• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.15-23
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• 2001

It is very interest to use transparent milk for various determination because milk emulsion or colloidal state bring out opacity. The fat globule can disperse by butanone and casein complex can also disintergrate to monomer by action of Triton with aide of SDS and NaOH in same milk phase at time because it can be possible that butanone have amphiphilic characteristic solvent also miscible. Our formulution of solvent can treat almost all type of milk products except with proportion of Triton/Butanone such as 8:2 and 9:1 . In spite of growth inhibition to contact with solvent it call be use also for microbial counting because this formulution did not attactk wall. This is why present technique can be applied to diver determination for the reason of milk payment system, quality control, and national planning or control of national dairy.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.155-167
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• 2016

Surface-active substances in defatted rapeseed cake were obtained using a supercritical fluid extraction method. Then, it was purified by removing sinapine in the extract through a series of steps using a mixed solvent: diethyl ether and ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v). Emulsifying properties of purified surface-active substances were investigated, including fat globule size, zeta potentials and creaming stability and its antioxidant activity in emulsion systems were also studied by peroxide value and $^1H$-NMR spectrum. It was found that fat globules in emulsions with purified surface-active substances were much smaller than ones with the unpurified. In addition, as pH of the emulsion lowered and with increasing NaCl concentration in the emulsion, they were observed to increase, which led to worse creaming stability. These properties were reflected in changes of zeta potentials of emulsions. The oxidative stability was better in emulsions with purified surface-active substances than ones with Tween 20 or commercial lecithin, possibly resulted from the existence of sinapic acid in the extract. It was concluded that purified surface-active substances from defatted rapeseed cake could be simultaneously used as emulsifier and antioxidant agent in emulsion system.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.279-284
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• 1984

Microstructure of milk powder and cheese made from milk powder were observed by electron microscope. Freeze dried milk powder showed apple-like appearance. The cheese made from freeze dried milk powder had relatively flat surface and homogenous deposit in compare with classical processed cheese. Imported milk powder also indicated similar surface as well as freeze dried milk powder, however, the cheese made from imported milk powder had somewhat coarse surface structures with the spaces between casein matrix and deposit. Commericial milk powder showed irregular shape in size and coagulum which were possibly denatured in the course of drying. The cheese made from commercial powder indicted irregular and small deposit and porous structure. The porousity of the cheese seemed to be influenced by the degree of heat treatment. Denatured protein would be less dispersive than native in presence of polyphosphates. Fat globule and protein micelle of cheese made from skim milk powder get very adjacent to each other and showed compactness of micelles. It is thought that melting mechanism of skim milk powder was different from the melting of typical processed cheese.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.1656-1665
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• 2022

Objective: Water buffalo, an important domestic animal in tropical and subtropical regions, play an important role in agricultural economy. It is an important source for milk, meat, horns, skin, and draft power, especially its rich milk that is the great source of cream, butter, yogurt, and many cheeses. In recent years, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play pivotal roles in many biological processes. Previous studies for the mammary gland development of water buffalo mainly focus on protein coding genes. However, lncRNAs of water buffalo remain poorly understood, and the regulation relationship between mammary gland development/milk production traits and lncRNA expression is also unclear. Methods: Here, we sequenced 22 samples of the milk somatic cells from three lactation stages and integrated the current annotation and identified 7,962 lncRNA genes. Results: By comparing the lncRNA genes of the water buffalo in the early, peak, and late different lactation stages, we found that lncRNA gene lnc-bbug14207 displayed significantly different expression between early and late lactation stages. And lnc-bbug14207 may regulate neighboring milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8) and hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 3 (HAPLN3) protein coding genes, which are vital for mammary gland development. Conclusion: This study provides the first genome-wide identification of water buffalo lncRNAs and unveils the potential lncRNAs that impact mammary gland development.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.593-600
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• 2024

The nanoemulgel was prepared to induce a synergistic effect along with higher efficacy. Nine sets of macroemulsion were made in which liquid paraffin was stabilized by the two non-ionic surfactants, Tween® 80 and Span® 80. Comparative stability analysis of the macroemulsions was used to determine the effective surfactant concentrations that gave the most stable systems (NE 2, NE3, NE4, NE5). High-speed homogenization was then applied. The final formulation was evaluated for globule size and polydispersablity index, physical properties (color, homogeneity, consistency, syneresis), pH, viscosity, spreadability with 200 g and 500 g weight, conductivity, drug content, stability, skin irritation, antifungal efficacy. Zeta size analysis confirmed the nanosize of the droplets in NE2 (284.8 nm), NE3 (79.89 nm), NE4 (194 nm) but not NE5 (632.8 nm), which was outside the nanoemulsion range. The antifungal assay exhibited zone of inhibition for NE3 (43±1.0 mm) and NE4 (42±1.7 mm), a marketed cream (33±1 mm), fluconazole alone (35±1 mm) and terbinafine alone (35.0±1.7 mm). The zone of inhibition of nanoemulgels increased compared with the drugs when used individually and when compared a placebo.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.119-136
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• 1998

The lipids of milk provide energy and many essential nutrients for the newborn animal. They also have distinctive physical properties that affect the processing of dairy products. Milk fat globules mainly consist of neutral lipids like triacylglycerols, whereas the globule membranes contain the complex lipids mostly, Phospholipids are a small but important fraction of the milk lipids and are found mainly in the milk fat globule membrane and other membranous material in the skim-milk phase. The milk fats of ruminant animals are characterized by the presence of relatively high concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, especially butyric and hexanoic acids, which are rarely found in milks of non-ruminants. The fatty acids of milk lipids arise from de novo synthesis in the mammary gland and uptake from the circulating blood. The fatty acid compositions of milks are usually complex and distinctive, depending on the nature of the fatty acids synthesized de novo in the mammary gland and those received from the diet in each species. The content and composition of milks from different species vary widely; presumably, these are evolutionary adaptations to differing environments. The actual process by which these globules are formed is unkonwn, but there are indications that triglyceride-containing vesicles which bleb from endoplasmic reticulum may serve as nucleation sites for globules. Recent studies on milk have centred on the manipulation of milk lipids to increase specific fatty acids, i.e. 20-carbon omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5n3, decosahexaenoic acid 22:6n3) from marine sources because the fatty acids are closely associated with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2005

Storage quality characteristics of low fat salad dressing with spirulina($0.28\%$) was evaluated. After 2 wks of storage, viscosity decreased according to the prolonged storage time. After 8 wks storage, emulsion stability decreased to $30\%$, which was $25\%$ of freshly made dressing. The fat globule size distribution was not different from that of control until one month of storage, but after 75 days of storage, the fat globule size distribution pattern changed into the increase of larger size($15{\sim}2.0\;{\mu}m$: $11.4\%$ for control, $30.1-32.3\%$ for 75 days of storage). Hunter color of L value decreased, whereas a and b value increased according to the prolonged storage time. TBARS value at 8 wks of storage was increased upto $10\%$ for storage at $5^{\circ}C$ and $15\%$ for storage at $10^{\circ}C$. Antioxidant activity of salad dressing decreased according to the storage temperature and time: $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH radical scavenging activity of 8 wk storage was 157.4 mg/mL at $5^{\circ}C$ and 194.6 mg/mL at $10^{\circ}C$. Total microbial number of salad dressing was increase to 7.9 log(CFU/mL), but E. coli was not detected Based on present condition, low temperature storage was favorable for better quality of spirulina salad dressing.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.325-347
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological, clinicopathological, microbiological, pathological observations and other tests from sudden death in feedlot cattle at the region of Sarari in Korea during the period from 1994 to 1999. Massive or sporadic occurrence of sudden death has been observed in 101 heads of 47 farmhouse. There were 20.8% in spring, 29.7% in summer, 16.8% in autumn, 32.7% in winter, and 62.3% in reproductive, 27.7% in growing, 5.0% in beef cattle, 5.0% in calf in prevalence of sudden death in cattle. Enterotoxemia(88.0%), pneumonia(3.5%), intestinal diarrhea(3.5%), liver abscess(1.5%) and indigestion(1.5%) were detected from 67 heads of sudden death cattle. In clinical observations, cattle were generally died of sudden recumbency with convulsions followed anorexia, depression, ataxia, muscular tremor, tachycardia and dyspnea without any premonitory symptoms. Epidemiological surveys showed no evidence that other factors such as pesticide, insecticide, fertilizer, chemical drug3 and those of others caused sudden death. Macroscopically, there were coagulation disorders of blood, congestion, edema and haemorrhage of lung, congestion and haemorrhages, watery and blood-tinged contents of small intestine. Histopathologically, we observed pulmonary congestion and haemorrhage, necrotic intestinal mucosa accompanied with haemorrhage and congestion, and also increased globule leukocytes between bronchial epithelia with mild pneumonia. Clinicopathologically, only elevation of blood glucose and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) was detected. Magnesium and calcium deficiency were not detected, but parasites were detected highly in normal and dead cattles. Microbiologically, Clostridium(Cl) pefringens were detected from small intestinal contents of 94% (63/67) of sudden death cattle and 51%(51/101) of slaughter cattle, and the population were $10^{6-8}$/cfu/$m\ell$ after 16~32 hours. Consequently, it was proved that the cause of death in cattle was enterotoxemia. Pathogenic test of mouse and goat inoculated with Cl perfringens type A toxin has been demonstrated as similar observation to natural cases. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, ampicillin, bacitracin, polymycin, cephalothin, penicillin, choramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline were highly susceptible, and amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxine, sulfamethazine were resistant. Cl perfringens were resisted for 4 hours in 3% formalin, 20 minutes in 4% phenol, 20 minutes in 0.5% mercuric chloride and 40 minutes in 0.1% sodium hydroxide, respectively. The useful method to prevent from occurrance of enterotoxemia in feedlot cattle was a dietary administration of antibiotics and miyari acid.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.465-476
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• 1993

Rockfish, Sebastes inermis is a ovoviviparous fish distributed around the coastal waters of Korea and Japan. Naturally beared larvae obtained from female fish kept in the aquarium were reared for three months in the laboratory. The naturally healed larvae were 6.05mm in average total length(TL) with $8+18{\sim}19=26{\sim}27$ myomeres. Melanophores were distributed on the top of head, around the intestine tube and on the dorsal and ventral margins of the tail, but none on the pectoral fins. The larva(7.1mm in TL) consumed all the yolk and oil globule, in 7 days after bearing, and jaw bones were more rapidly ossified than vertebrae and cranium. In 21 days after bearing, the larvae averaged 8.50mm in TL and the caudal notochord flex $45^{\circ}$. Fin development in S. inermis larvae proceeds in the following sequence: caudal, pectoral, dorsal, anal and ventral fin. Individuals $17.6{\sim}20.8mm$ in TL($65{\sim}69$ days after bearing) are regarded as the juvenile stage. All fins bones was nearly completed in this stage.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.166-172
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• 2001

Parental care of eggs of Chromis fumea (Tanaka) was observed by Skin Scuba gear in August 1995 off Cheju Island. The eggs and larval development were observed in the laboratory at Pukyong National University, Pusan. Eggs were deposited on a flat surface of hard substratum and formed a plain sheet of one layer of eggs. Males showed parental care of the eggs by hovering over the nest and attacking other fishes that approached the nest. The spawned eggs were transparent, elliptical in shape and measured 0.73~0.88 mm in long axis and 0.50~0.56 mm in short axis. An analysis by T-test of the long axis of the egg with time showed a significant difference (p<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in short axis with time. Eggs were reared at water temperatures of $23.0{\sim}25.5^{\circ}C$ and took about 4~5 days from embryonic body stage to hatching. The newly hatched larvae were 1.10~1.61 mm in notochord length (NL) had 21 myomeres, has closed mouth but open anus, preanus length was 45.8% of NL. Melanophores were distributed on the occipital region of head, the eye, the peritoneal region, and along the ventral contour. The larvae absorbed the yolk material and oil globule in 3~4 days after hatching and became postlarvae. On the third day after hatching, the larvae had attained 1.9~2.4 mm in NL, had 25 myomeres, and showed rapid growth. By the ninth day after hatching, the larvae had attained 2.9 mm in NL, had an swimbladder in the dorsal margin of ventral region, the preanus length was 37.9% of NL, and their melanophores were enlarged and reduced in number.