• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1317-1328
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• 2023

Green tea (GT) polyphenols undergo extensive metabolism within gastrointestinal tract (GIT), where their derivatives compounds potentially modulate the gut microbiome. This biotransformation process involves a cascade of exclusive gut microbial enzymes which chemically modify the GT polyphenols influencing both their bioactivity and bioavailability in host. Herein, we examined the in vitro interactions between 37 different human gut microbiota and the GT polyphenols. UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS analysis of the culture broth extracts unravel that genera Adlercreutzia, Eggerthella and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KACC11451 promoted C-ring opening reaction in GT catechins. In addition, L. plantarum also hydrolyzed catechin galloyl esters to produce gallic acid and pyrogallol, and also converted flavonoid glycosides to their aglycone derivatives. Biotransformation of GT polyphenols into derivative compounds enhanced their antioxidant bioactivities in culture broth extracts. Considering the effects of GT polyphenols on specific growth rates of gut bacteria, we noted that GT polyphenols and their derivate compounds inhibited most species in phylum Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, and Firmicutes except genus Lactobacillus. The present study delineates the likely mechanisms involved in the metabolism and bioavailability of GT polyphenols upon exposure to gut microbiota. Further, widening this workflow to understand the metabolism of various other dietary polyphenols can unravel their biotransformation mechanisms and associated functions in human GIT.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.72-72
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• 2020

Various mixtures were prepared depending on the mixing ratio of Scutellaria baicalensis hot water extract (SB-HW) and Chrysanthemum morifolium ethanol extract (CM-E) and their anti-inflammatory activity were compared. Among them, SB-HW (80 ㎍/mL)/CM-E (120 ㎍/mL) or SB-HW (40 ㎍/mL)/CM-E (160 ㎍/mL) significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated NO and IL-6 levels in RAW 264.7 cells. The SB-HW (80 ㎍/mL)/CM-E (120 ㎍/mL) mixture, which was determined as active mixture, significantly reduced MUC5AC secretion in PMA and LPS-induced NCI-H292 cells. The active mixture also reduced the production of PGE2 and IL-8 in PMA-induced A549 cells. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the active mixture was composed of high contents of flavone glycosides, such as baicalin and cynaroside. Western blot analysis indicated that the active mixture suppressed phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, associating with the inhibition of MAPK signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the active mixture could be applied as a new anti-inflammatory herbal medicine

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.509-513
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop a new preparation process of ginseng extract using high concentrations of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, a special component in red ginseng. From when the ginseng saponin glycosides transformed into the prosapogenins chemically, they were analyzed using the HPLC method. The ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with several treatment conditions of an edible brewing vinegar. The results indicated that ginsenoside $Rg_3$ quantities increased over 4% at the pH 2-4 level of vinegar treatment. This occurred at temperatures above $R90^{\circ}C$, but not occurred at other pH and temperature condition. In addition, the ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with the twice-brewed vinegar (about 14% acidity). This produced about 1.5 times more ginsenoside $Rg_3$ than those processed with regular amounts of brewing vinegar (about 7% acidity) and persimmon vinegar (about 3% acidity). Though the white ginseng extract was processed with the brewing vinegar over four hr, there was no change for ginsenoside $Rg_3$. However, the VG8-7 was the highest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (4.71%) in the white ginseng extract, which was processed with the twice-brewed vinegar for nine hr. These results indicate that ginseng treated with vinegar had 10 times the quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, compared to the amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in the generally commercial red ginseng, while ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was not found in raw and white ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.108-113
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• 1986

Ginseng saponin absorbed in rat blood and liver were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The amount of saponin was estimated from peak area of the corresponding fraction and the specific radioactivity was then calculated, The radioactivity of the methanol-water extract of blood serum and livers of ginseng saponin administered rats decreased rapidly during the first four hours after the saponin administration. However, the radioactivity disappearance rate was relatively slow when the radioactivity was below a certain level. It seemed that the glycosides of panax ginseng were absorbed partly in the undissociated form and the saponin level of the liver might be maintained at 10-6% - 10-5% for a considerable period of time in ginseng administered rats.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.320-325
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• 2013

"SaCheolNaMu" has been used as a Korean folk medicine for the jaundice, lumbago and uterine diseases. Although a crude drug related to this folk medicine is sold in traditional herbal market, the botanical origin of this drug has not been pharmacognostically confirmed yet. In this study, the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the stem of Euonymus species growing in Korea, i.e. Euonymus japonica and E. fortunei var. radicans were studied to clarify the botanical origin of "SaCheolNaMu". As a result, it was found that these two species could be discriminated by the morphological criteria such as the thickness of cuticles, the number of collenchyma cell layers, and the frequency of druse and resinous substance. According to these criteria, it was elucidated that the commercial folk medicine "SaCheolNaMu" was the stem of E. japonica. Meanwhile, HPLC-DAD analysis on the 70% ethanolic extracts of two species showed significantly different HPLC profiles each other. The molecular ions of three characteristic peaks shown in the chromatogram of two species were identified by ESI-MS, and their structures were estimated to be flavonol glycosides.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 2017

Saponin is the most pharmaceutical active ingredients of the ginseng plant, it was called "Ginsenoside" which means the Glycoside of ginseng that composed glycosides and aglycones. The human body will absorb the saponin easily if these substrate was decomposed by active microorganism. Fermentation is the most convenient technique to decompose this active ingredients. The purpose of this research was to study the sugar content, pH and acidity development during the ginseng fermentation process. Fresh Korean ginseng and red ginseng extract was used as the main ingredient. The concentrated of pure ginseng extract was added to increase the saponin extract. Furthermore, the mix microbial powder was added as starter to increase the fermentation efficiency. The ginseng was fermented in fermentation chamber at temperature $37^{\circ}C$ during 70 days. In the end of experiment the sugar content was decreased from 24% to 7.65%, The pH was decreased from 6.5 to 3.4, and the acidity level was incresed from 0% to 1.2%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.293-297
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• 2016

Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) is the rate-limiting enzyme in biosynthesis of cholesterol in animals. In this study, inhibitory effects of isoflavone glycosides on HMG-CoA reductase were investigated. At sample concentration of $100{\mu}M$, genistein-7-O-triglucoside (G2-genistin) inhibited HMG-CoA reductase activity by approximately 18%, whereas daidzein-7-O-triglucoside had no inhibitory effect. In the kinetic experiments with Syrian hamster HMG-CoA reductase, G2-genistin showed inhibitory efficacy with an invariable $V_{max}$ value, suggesting that G2-genistin works as a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase and has potential for hypocholesterolemic action through direct regulation of HMG-CoA reductase.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48
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• pp.49-57
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• 2003

There is much evidence suggesting that compounds present in soybean can prevent cancer in many different organ systems. Especially, soybean is one of the most important source of dietary saponins, which have been considered as possible anticarcinogens to inhibit tumor development and major active components contributing to the cholesterol-towering effect. Also they were reported to inhibit of the infectivity of the AIDS virus (HIV) and the Epstein-Barr virus. The biological activity of saponins depend on their specific chemical structures. Various types of triterpenoid saponins are present in soy-bean seeds. Among them, group B soyasaponis were found as the primary soyasaponins present in soybean, and th e 2, 3-dihydro-2, 5-dihydroxy-6- methyl-4H-pyran-4-one(DDMP)-conjugated soyasaponin $\alpha\textrm{g}$, $\beta\textrm{g}$, and $\beta$ a were the genuine group B saponins, which have health benefits. On the other hand, group A saponins are responsible for the undesirable bitter and astringent taste in soybean. The variation of saponin composition in soybean seeds is explained by different combinations of 9 alleles of 4 gene loci that control the utilization of soyasapogenol glycosides as substrates. The mode of inheritance of saponin types is explained by a combination of co-dominant, dominant and recessive acting genes. The funtion of theses genes is variety-specific and organ specific. Therefore distribution of various saponins types was different according to seed tissues. Soyasaponin $\beta\textrm{g}$ was detected in both parts whereas $\alpha\textrm{g}$ and $\beta$ a was detected only in hypocotyls and cotyledons, respectively. Soyasaponins ${\gamma}$g and $\gamma\textrm{g}$ were minor saponin constituents in soybean. In case group A saponins were mostly detected in hypocotyls. Also, the total soyasaponin contents varied among different soy-bean varieties and concentrations in the cultivated soy-beans were 2-fold lower than in the wild soybeans. But the contents of soyasaponin were not so influenced by environmental effects. The composition and concentration of soyasaponins were different among the soy products (soybean flour, soycurd, tempeh, soymilk, etc.) depending on the processing conditions.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.668-672
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• 2003

An antioxidative activity of Portulaca oleracea was tested by in vitro experimental models. The antioxidative activities were determined by evaluation the DPPH radical scavenging activity and by measuring lipid peroxide using 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA). The crude extract was sequentially partitioned with n-hexane, 15% aq. MeOH, EtOAc, n-BuOH, $H_2O$. Among them, a remarkable antioxidative effect was observed in the fractions of EtOAc and n-BuOH. The DPPH radical scavenging effect $(IC_{50}=17.90{\mu}g/ml)$ of the n-BuOH soluble fraction was comparable with that of natural antioxidant, ${\alpha}-tocopherol(IC_{50}=\;6.99{\mu}g/ml)$ and the inhibitory effect of lipid peroxidation in mouse liver homogenate was similar to that of natural antioxidant, L-ascorbic acid at a concentration of 0.1mg/ml to 5mg/ml. From the BuOH soluble fraction yielded two biophenolic glycosides, 3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenyl-4-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside(1) and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside(2) using column chromatography and revered-phase HPLC. In particular, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of 2 was comparable to that tocopherol$(IC_{50}=6.59{\mu}g/ml)$.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to develop a new ginseng (Panax ginseng) flower buds extract with the high concentration of ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, Rh1 and F4, the Red ginseng special component. Chemical transformation from the ginseng saponin glycosides to the prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. The ginseng flower buds were processed at the several treatment conditions of the ultrasonication (Oscillator 600W, Vibrator 600W) and vinegar (about 14% acidity). The result of UVGFB-480 was the butanol fraction of ginseng flower buds that had been processed with ultrasonication and vinegar for 480 minutes gained the highest amount of ginsenoside Rg5 (3.548%), Rh1 (2.037%), Rk1 (1.821%), Rg3 (1.580%) and F4 (1.535%). The ginsenoside Rg5 of UVGFB-480 was found to contain 14.3 times as high as ginseng flower buds extracts (GFB, 0.249%).