• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제13권10호
• /
• pp.1359-1366
• /
• 2000

An experiment was carried out to study plasma levels of hormones and metabolites of crossbred Holstein cattle during late pregnancy (28 days pre partum), early lactation (30 days post partum), mid-lactation (120 days post partum) and late lactation (210 days post partum). Two breed types of Holstein $Friesian{\times}Red$ Sindhi (50:50 = 50%HF) and Holstein $Friesian{\times}Red$ Sindhi (87.5:12.5 = 87.5%HF) were divided into four groups of four animals each. Two groups of each breed were fed with either rice straw treated with 5% urea or pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens) as the source of roughage throughout the experiments. There were a substantial increases in the mean levels of total triiodothyronine ($T_3$), insulin and glucagon at the onset of lactation, and maintained in a high levels during lactation advance for all groups of experiments. The mean levels of prolactin and thyroxine ($T_4$) were not significantly different among groups of animals, but the plasma cortisol concentration was slightly higher in both groups of 50%HF in comparison with those of 87.5%HF animals. The mean levels of plasma growth hormone (GH) of both groups of 87.5%HF animals feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw markedly rose in the early period of lactation and markedly reduced in mid- and late lactation. These changes were accompanied with changes of milk yield. In contrast to 50%HF animals, plasma GH levels were considerably higher in the late pregnant period than in the early period of lactation and it remained constant as its value at the early lactation throughout the experimental period. The high levels of both plasma progesterone and estradiol concentration significantly declined after parturition and remained low through lactating period. The plasma glucose level in the 50%HF animals feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw was higher than the 87.5%HF animals in all periods of experiments. Changes in plasma FFA levels of both types of crossbred animals were depended on the endocrine status during late pregnancy and lactation. The levels of plasma FFA of 50%HF animals were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of 87.5%HF animals during late pregnancy. Both plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate and lactate concentrations were not affected by feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw during late pregnancy and lactation. These data demonstrate that there were no differences in the physiological performances in the same crossbred animals fed either hay or urea treated rice straw. The 87.5%HF animal has the genetic potential for a high milk yield and homeorhetic adaptation for mammary function differed from 50%HF animals during periods of lactation. Altering lactation persistency in 87.5%HF is regulated mainly by chronically acting growth hormones through the period of lactation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제43권3호
• /
• pp.355-359
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 Goto-Kakizaki 당뇨질환 모델을 통해 미네랄이 풍부한 천일염의 항당뇨 효과를 관찰하고자 하였다. 동일한 주령의 Wistar rat 정상군에 비해 소금투여군에서는 간, 신장, 비장 등 장기무게는 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였지만 소금투여군 사이에는 유의성이 나타나지 않았다. 혈중 성분 변화에서는 총 콜레스테롤 함량은 죽염투여군(BS)이 정제염투여군(PS)에 비해 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 보여주었으며 혈청 중성지방은 모든 천일염투여군이 정제염보다 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 혈당수치는 정제염투여군은 실험기간 동안 지속적인 상승추세를 보여주었지만 천일염투여군은 상승하다가 일정 기간에서는 유지되는 경향을 보였으며 12주차 결과에서는 정제염투여군에 비해 유의적인 차이로 혈당 저하 효과를 보였다. 혈중 인슐린 농도는 정제염투여군에서 정상군에 비해 유의적인 감소를 보였으며 천일염투여군에서 다소 상승하는 추세를 보였지만 유의성은 나타나지 않았다. 췌장의 조직학적 변화를 관찰한 결과 정제염투여군에 비해 천일염투여군에서 랑게르한스섬의 배열이 비교적 규칙적이고 원형에 근접하는 형태를 유지하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구결과를 토대로 미네랄이 풍부한 천일염이 당뇨질환을 완화시킬 수 있는 가능성이 있을 것으로 사료되나 앞으로 이에 대한 보다 심도 있는 메커니즘 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.205-212
• /
• 2010

The effects of chromium (Cr), dietary crude protein (CP) level, and potential interactions of these two factors were investigated in term of energy metabolism in lambs. Forty-eight 9-week-old weaned lambs (Dorper${\times}$Small-tail Han sheep, male, mean initial body weight = 22.96 kg${\pm}$2.60 kg) were used in a 2${\times}$3 factorial arrangement of supplemental Cr (0 ${\mu}g$/kg, 400 $\mu{g}$/kg or 800 ${\mu}g$/kg from chromium yeast) and protein levels (low protein: 157 g/d to 171 g/d for each animal, or high protein: 189 g/d to 209 g/d for each animal). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the feeding trial. The lambs were then sacrificed and tissue samples were frozen for further analysis. Chromium at 400 ${\mu}g$/kg decreased fasting insulin level and the ratio of plasma insulin to glucagon, but these differences were not statistically significant; in contrast, chromium at 800 ${\mu}g$/kg increased the ratio significantly (p<0.05). Protein at the high level increased plasma tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) level (p = 0.060). Liver glycogen content was increased significantly by Cr (p<0.05), which also increased liver glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and adipose hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity. At 400 ${\mu}g$/kg, Cr increased muscle hexokinase (HK) activity. High protein significantly increased G-6-Pase activities in both the liver (p<0.05) and the kidney (p<0.05), but significantly decreased fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue (p<0.05). For HSL activity in adipose tissue, a Cr${\times}$CP interaction (p<0.05) was observed. Overall, Cr improved energy metabolism, primarily by promoting the glycolytic rate and lipolytic processes, and these regulations were implemented mainly through the modulation by Cr of the insulin signal transduction system. High protein improved gluconeogenesis in both liver and kidney. The interaction of Cr${\times}$CP indicated that 400 $\mu{g}$/kg Cr could reduce energy consumption in situations where energy was being conserved, but could improve energy utilization when metabolic rate was increased.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 1984년도 학술대회지
• /
• pp.191-197
• /
• 1984

인삼의 저혈당성 분획 (DPG-3-2)이 적출한 랑겔한스섬에서 인슐린 분비를 증가시킨다고 일전에 본 저자들이 발표하였다. 근래에 이와 같은 DPG-3-2 분획으로부터 사포닌, 뉴크레오사이드, 뉴크레오타이드, 아미노산, 당 등을 완전히 제거시켜 더욱 정제한 D-O-ANa 성분을 추출하였다. D-O-ANa 유발성 인슐린 분비효과를 DPG 3-2 분획과 그외 잔여성분과 비교 검토하였다. D-O-ANa는 글루코우즈 농도의 고저에 무관하게 인슐린 분비를 가장 강하게 촉진하였다. 특히 D-O-ANa는 제 2 차증 글루코운즈 유발성 인슐린 분비를 촉진하였다. DPG 3-2 분획은 당뇨병 쥐로부터 떼어낸 랑겔한스섬에서 세포외 체액의 칼슘이온이 증가됨에 따라($0.16{\~}6.25$mM) 글루코우즈 유발성 인슐린 분비를 더욱 현저히 증가시켰다. 칼슘이온 흡수와 인슐린분비의 상호관계가 뚜렷이 밝혀졌다. 이 관계는 single sucrose gap 방법에 의해 주의 적출 간 문맥에서 칼슘주파수가 증가되는 실험을 통해 증명되었다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 2013

Purpose: Antidotes for toxicological emergencies can be life-saving. However, there is no nationwide stocking and delivery system for emergency antidotes in Korea. We report on a two-year experience of a nationwide stocking and delivery trial for emergency antidotes at emergency departments in Korea. Methods: An expert panel of clinical toxicologists reviewed and made a list of 15 stocked antidote. These antidotes were purchased or imported from other countries and delivered from 14 antidote stocking hospitals nationwide 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Results: From August 1, 2011 to April 30, 2013, 177 patients with acute poisoning, with a median age of 48.5 years, were administered emergency antidotes. The causes of poisoning were intentional in 52.0% and 88.0% were intentional as a suicide attempt. Regarding clinical severity, using the poisoning severity score, 40.7% of patients had severe to fatal poisoning and 39.0% had moderate poisoning according to clinical severity. The most frequent presenting symptom was neurologic deficit, such as altered mentality (62.7%). alerted mentality (62.7%). Emergency antidotes were administered as follows: methylene blue (49 cases), flumazenil (31), N-acetylcysteine (25), glucagon (17), 100% ethanol (15), cyanide antidote kit (12), anti-venin immunoglobulin (5), pyridoxine (4), hydroxocobalamine (2), and deferoxamine (1). The median time interval from antidote request to delivery at the patient's bedside was 95 minutes (interquartile range 58.8-125.8). Conclusion: Findings of this study demonstrated the possibility of successful operation of the nationwide system of emergency antidotes stocking and delivery in Korea.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.60-60
• /
• 1961

Insulin, Glucagon등의 홀몬과 Reserpine 및 Nicotine의 투여(投與)가 자우췌장(仔牛膵臟) Iangerhans도도(島嶋) 내분비세포(內分泌細胞)들에 미치는 현미경적(顯微鏡的) 및 전자현미경적(電子顯微鏡的) 영향(影響)을 연구(硏究)하는 도중 굉장히 큰 Iangerhans 도도(島嶋)들을 관찰하고 그 조직학적(組織學的) 세포학적(細胞學的) 특징(特徵)과 그 분포상태(分布狀態)를 구명(究明)하고저 한것이다. 연령(年齡) 2내지(乃至)4개월(個月)된 10두(頭) Holstein자우(仔牛)에서 췌장(膵臟)의 두부(頭部), 중간부(中間部) 및 미부(尾部)를 떼어서 Bouin 씨고정액(氏固定液)에 고정(固定)하고 파라핀절편(切片)을 만들어 Gomori의 Aldehyde Fuchsin stain에 의해서 Iangerhans도도세포(鳥鴨細胞)들을 염색(染色)하여 관찰하였다. 총괄(總括) 및 고찰(考察) 1. 지금까지 보고(報告)된 최대(最大)의 Iangerhans도도(島嶋)는 개에서 관찰된 333u 이었는데 본연구(本硏究)에서는 직경(直徑) 1,395u의 거대(巨大)한 도도(島嶋)를 관찰하였고 기리 2,700u에 달하는것을 보았다. 2. 췌장각부위별(膵臟各部位別)의 도도(島嶋)의 분포상태(分布狀態)는 다른 연구보고(硏究報告)들에 대체로 일치(一致)하였으나 그수(數)는 50평방(平方)mm에 평균(平均) 191개(個)로서 Trautmann이 보고(報告)한 125개(個)보다 66개(個)나 더 많은 수(數)이었고 직경(直徑) 200u이상(以上)에 달하는 도도(島嶋)의 백분율(百分率)은 평균(平均) 1.8%이었다. 3. 거대(巨大)한 Iangerhans도도(島嶋)은 거이 전부(全部)가 Beta세포(細胞)들로만 구성되어 있으므로 거대(巨大)Beta도도(島嶋)라고 이름지었으며 비록 그 수(數)는 적지만 한개의 거대(巨大)Beta도도(島嶋)가 차지하는 용량(容量)은 보통 크기의 도도(島嶋)가 차지하는 용량(容量)의 수백배(數百倍)에 달할것이므로 우췌장(牛膵臟)의 Insulin분비(分泌)를 연구(硏究)할 때에는 반듯이 이사실(事實)을 고려(考慮)해야 할것으로 생각된다. 4. 거대(巨大)Beta도도(島嶋)의 간질결합조직지주(間質結合組織支柱)는 매우 현저(顯著)하며 그 속에는 비교적 큰 동맥(動脈)과 정맥혈관(靜脈血管) 그리고 개재도관양(介在導管樣) 조직(組織)들이 있으며 거대(巨大)Beta도도(島嶋)들은 출생후(出生後) Iangerhans도도내외(島嶋內外)에 밀접하게 위치(位置)하고 있는 외분비(外分泌) 말초도세포(末梢導細胞)들이 증식(增殖)하여서 형성(形成)되는 것으로 믿어진다. 5. 거대(巨大)Beta도도(島嶋)의 Beta세포(細胞)들은 매우 뚜렷한 Negative Colgi images를 보이며 포장핵(胞狀核)과 비대(肥大)한 핵소고(核小高)들은 이 세포(細胞)들이 보통 도도(島嶋)의 Beta세포(細胞)들에 비(比)해서 더 활발(活發)한 분비작용(分泌作用)을 하고 있음을 시사(示唆)하는 것이다.

• 대한약리학회지
• /
• 제14권1_2호
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 1978

Recently, a major resection of the pancreas has been carried out not only to treat carcinoma of pancreas but also chronic pancreatitis. But limited and often contradictory reports have been made on the exocrine effects after partial surgical pancreatectomy in mammals. It was suggested that the growth of the residual tissue in pancreatectomized rat is very active, because pancreas has the great power of regeneration after partial pancreatectomy, while others observed that rat pancreas after partial surgical resection revealed a perplexing mixture of atrophy and regeneration of acinar tissue. On the other hand, another results showed that the amount of insulin required to control diabetes after partial resection of pancreas is much greater than that needed after total pancreatectomy. Because the anti-insulin system, such as glucagon secretion and hypophyseoadrenal function, is probably depressed after total pancreatectomy. Furthermore, minimal resection line which will not influence the normal function of pancreas is not agreeable, such 75%, 80% or 95% resection of the total pancreas in rat. So far, studies on the exocrine function other than endocrine function after partial pancreatectomy have been limited. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to examine the changes of exocrine as well as endocrine function of pancreas at the different time interval after 60% or 80% pancreatectomy in rats. The results summerized as follow: 1) In both 60% and 80% resected groups, a slight decrease of the total body weight was observed at a day after partial pancreatectomy in rats, but the body weight was continued to increase for following 100 days. 2) The weight of residual pancreas was continuously increased during experiment in both 60% and 80% resected groups. But the content of tissue protein in residual pancreas was significantly decreased comparing with those of resected pancreas. 3) The flow rate of pancreatico-biliary juice was significantly decreased immediately after pancreatectomy in both resected groups. But it was recovered to control level after a day in 60% resected group, after 30 days in 80% resected group. 4) The output of amylase and lipase in resected groups were significantly decreased right after pancreatectomy comparing with control group. In the 60% resected group, the output of amylase was recovered during the following 100 days after pancreatectomy, while lipase output in 3 days. However, in the 80% resected group, the output of amylase and lipase were not recovered during 100 days after pancreatectomy. 5) In order to examine the endocrine function, blood sugar level were examined at all experimental periods after partial pancreatectomy. There was no difference between control and 60% resected group in the sugar level. But in the 80% resected group the level was significantly incresed immediately after pancreatectomy, and reached the highest level at 3 days. Then it was decreased to control level during the next 10 days after pancreatectomy. The above results showed that in 60% resected group little changes were observed on pancreatic function, but severe functional impairments were observed in 80% resected group. This results suggested that the endocrine function was recovered within a short period, although the exocrine function was not recovered for a long time after 80% pancreatectomy in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.333-339
• /
• 2014

Exendin-4 (Ex-4), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, has been known to reverse hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice. Although many studies have evaluated molecular targets of Ex-4, its mechanism of action on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis has not fully been determined. In the liver, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is mainly expressed in hepatocytes, endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In the present study, the effects of Ex-4 on GLUT4 expression were determined in the liver of ob/ob mice. Ob/ob mice were treated with Ex-4 for 10 weeks. Serum metabolic parameters, hepatic triglyceride levels, and liver tissues were evaluated for hepatic steatosis. The weights of the whole body and liver in ob/ob mice were reduced by long-term Ex-4 treatment. Serum metabolic parameters, hepatic steatosis, and hepatic fibrosis in ob/ob mice were reduced by Ex-4. Particularly, Ex-4 improved hepatic steatosis by enhancing GLUT4 via GLP-1R activation in ob/ob mice. Ex-4 treatment also inhibited hepatic fibrosis by decreasing expression of connective tissue growth factor in HSCs of ob/ob mice. Our data suggest that GLP-1 agonists exert a protective effect on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.846-854
• /
• 1996

인슐린 비의존성 당뇨병 환자를 대상으로 식이섬유 섭취량을 증가시키기 위한 방법으로서 병원에서 처방된 식사에 더하여 일일 5g의 식이섬유를 포함하는 콩가루 비스켓(15명, 대조군), 20g을 포함하는 비지 비스켓(9명 , 불용성 고식이섬유군) 또는 25g을 포함하는 다시마 비스켓(10명, 수용성 고식이섬유군)을 2주 동안 첨가 섭취시킨 후 당질대사 개선효과를 평가하였다. 실험기간 중 당뇨병 환자들의 일일 열량 섭취량은 세군간에 유의한 차이가 없었고, 하루 실제로 섭취한 평균 총 식이섬유량은 대조군이 $19.1\pm4.3g(13.8\pm8.0g/1000kca1),$ 비지 비스켓군이 $32.5\pm4.1g(19.7\pm3.8g/1000kcal),$ 다시마 비스켓군이 $38.1\pm5.5g(24.5\pm4.5g/1000kcal)이었다.$ 비지 비스켓과 다시마 비스켓의 2주간 섭취 후 공복시 고혈당의 하강폭이 대조군에 비해 유의하게 컸으며 (p<0.05), 경구 포도당 부하 후의 내당능도 뚜렷하게 개선되었다(p<0.05). 경구 포도당 부하검사 및 글루카곤 자극검사를 통해 관찰한 바 혈청 인슐린과 C-peptide 수준 및 혈장 글루카곤의 농도는 2주간의 고식이섬유 첨가물의 섭취에 의해 변화를 보이지 않았다. 당화혈색소 수준은 2주간의 식이 섬유 첨가물 섭취 후에 다소 감소 경향을 보였으나 유의한 변화로는 판정되지 않았고 일일 요당의 배설량은 세군 모두에서 비스켓 섭취전에 비해 유의하게 감소되었다(p<0.05). 2주 동안의 식이섬유 첨가 섭취가 인슐린 비의존성 당뇨병 환자의 당질대사에 긍정적인 효과를 미치는 것으로 관찰되었으므로 비지와 다시마 첨가물이 당뇨병의 식사요법에서 유용한 고식이섬유 식품 첨가물로서의 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.205-212
• /
• 2007

This study was designed to investigate a natural medicinal multi-plants extract (BG515), which consisted of multi extracts of Mori folium, Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz, Dioscorea japonica, Lycii fructus, and Astragalus radix, on blood glucose, insulin levels, and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Streptozotocin (STZ) induces a type 1 diabetes mellitus in rats. Type 1 is usually characterized by the presence of islet cell autoantibodies (ICA), autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), and autoantiboides to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which identify the autoimmune process that leads to $\beta-cell$ destruction. Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing $150\sim170g$ each (6 weeks old) were randomly divided into one control (Group A) and 4 STZ-induced diabetic groups, and were subjected to one of the following treatment for 12 weeks. Groups A and B were fed basal diets and Group C, D, and E received the same diets as groups A and B, but with supplements of 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg of BG515 orally for 12 weeks, respectively. Diabetes was induced in Groups B, C, D, and E by intravenous injection of 45 mg/kg of STZ per body weight in sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.5) via the tail vein. In the BG515 groups, we found increases in serum insulin levels, compared to the STZ-control group, but these data were not significant. In contrast, blood glucose and serum MDA concentrations decreased in the BG515 groups compare to the STZ-control group. At the 5th week, in all the BG515 administered groups, there were decreases in serum blood glucose levels compared to the STZ- control group, and this activity was very strong in the BG515-1 group at the 12th week. These results suggest that natural bio-complex compounds (BG515) may slightly suppress STZ-induced changes in serum MDA concentration via the maintenance of serum insulin levels, due to the prevention of $\beta-cell$ and glucagon destruction by STZ.