelength three parts NlR, MIR, FIR. There is FIR which is radiated from healthy human body the wave length is 8-l4m. The human body is composed of proteins which get easily changed by a thermal factor (about 42 $^{\circ}$C over). FIR with low temperature can deeply penetrate on the human body composed things without troublesomes, since FIR has effectively operated on the human body at low temperature (35-40 $^{\circ}$C). When FlR penetrated on the human body. it would inhibit the abnormal genes and cells expression, and then information of DNA and RNA would be reexpressed for arranging DNA and RNA abnormal state. As FlR's receptors in the body, it could be presumed that N-glycosyl linkage of purine and deoxyribose, RNA splicing process, and Heat shock protein. To take the FIR which was a optimized wavewlength and strength, at first, we induced the characteristic algorithm and the computerized programing. Then we formed that the formular of optimized FIR with physical, mathematical logic and theory. especially, Plank, Kirchhoff, Wien, Stefan-Boltzmann's logic and law. In the long run, the formular was induced with integration mathematical, since we had to know the molecular wavelength. Based on the induced formular as above, we programmed the optimized FlR radiating computerized program. In this research, we designed the eletronic circuit f3r interfacing with human body to diagnosis and treatment with FIR sensor which radiated FIR wavelength optimized.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1653-1663
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• 2010

The first gene (${\alpha}$-gal1) encoding an extracellular ${\alpha}$-Dgalactosidase from the thermophilic fungus Talaromyces emersonii was cloned and characterized. The ${\alpha}$-gal1 gene consisted of an open reading frame of 1,792 base pairs interrupted by six introns that encoded a mature protein of 452 amino acids, including a 24 amino acid secretory signal sequence. The translated protein had highest identity with other fungal ${\alpha}$-galactosidases belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 27. The ${\alpha}$-gal1 gene was overexpressed as a secretory protein with an N-terminal histidine tag in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Recombinant ${\alpha}$-Gal1 was secreted into the culture medium as a monomeric glycoprotein with a maximal yield of 10.75 mg/l and purified to homogeneity using Hisbinding nickel-agarose affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme was maximally active at $70^{\circ}C$, pH 4.5, and lost no activity over 10 days at $50^{\circ}C$. ${\alpha}$-Gal1 followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics ($V_{max}\;of\;240.3{\mu}M/min/mg,\;K_m\;of\;0.294 mM$) and was inhibited competitively by galactose ($K_m{^{obs}}$ of 0.57 mM, $K_i$ of 2.77 mM). The recombinant T. emersonii ${\alpha}$-galactosidase displayed broad substrate preference, being active on both oligo- and polymeric substrates, yet had strict specificity for the ${\alpha}$-galactosidic linkage. Owing to its substrate preference and noteworthy stability, ${\alpha}$-Gal1 is of particular interest for possible biotechnological applications involving the processing of plant materials.