• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of ethylene glycol, glycerol and sucrose to TCG (Tris, Citric Acid, Glucose, Egg Yolk) and DMSO Frozen. The extender containing Egg yolk concentration (10%, 20%) affects viability and acrosome morphology of rabbit sperm. Sperm viability was then assessed for the freezing extenders TCGD (Tris + Citricacid + Glucose + DMSO), TCGED (Tris + Citricacid + Glucose + Egg yolk + DMSO), TCGGD (Tris + Citricacid + Glucose + Glycerol + DMSO) and TCGSD Tris + Citricacid + Glucose + Sucrose + DMSO) during thawing at 38℃. for 20 seconds, respectively. TCG + 10% egg yolk (viability: 77.0 ± 0.8, NAI: 73.3 ± 0.9) was significantly (sperm viability and normal acrosome interaction (NAI)) higher than TCG + 20% egg yolk (70.7 ± 1.1, 70.0 ± 0.9) in the sperm normalcy analysis according to the yolk concentration. TCGGD (53.4 ± 0.1, 62.3 ± 0.4), TCGSD (61.3 ± 0.0, 67.1 ± 0.1) sperm viability and normal acrosome interaction (NAI) in frozen spermatozoa are TCGD (46.4 ± 2.8 and 56.3 ± 1. 4) and TCGED (23.0 ± 1.1 and 54.6 ± 1.4) extenders was thawed at 38℃ for 20 seconds. According to the results from each frozen bulking agent, sperm membrane integrity by hypotonic swelling test (HOST) analysis in TCGGD (59.8 ± 0.7), TCGSD (59.3 ± 0.5) was significantly high compared to other experimental groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these results suggested that TCGGD and TCGSD extenders enhance survivability of rabbit sperm after frozen-thawing.

• Journal of health informatics and statistics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.318-323
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• 2016

Objectives: Except the known risk factors for stroke, few studies have identified novel metabolic markers that could effectively detect stroke at an early stage. In this study, we explored the dose-response relationship between serum metabolites and the incidence of stroke. Methods: We studied 213 adults in the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) biobank and estimated dose-response relationship between serum metabolites and stroke (42 cases and 171 controls). Three serum metabolites (Acetylcholine, HexadecylAcetylGlycerol, and 1-acetyl-2-formyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) were used in this study. The analysis included (1) exploratory nonlinear analysis, (2) estimation of flexion points and slopes at below and above the points. In the model to estimate risk of incidence of stroke, we controlled for conventional risk factors such as age, sex, systolic blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, triglyceride, and smoking status. Results: The relationship between incidence of stroke and log-transformed 1-acetyl-2-formyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was non-linear with flexion point around intensity score of 8.8, whereas other metabolites, log-transformed Acetylcholine and HexadecylAcetylGlycerol, showed negative linear patterns. Conclusions: The study suggests that metabolic markers are associated with incidence of stroke, particularly, at or above the flexion point. The study result may contribute to developing a novel system for precise stroke prediction.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1993

The possibilities for HPLC analysis of lipids have been revolutionised by the availability of evaporative light-scattering detectors, with which the response is independent of the nature of the mobile phase and does not depend On the presence of specific chromophores in the lipids. It was thus possible to develop an HPLC procedure, involving ternary gradient elution, for separating all the lipid classes in animal tissues in a single step. Although reversed-phase HPLC has been widely used for the analysis of molecular species of lipids, sliver ion chromatography can be a valuable alternative. For example, a stable silver ion column for HPLC was developed which permitted resolution of molecular species of triacylglycerols, even from such complex samples as fish oils, again With light-scattering detection and gradient elution. The capacity for HPLC resolution of diastereomeric diacyl-sn-glycerol derivatives, prepared from triacylglycerols. has lead to a new simple method for stereospecific analysis of the latter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1633-1642
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• 2017

Objective: Evaluation of exercise effects in racehorses is important in horseracing industry and animal health care. In this study, we compared metabolic patterns between before and after exercise to screen metabolic biomarkers for exercise effects in thoroughbreds. Methods: The concentration of metabolites in muscle, plasma, and urine was measured by $^1H$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis and the relative metabolite levels in the three samples were compared between before and after exercise. Subsequently, multivariate data analysis based on the metabolic profiles was performed using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and variable important plots and t-test was used for basic statistical analysis. Results: From $^1H$ NMR spectroscopy analysis, 35, 25, and 34 metabolites were detected in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Aspartate, betaine, choline, cysteine, ethanol, and threonine were increased over 2-fold in the muscle; propionate and trimethylamine were increased over 2-fold in the plasma; and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were increased over 2-fold whereas acetoacetate, arginine, citrulline, creatine, glutamine, glutarate, hippurate, lysine, methionine, phenylacetylglycine, taurine, trigonelline, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine N-oxide were decreased below 0.5-fold in the urine. The OPLS-DA showed clear separation of the metabolic patterns before and after exercise in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Statistical analysis showed that after exercise, acetoacetate, arginine, glutamine, hippurate, phenylacetylglycine trimethylamine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and trigonelline were significantly decreased and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were significantly increased in the urine (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, we analyzed integrated metabolic patterns in the muscle, plasma, and urine before and after exercise in racehorses. We found changed patterns of metabolites in the muscle, plasma, and urine of racehorses before and after exercise.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 1999

Boar semen can be frozen successfully. However, there is a large variability in the extent of damage boar semen samples experiences during cryopreservation. This experiment was undertaken to find out factors that affect a post-thaw viability of boar spermatozoa. For this purpose, cryodiluents(BF5, LEY, Soejima and M-Soejima), cryoprotectants(glycerol. ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol), pre-freezing method(dryice-pellet, dryice-straw and L$N_2$vapour-st-raw) and total time required for freezing(2. 5, and 7 h) were compared as a factors. To investigate quality of semen during freezing process, motility(%), normal apical ridges(%, NAR), and proportion of living sperm(%) by flow cytometic analysis were assessed after collection, cooled, pre-frozen and post-thawing. Post-thaw motility of semen diluted with M-Soejima was 52.0%, respectively. When heparin, caffeine or heparin＋caffeine was added to 2nd cryodiluent of M-Soejima during freezing process, the highest motility after thawing was shown at the addition of caffeine (2mM), with 61.7$\pm$2.9% of motility. M-Soejima with heparin or caffeine was significantly higher than that of controI(p＜0.05). The result using glycerol(Gly), ethylene glycol(EG), propylene glycol(PG), and their mixture (Gly＋EG and Gly＋PG) as cryoprotectants, the highest motility was shown at the mixture treatment with Gly plus PG. However, the highest proportion of live spermatozoa was shown at Gly＋EG, there was no significantly difference among treatments(p＞0.05). When semen was pre-frozen with three manners(dryice-pellet, dryice-straw, and L$N_2$ vapor-straw), motility(%) of post-thaw spermatozoa was the highest in the L$N_2$ vapor-straw pre-freezing method of M-Soejima cryodiluent with 57.5% of motility, For a simple, economical and timesaving approach to freezing boar semen, total time required for freezing were 2, 5, and 7 hours, post-thaw motility were 43.8, 45.0 and 38.8%, NAR were 19.5, 22.7 and 28.5%, and viability were 20.8, 19.9 and 22.1%, respectively. This data suggests that boar semen diluted with M-Soejima cryodiluent contained caffeine, using mixture of glycerol and propylene glycol or ethylene glycol as cryoprotectants, frozen with 2 hours, can be taken better motility, NAR, and proportion of live spermatozoa.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1999

Silk fibroin dissolved in highly concentrated calcium chloride and ethanol mixture aqueous solution turned into gel under suitable conditions. Preparation conditions and properties of gel were investigated as a function of parameters such as pH of solution, fibroin concentration, glycerol concentration and molecular weight. When pH of silk fibroin aqueous solution was near the isoelectronic point(pH 3.9~4.0), gelation occurred rapidly and strength of gel was stonger than that of pH-unadjusted due to electrostatic repulsion decrease between silk fibroin macromolecules. As concentration of silk fibroin and glycerol was higher, gelation occurred more rapid. FT Infra-red spectra of freeze-dried fibroin gel showed that gelation was derived by intermolecular anti-parallel ${\beta}$-sheet structure formation. In addition to, it was found that white-precipitate occurred instead of gelation when aqueous silk fibroin was treated by enzyme(flavouzyme), however, after flavouzyme-treated silk fibroin aqueous solution was centrifugated gelation occurred instantly. The results of differential scanning thermal analysis and infra-red spectroscopy showed that thermal stability and crystallinity of enzyme-hydrolyzed fibroin are superior to those of unhydrolyzed fibroin.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2017

To replace phthalate plasticizer for PVC, acetylated monoglyceride (AMG) plasticizers were prepared from plant oil and their plasticization effects were also investigated. Transesterification of coconut oil by glycerol followed by acetylation with acetic anhydride gave AMG-CoCo (Coco : Coconut Oil). In addition, AMG-GMO (GMO : Glycerol monooleate) and AMG-GMO-Epoxy were synthesized by acetylation and epoxidation with glycerol monooleate. It was found that the thermal stability of AMG plasticizers increased in the following order: AMG-GMO-Epoxy > AMG-GMO > AMG-CoCo and all three plasticizers were thermally more stable than those of common petroleum-based plasticizer DOP (Dioctyl phthalate). The tensile strain values of the PVC containing AMG compounds were ca. 770~810%, while tensile strength values were ca. 19~22 MPa, which were higher than those of PVC containing DOP. DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) results showed that the miscibility of AMG-GMO-Epoxy in PVC was excellent and the $T_g$ of PVC containing AMG-GMO-Epoxy at 50 phr decreased down to $24^{\circ}C$. Finally, the leaching experiment result showed that the weight loss values of PVC containing AMG-GMO and AMG-GMO-Epoxy at 50 phr were as low as 2 and 1%, respectively, indicating that they have high water migration resistance. The above findings suggested that AMG-GMO-Epoxy could be one of plant oil-based PVC plasticizers to replace DOP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1113-1120
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• 2011

Enzymatic interesterification was conducted with the palm mid fraction (PMF) and stearic ethyl ester for 1, 5, and 9 hr at 46$^{\circ}C$. The reaction was catalyzed by Lipozyme TLIM (2, 3, and 4% by weight of total substrates) in a shaking water bath at 180 rpm. As the reaction continued, oleic acid (C18:1) content at the sn-2 position decreased, whereas saturated fatty acid (C16:0 and C18:0) content increased. In the high performance chromatography analysis, 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol content decreased, whereas 1(3)-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3(1)-stearoyl glycerol (POS) content increased up to the reaction equilibrium. The rate of acyl migration increased with increasing molar ratio and enzyme load as well as reaction time. The optimal reaction conditions for maximizing POS content (53.5 area%) and minimizing acyl migration (23.1 area%) were obtained with a PMF : stearic ethyl ester=1:2 (molar ratio), Lipozyme TLIM 3 wt%, and a reaction time of 5 hr.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.606-612
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• 1998

A microbial flocculant-producing gram-positive bacterium, strain TE11, was isolated from soil samples, and was identified as Bacillus subtilis by using the Midi system, the Biolog system, 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and some physiological and morphological characteristics. The maximum flocculant capsular biopolymer of TE11 strain (BCP, 4.9mg/ml) was obtained when it was grown in GA broth medium containing 3% glutamic acid, 2% glycerol, 0.5% citric acid, 0.5% $NH_4$Cl, 0.05% $MgSO_4.7H_2O,\; 0.05%\;K_2HPO_4\;,\; and\; 0.004%\; FeC1_3. 6H_2O,\; pH 7.2,\; at\; 30^{\circ}C$ for 70 h with shaking. When glycerol was used as an additional carbon source in the GA medium, TE11 produced only flocculant BCP without any by-product. The flocculant (BCP) was found to aggregate suspended kaolin and activated charcoal powder without cations, and its flocculating activity was significantly enhanced by the addition of bivalent cations such as $Ca^{2＋}.Zn^{2},\; and\; Mn^{2＋}$. The flocculation activity by addition of $Ca^{2+}$ was high in an acidic pH 4.0. In the case of $Zn^{2＋}$, high flocculating activity remained without significant loss in the broad range of pH 4.0 to 9.0.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.606-612
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Several medicinal properties of Smilax china L. have been studied including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. However, the antiobesity activity and mechanism by which the water-soluble fraction of this plant mediates its effects are not clear. In the present study, we investigated the lipolytic actions of the water-soluble fraction of Smilax china L. leaf ethanol extract (wsSCLE) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: The wsSCLE was identified by measuring the total polyphenol and flavonoid content. The wsSCLE was evaluated for its effects on cell viability, lipid accumulation, glycerol, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) contents. In addition, western blot analysis was used to evaluate the effects on protein kinase A (PKA), PKA substrates (PKAs), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). For the lipid accumulation assay, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with different doses of wsSCLE for 9 days starting 2 days post-confluence. In other cell experiments, mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated for 24 h with wsSCLE. RESULTS: Results showed that treatment with wsSCLE at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.25 mg/mL had no effect on cell morphology and viability. Without evidence of toxicity, wsSCLE treatment decreased lipid accumulation compared with the untreated adipocyte controls as shown by the lower absorbance of Oil Red O stain. The wsSCLE significantly induced glycerol release and cAMP production in mature 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, protein levels of phosphorylated PKA, PKAs, and HSL significantly increased following wsSCLE treatment. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the potential antiobesity activity of wsSCLE is at least in part due to the stimulation of cAMP-PKA-HSL signaling. In addition, the wsSCLE-stimulated lipolysis induced by the signaling is mediated via activation of the ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor.