• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.253-262
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• 1997

To investigate morphological changes in the endocrine pancreas of chicken after pancreatic duct ligation, experimental animals were subdivided to control, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 7 days and 10 days groupes and all of three pancreatic ducts of chicken were ligated by surgical procedure and then the morphological changes were observed. In pancreatic islets, the vacuolation and invasion of connective tissue were occurred in all experimental groups and dissociation of pancreatic islets was detected in 4 days after pancreatic duct ligation and hold out to 10 days. The peak of the morphological changes in pancreatic islets was detected in 4 days after pancreatic duct ligation. In the results of immunohistochemical methods against glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and bovine pancreatic polypeptide(BPP), the number of immunoreactive pancreatic islets were decreased but the size increased with time, so the number of immunoreactive cells in each pancreatic islets were increased. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were not changed but insulin-immunoreactive cells were decreased with time(p<0.05). BPP-immunoreactive cells were increased in 2 days after pancreatic duct ligation and then decreased with time(p<0.05). Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were increased with time(p<0.05) in dark islets.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.704-711
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• 1998

With histological changes, ontogeny and relative frequencies of bovine Sp-1/chromogranin(bCG)-, serotonin-, gastrin-, cholecystokinin-8(CCK-8)-, somatostatin-, S-100 protein-, polypeptide YY(PYY)- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were investigated in the duodenum of the chicken embryos from 10 days of incubation to hatching. Histologically, pseudostraitified columnar epithelium were observed from 10 days of incubation to 14 days of incubation, thereafter these epithelium were differentiated to simple columnar epithelium. $Liberk{\ddot{u}}hn$ glands were observed from 18 days of incubation and goblet cells were detected from hatching. In the duodenum, bCG-immunoreactive cells were detected from 14 days of incubation and increased to 18 days of incubation, thereafter decreased with ages. Serotonin-immunorecative cells were detected from 14 days of incubation and increased with ages. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were detected from 14 days of incubation and CCK-immunoreactive cells were detected from 19 days of incubation. No gastrin-, S-100 protein-, PYY-, glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in this study.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

About 20 chemical elements are nutritionally essential for humans with defined molecular functions. Several essential and nonessential biometals are either functional nutrients with antidiabetic actions or can be diabetogenic. A key question remains whether changes in the metabolism of biometals and biominerals are a consequence of diabetes or are involved in its etiology. Exploration of the roles of zinc (Zn) in this regard is most revealing because 80 years of scientific discoveries link zinc and diabetes. In pancreatic ${\beta}$- and ${\alpha}$-cells, zinc has specific functions in the biochemistry of insulin and glucagon. When zinc ions are secreted during vesicular exocytosis, they have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine roles. The membrane protein ZnT8 transports zinc ions into the insulin and glucagon granules. ZnT8 has a risk allele that predisposes the majority of humans to developing diabetes. In target tissues, increased availability of zinc enhances the insulin response by inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, which controls the phosphorylation state of the insulin receptor and hence downstream signalling. Inherited diseases of zinc metabolism, environmental exposures that interfere with the control of cellular zinc homeostasis, and nutritional or conditioned zinc deficiency influence the pathobiochemistry of diabetes. Accepting the view that zinc is one of the many factors in multiple gene-environment interactions that cause the functional demise of ${\beta}$-cells generates an immense potential for treating and perhaps preventing diabetes. Personalized nutrition, bioactive food, and pharmaceuticals targeting the control of cellular zinc in precision medicine are among the possible interventions.

• BMB Reports
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• 제46권12호
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• pp.606-610
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• 2013

Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) regulates glucose mediated-insulin secretion, nutrient accumulation, and ${\beta}$-cell growth. Despite the potential therapeutic usage for type 2 diabetes (T2D), GLP-1 has a short half-life in vivo ($t_{1/2}$ <2 min). In an attempt to prolong half-life, GLP-1 fusion proteins were genetically engineered: GLP-1 human serum albumin fusion (GLP-1/HSA), AGLP-1/HSA which has an additional alanine at the N-terminus of GLP-1, and AGLP-1-L/HSA, in which a peptide linker is inserted between AGLP-1 and HSA. Recombinant fusion proteins secreted from the Chinese Hamster Ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) cell line were purified with high purity (>96%). AGLP-1 fusion protein was resistant against the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). The fusion proteins activated cAMP-mediated signaling in rat insulinoma INS-1 cells. Furthermore, a C57BL/6N mice pharmacodynamics study exhibited that AGLP-1-L/HSA effectively reduced blood glucose level compared to AGLP-1/HSA.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.689-697
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• 1999

The regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the alimentary tract of the snake, Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus, were investigated by immunohistochemical method using 7 antisera. Chromogranin (Cg)-, glucagon-, somatostatin-, gastrin/cholecystokinin (Gas/CCK)-, serotonin-, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP)-immunoreactive cells were identified in this study. Cg-immunoreactive cells were detected throughout the alimentary tract including the esophagus, with predominant frequency in the pylorus. Numerous immunoreactive cells were observed from the esophagus to the pylorus but a few cells were detected in the large intestine. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were observed from the proximal portions to the distal portions of the small intestine. They were increased to the middle portions but thereafter decreased, and no cells were found in the terminal portions. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the small intestine and these cells were decreased toward to distal portions of the small intestine. Gas/CCK-immunoreactive cells were detected in the pylorus and small intestine. They were most predominant in the pylorus and the proximal portions of the small intestine but thereafter decreased toward to the distal regions. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells were observed throughout the alimentary tract. They were most predominant in the pylorus and proximal portions of the small intestine but a few cells were observed in the large intestine. BPP-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the distal portions of the small intestine with rare frequency. No bombesin-immunoreactive cells were found in this study.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2011

In this study, immunohistochemistry was used to examine the changes in the density of colonic endocrine cells - argyrophil and argentaffin cells, chromogranin A (CGA), serotonin, somatostatin and glucagon-containing cells in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced rat colitis. Ulcerative colitis was induced by the instillation of 10 mg of TNBS into the colonic lumen through the anus. To confirm the inducement of ulcerative colitis, the macroscopic and microscopic scores as well as the colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities were monitored for 8 days after TNBS instillation in the colonic lumens. In addition, the number of argyrophil and argentaffin cells, CGA, serotonin, somatostatin and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were counted in the colonic mucosa, respectively. After TNBS instillation into the lumen of the colon from the anus in rats, increases in macroscopic and microscopic scores in the colon tissues were observed along with increases in the colonic MPO activities. Therefore, ulcerative colitis was relatively well induced by the TNBS instillations. Marked decreases in the number of colonic endocrine cells were detected in the TNBS-treated animal compared to the sham control. These results suggest that colonic endocrine cells were also disrupted by TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2024

As in type 1 diabetes, the loss of pancreatic β-cells leads to insulin deficiency and the subsequent development of hyperglycemia. Exercise has been proposed as a viable remedy for hyperglycemia. Lithium, which has been used as a treatment for bipolar disorder, has also been shown to improve glucose homeostasis under the conditions of obesity and type 2 diabetes by enhancing the effects of exercise on the skeletal muscles. In this study, we demonstrated that unlike in obesity and type 2 diabetic conditions, under the condition of insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes, lithium administration attenuated pancreatic a-cell mass without altering insulin-secreting β-cell mass, implying a selective impact on glucagon production. Additionally, we also documented that lithium downregulated the hepatic gluconeogenic program by decreasing G6Pase protein levels and upregulating AMPK activity. These findings suggest that lithium's effect on glucose metabolism in type 1 diabetes is mediated through a different mechanism than those associated with exercise-induced metabolic changes in the muscle. Therefore, our research presents the novel therapeutic potential of lithium in the treatment of type 1 diabetes, which can be utilized along with insulin and independently of exercise.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.111-121
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• 1988

고슴도치의(Erinaceus koneanus)췌강 각 부위별에 출현하는 glucagon(A)세포,insulin(B)세포, somatostatin(D)세포 및 pancreatic polypeptide(PP)세포 등 4종의 내분비세포의 출현빈도, 분포상태, 모양 및 크기 등을 관찰하고자 췌장을 비장부와 십이지장부로 구분하고 이를 각각 근위부, 중간부 및 원위부로 세분한 후 면역세포화학적 방법을 시도하여 광학현미경하에서 검경하였던 바 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. Glucagon(A)세포의 크기는13 $\mu$ m x 9.5 $\mu$ m였고 그 모양은 원형, 난원형 및 추체형을 띠고 있었으며 췌도의 주변부와 외분비 실질사이에 분포하고 있었다. A세의 출현빈도는 비장부의 모든 부의에서 24.5%-30.5%, 십이지장부의 원위부에서 30.1%로 관찰되었으나 십이지장부의 근위부와 중간부에서는 2.6%-5.2%로 관찰되었다. Insulin(B)세포의 크기는 11.6$\mu$m x 9.4$\mu$m로서 원형 또는 난원형을 띠었고 췌도내에 균등하게 분포하고 있었으며, 비장부의 모든 부위와 십이지장의 원위부에서는 63.5%-68.9%, 십이지장부의 근위부와 중간부에서는 35.9%-55.6%로 출현하였다. Somatostatin(D)세포는 크기가 12.6$\mu$m x 9.1 $\mu$m로서 주변부와 외분비 실질사에 나타났으며 세포의 출현빈도는 비장부와 십이장부의 모든 부위에서 2.6%-5.9%로서 소수 관찰되었다. Pancreatic polypeptide(PP)세포는 크기가 12.8$\mu$ m x 8.5 $\mu$m였고 세포의 모양은 원형, 난원형 및 추체형 등 다양하였으며 췌도의 주변부와 외분비실질간에 주로 분포하고 있었다. PP세포의 출편빈도는 십이지장부의 근위부와 중간부에서는 각각 42.5%, 55.4%로서 관찰된 반면 비장부의 모든 부위와 십이지장부의 원위부에서는 0.5%-2%로서 소수 출현되었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권11호
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• pp.1279-1282
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• 2009

당뇨병 환자에서 간비대와 간 기능 이상이 동반될 경우 간 내 당원축적증과 비알콜성 지방간염을 감별해야 한다. 저자들은 인슐린 치료를 제대로 받지 않아 혈당 조절이 불량한 환자에서 저혈당과 간비대로 발현한 간 내 당원축적증을 경험하여 보고한다. 만 6세경 1형 당뇨병으로 진단받은 환아로 10세경 우상복부 통증과 반복되는 고혈당과 저혈당으로 내원하였으며, 당시 진찰상 둥근 얼굴, 우측 늑골연 하방 6 cm 정도에서 만져지는 간비대가 있었다. 검사상 소변 케톤 양성, 당화혈색소는 9.6%였다. 간 효소치가 증가되어 있었고, 혈중 콜레스테롤/중성지방 250/267 mg/dL였다. 바이러스성 간염, 자가면역성 간염, 대사성 간 질환에 대한 검사는 모두 정상이었다. 복부 초음파 및 컴퓨터 단층 촬영상 지방간과 간비대 소견을 보였다. 간 조직 검사상 PAS 염색에서 양성, diastase-PAS 염색에서는 음성으로 전형적인 당원축적증의 소견을 보였다. 고혈당을 보일 때마다 초속효성 인슐린을 투여하고 심한 저혈당의 증상이 동반된 경우 글루카곤을 투여하였으며 생옥수수 전분 가루를 간식으로 먹이면서 저혈당 횟수가 감소하여 퇴원하였다. 현재 외래에서 초속효성 인슐린으로 혈당 조절하면서 관찰 중이다. 제1형 당뇨병 환자에서 당원축적증은 간비대와 간 효소치의 상승을 야기할 수 있는 원인이다. 본 증례에서는 심한 저혈당이 반복되어 하루에도 수 차례 글루카곤을 투여하였으며, 생옥수수 전분 가루을 투여하면서 저혈당이 호전되었다. 엄격한 혈당 관리로 간 비대 및 간 기능 이상이 호전될 수 있으므로 적절한 인슐린 치료로 혈당을 조절하고 저혈당을 예방해야 하겠다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1644-1655
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• 2019

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) have been employed to improve the intestinal development of weaned animals. The goal of this study was to determine whether either exogenous S. cerevisiae or GLP-2 elicits major effects on fecal microbiotas and cytokine responses in weaned piglets. Ninety-six piglets weaned at 26 days were assigned to one of four groups: 1) Basal diet (Control), 2) empty vector-harboring S. cerevisiae (EV-SC), 3) GLP-2-expressing S. cerevisiae (GLP2-SC), and 4) recombinant human GLP-2 (rh-GLP2). At the start of the post-weaning period (day 0), and at day 28, fecal samples were collected to assess the bacterial communities via sequencing the V1-V2 region of the 16S-rRNA gene, and piglets' blood was also sampled to measure cytokine responses (i.e., IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\gamma}$). This study revealed that, on the one hand, although S. cerevisiae supplementation did not significantly alter the growth of weaned piglets, it induced increases in the relative abundances of two core genera (Ruminococcaceae_norank and Erysipelotrichaceae_norank) and decreases in the relative abundances of two other core genera (Lachnospiraceae_norank and Clostridiale_norank) and cytokine levels (IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$) (p < 0.05, Control vs EV-SC; p < 0.05, rh-GLP2 vs GLP2-SC). On the other hand, GLP-2 supplementation had no significant influence on fecal bacterial communities and cytokine levels, but it produced better body weight and average daily gain (p < 0.05, Control vs EV-SC; p < 0.05, rh-GLP2 vs GLP2-SC). Therefore, altered fecal microbiotas and cytokine response effects in weaned piglets were due to S. cerevisiae rather than GLP-2.