• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.329-339
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the sexual maturation, parenting attitude, maturity fear and emotional and behavioral problems of girls in elementary school, and to examine the relation between these variables and factors that influence emotional and behavioral problems. Methods: Participants were 128 second, third and fourth year students from 3 elementary schools. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 21.0. Results: Emotional and behavioral problems were related to eating rate, eating breakfast, frequency of late-night snacks and main communicator on pubertal development. Emotional and behavioral problems showed a positive correlation with maturity fear and father's parenting attitude (strictness) and a negative correlation with parenting attitude and father's parenting attitude (intimacy). Maturity fear, father's parenting attitude, eating breakfast, and main communicator on pubertal development had significant influence on emotional and behavioral problems of girls in elementary school. Conclusion: Findings show that for effective management of emotional and behavioral problems in elementary school girls, programs including coping with maturity fear, supportive parenting of father, diet education, and functional communication with mother on pubertal development should be developed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.573-581
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the association of nutrients intake with sugar-containing food consumption of elementary school students in Daegu-Kyungpook area. We analyzed the dietary information from 164 elementary school students (82 boys, 82 girls) participated in "Dietary Intake Survey of Infants, Children and Adolescents" conducted by Korea Food & Drug Administration and Korea Health Industry Development Institute. Information on habitual dietary intake of sugar-containing foods was collected by food frequency questionnaires. Daily nutrients intake of each subject was calculated from 24-hour recall data for two non-consecutive days. As a result of average daily intake of major foods of elementary school students was analyzed from 1 to 50 ranking that show up higher ranking of white milk and white rice but include many kind of sugar-containing food. Dietary intake of energy, carbohydrate, Ca, P, Fe and riboflavin were significantly lower for girls with higher sugar-containing food frequency scores. Significantly negative associations between Index of Nutrition Quality (INQ) and sugar-containing food frequency scores were observed for calcium (r = -0.34) and iron (r = -0.32) among girls. Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) was significantly lower for girls with higher sugar-containing food frequency scores (r = -0.26). Our results indicated that nutrition education for elementary school students should focus on the importance of reducing the sugarcontaining food consumption with more attention for girls.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.69-82
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• 2016

In this study, Art area -based STEAM education programs that take advantage of the Scratch was to analyze the effect of the development of elementary school students' creativity. The winter break of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ university education donation application students 3, 4, 5th grader was verified two research hypothesis to the target. First, Art area -based STEAM education programs will be effective on the development of elementary school students' creativity. Second, Art area -based STEAM education programs will be more effective on the development of the elementary school girls' creativity than the elementary school boys' creativity. Art area -based STEAM education programs is to show a significant difference on the development of elementary school students' creativity, mean change of elementary school girls were remarkable than boys.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.345-352
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• 1999

the purpose of this study was to consider the lower bodyshape factor of girls according to their age groups. The subject were 150 Korean Elementary School Girls and 150 Korean Junior High School Girls. The subjects were directly measured anthropometrically. In first group(Elementary School Girls) the result of factor analysis indicated that 7 factors were extracted through factor analysis and those factors comprise 83.1% of total variance and in second group (Junior High School Girls) 8 factors were extracted through factor analysis and those factors comprise 79.9% of total variance. Lower bodyshape factors were different to each groups. So these systematic information on typical bodyshape were provide to reduce the burden of stocks and increase clothing fitness.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.400-404
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• 2010

School lunches serve to improve nutritional status and to promote the health of children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the portion sizes of school lunches served and consumed in Japanese elementary schools. In addition, gender difference in servings and consumption were also studied. A cross-sectional study was undertaken between October 2007 and February 2008 in schools located in Tokyo and Okayama, Japan. A total of 192 fifth-grade children attending four elementary schools participated in this study. Weighed plate waste methods and observation were used to collect dietary data for two non-consecutive days. The proportion of children who chose staple foods along with main dishes and/or side dishes for at least one day was higher in boys than in girls (respectively, for staple food: 42.1% vs. 9.3%, for main dish and/or side dish: 68.4% vs. 44.3%, P < 0.001). The ratio of initial amount served to amount offered was $0.88{\pm}0.11$ for boys and $0.84{\pm}0.10$ for girls (P < 0.05). The ratio of amount consumed to amount offered was $1.04{\pm}0.19$ for boys and $0.88{\pm}0.12$ for girls (P < 0.001). Weight was related to amount consumed both in boys (r = 0.222, P < 0.05) and in girls (r = 0.201, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the nutritional standards of school lunch programs should take into account gender differences. Clearly, boys were more likely to consume more than the initial amounts served due to their higher propensity to take second helpings. Boys feel few reservations about taking second helpings to adjust their total intake. However, school lunch plans should take into consideration girls' reluctance to do so, by serving appropriate initial portion sizes.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.491-503
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop a slim-fit jeans pattern that is suitable for the lower body of upper grade elementary school girls, who are beginning to show gender differences in body shape. Four age groups of two years each were considered for girls 7 to 14 years old. The mean and standard deviation of body measurements were calculated for each age group to analyze body shape variation, and hence the body characteristics of upper grade elementary school girls were identified. The high-frequency measurements of stature-waist circumference and waist circumference-hip circumference combinations were analyzed. In order to determine the size of each part of the jeans pattern and derive the drafting formula, the pattern sizes of brand A jeans, which had received a high score in the evaluation for ready-to-wear jeans(Kim & Lee, 2020), were used as the base criteria. In addition, the body sizes observed and calculated in the study were applied. Additionally, the requirements for better fit of ready-to-wear jeans, found in the survey on jeans wearing conditions and size dissatisfaction(Kim & Lee, 2019), were taken into consideration. Based on this research, a model set of jeans was prepared with the pattern developed and its fit evaluation was conducted. Thus, a slim-fit jeans pattern suitable for the lower body of upper grade elementary school girls was finalized. The pattern proposed in this study has excellent appearance and motion functionality, and is expected to contribute to reduce the fit dissatisfaction.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was to examine the possibility of the contact with pornographs of elementary school boys and girls and to confirm responses after that, and to compare the feeling of sexual conflict between the boys and girls. Methods: The subjects were 952 5th and 6th graders of elementary school in four city areas(456 boys, 496 girls). Data collection was via questionnaires Results: Except several pupils(34.4% of boys, 27.4% of girls), most of subjects of the study had no contact with pornographs. The response after the contact with pornographs was feeling of shame the most, which was a negative reaction. The sexual conflict appeared more in pupils who had contact with pornographs than in those who had not boys(t=3.84, p<.000), girls(t=3.96, p<.000), which showed a significant difference. However, the conflict between boys and girls was not significant statistically. Conclusion: We would like to suggest that a sound control system must be prepared and a development of programs related to sexual education and promotion of ability fighting against them that can release their impulse of sex.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2011

Purpose: The study investigated the effects of 9 weeks of group music rope-jumping training on health-related physical fitness and blood lipid in obese elementary school boys and girls. Method: Subjects were randomly assigned to either a training group (37 boys and 18 girls) or control group (36 boys and 19 girls). The training group exercised for 1 hour, 2 days per week during the 9-week supervised music rope-jumping training program. The control group was asked to maintain their normal daily physical activities. The effects of the interventions on physical fitness and blood lipids were analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA (group ${\times}$ time). Results: There were significant group ${\times}$ time interaction effects on body weight (p<.023), %body fat (p=.09), body mass index (p=.018), and body fat mass (p=.019) in school girls. However, there was not an interaction effect on serum lipids in both genders. Conclusion: The 9-week music rope-jumping training program used was effective for improving body composition in obese elementary school girls.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.997-1007
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the dietary attitudes, dish preferences, and plate waste status of elementary school students in Chungnam province. Questionnaires fearuring dietary attitudes, dish preferences, and plate waste measurements over 4 days were administered to 278 elementary school students (3~6th grades; boys 124, girls 154). Regarding plate waste of food, subjects showed the following in decreasing order: soup > vegetable > fish > kimchi > rice > meat. Regarding food preference, cooked rice showed the highest preference among rice dishes, whereas both boys and girls preferred stir-fried rice among one-dish meals. For soup, soup cooked with mear was highly preferred. However, soup with vegetables was preferred less. For meat, soy sauce-glazed chicken and bulgogi were the most preferred boys and girls. In addition, boys indicated a higher preference for most of the meat dishes than girls. Among the many types of kimchi, Chinese cabbage kimchi (Baechu Kimchi) was the most preferred. For the school meals, the served and consumed amounts by boys were higher than those of girls. However, there was no significant difference in plate waste between the boys and girls. To improve management of school meals, dietitians should understand factors that influence students' food preferences.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that influence maturity fears in elementary school girls. Methods: The participants were 118 3rd and 4th grade students from 3 elementary schools in 3 cities in Korea. Data were collected using questionnaires which included measurement scales for the relative variables and demographic data. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchial regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 21.0. Results: The significant predictors of maturity fears were weight, father-child communication, frequency of maturity communication with father, and close relation with mother. Conclusion: For effective management of maturity fears in elementary school girls, programs including weight control, functional communication with father and supportive nurturance of mother should be developed.