• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate changes in composition of ginsenosides and color of processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times. Processed ginsengs were prepared from white ginseng with skin by 9-time repeated steaming at $96^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours and followed by hot air-drying at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. As the times of steaming processes increased, lightness (L value) decreased and redness (a value) increased in color of ginseng powders. Crude saponin contents and ginsenosides compositions in processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times were investigated using the HPLC method, respecively. Crude saponin contents according to increasing steaming-drying times decreased in some degree. In the case of major ginsenosides, the contents of $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Rf, Re, $RG_1$, Re were decreased with increase in steamimg times, but those of $Rh_1$, $Rg_3$, $Rk_1$ were increased after especially 3 times of steaming processes. Interestingly, in black ginseng were prepared by 9 times steaming processes, the content of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was 8.20 mg/g, approximately 18 times higher than that (0.46 mg/g) in red ginseng. In addition, the ratio of the protopanaxadiol group and protopanaxatiol group (PD/PT) were increased from 1.9 to 8.4 due to increasing times of steamming process.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.376-384
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• 2002

Object To find out which of the 27 ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Mey that may inhibit the proliferation of human osteosaocoma cell line $U_2OS$. Methods Effects of each individual ginsenoside on the proliferation of $U_2OS$ cell were studied by determining the viability of cancer cells during culture with or without the presence of the test compound. DNA assay was determined by flow cytometry. Results Ginsonosides -Ro, $-Rh_l,\;-Rh_2,\;-F_1\;and\;-L_8$ at concentrations of 5 ,umol/L could obviously suppress the proliferation of $U_2OS$ cells while ginsenosides $-Rg_1,\;-F_3,$ -Rf, PPT and PT significantly inhibited the cancer cells. Flow cytometry revealed that ginsenosides $-Ro,-Rg_1-Rf,-F_1-Rh_2,PPT$ and PT induced cell cycle arrest at $G_0/G_1$ phase with obvious decrease of cell count at Sand $G_2+M$ phase, Moreover, ginsenosides $-Rf_1,-Rg_1,\;-F_1$ and PPT induced significantly high rates of cell death as compared with the control. Conclusion These data suggested that ginsenosides inhibited $U_2OS$ proliferation Via cell cycle arrest or induction of cell death.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.995-1002
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• 2018

Hairy root culture of ginseng is industrially prospected because the cultivation period of ginseng is relatively long. In this study, the effect of medium concentration and sucrose concentration on hairy root culture of ginseng was evaluated. The optimization of ginseng hairy roots transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogene were performed liquid medium. The MS(Murashinge & Skoog basal medium) concentration was selected with 1/2 strength MS and the optimal sucrose concentration was determined at 2-3%(w/v). At the optimum culture condition, The yield (the ratio of weight of grown hairy root cultures to weight of fresh ginseng hairy roots) and production rate of ginseng root were 19.42 times and 5.73 g/l-day. The major ginsenosides were Rb group, Re and Rg1. The produced total ginsenoside content in the solid medium was 9.87 (mg/g) and increased 1.34 times in the liquid medium (13.23 mg/g). In solid culture, the contents of ginsenosides Rb, Re and Rg1 were 2.14, 3.65 and 1.87 mg/g, respectively. In liquid culture, the contents of ginsenosides Rb, Re and Rg1 were 3.54, 4.12 and 2.63 mg/g, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2004

When ginseng water extract was incubated at $60^{\circ}C$ in acidic conditions, its protopanaxadiol ginsenosides were transformed to ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and ${\Delta}^{20}$-ginsenoside $Rg_3$. However, protopanaxadiol glycoside ginsenosides $Rb_1, Rb_2$ and Rc isolated from ginseng were mostly not transformed to ginsenoside $Rg_3$ by the incubation in neutral condition. The transformation of these ginsenosides to ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and ${\Delta}^{20}$-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was increased by increasing incubation temperature and time in acidic condition: the optimal incubation time and temperature for this transformation was 5 h and $60^{\circ}C$ resepectively. The transformed ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and ${\Delta}^{20}$-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ were metabolized to ginsenoside $Rh_2$ and $\Delta^{20}$--ginsenoside $Rh_2$, respectively, by human fecal microflora. Among the bacteria isolated from human fecal microflora, Bacteroides sp., and Bifidobacterium sp. and Fusobacterium sp. potently transformed ginsenoside $Rg_3$ to ginsenoside $Rh_2$. Acid-treated ginseng (AG) extract, fermented AG extract, ginsenoside $Rh_2$ and protopanaxadiol showed potent cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines. AG extract, fermented AG extract and protopanaxadiol potently inhibited the growth of Helicobacter pylori.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 1982

Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1 were effectively isolated from ginseng root by preparative liquid chromatography (LC) on two PrepPAK-500/c18 cartridges in series and semipreparative LC on a .mu. Bondapak cabohydrate analysis column, a .mu.Bondapak C18 column or a .mu. Porasil column. The identities of the isolated ginsenosides were confirmed by analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and infrared spectrophotometry. By this method large scale isolation of pure ginsenosides was efficiently accomplished.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.476-484
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• 2018

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (steamed and dried white ginseng, Panax ginseng Meyer) is well known for enhancing vital energy and immune capacity and for inhibiting cancer cell growth. Some clinical studies also demonstrated a therapeutic potential of ginseng extract for treating lung inflammatory disorders. This study was conducted to establish the therapeutic potential of ginseng saponins on the lung inflammatory response. Methods: From Korean Red Ginseng, 11 ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, and Rh2) were isolated. Their inhibitory potential and action mechanism were evaluated using a mouse model of lung inflammation, acute lung injury induced by intranasal lipopolysaccharide administration. Their anti-inflammatory activities were also examined in lung epithelial cell line (A549) and alveolar macrophage (MH-S). Results: All ginsenosides orally administered at 20 mg/kg showed 11.5-51.6% reduction of total cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Among the ginsenosides, Rc, Re, Rg1, and Rh2 exhibited significant inhibitory action by reducing total cell numbers in the BALF by 34.1-51.6% (n = 5). Particularly, Re showed strong and comparable inhibitory potency with that of dexamethasone, as judged by the number of infiltrated cells and histological observations. Re treatment clearly inhibited the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$, and the c-Fos component in the lung tissue (n = 3). Conclusion: Certain ginsenosides inhibit lung inflammatory responses by interrupting these signaling molecules and they are potential therapeutics for inflammatory lung diseases.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2018

Background: Ginsenosides have been reported to have many health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects, and the resolution of inflammation is now considered to be an active process driven by M2-type macrophages. In order to determine whether ginsenosides modulate macrophage phenotypes to reduce inflammation, 11 ginsenosides were studied with respect to macrophage polarization and the resolution of inflammation. Methods: Mouse peritoneal macrophages were polarized into M1 or M2 phenotypes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and measurement of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ levels were performed in vitro and in a zymosan-induced peritonitis C57BL/6 mouse model. Results: Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was identified as a proresolving ginseng compound based on the induction of M2 macrophage polarization. Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ not only induced the expression of arginase-1 (a representative M2 marker gene), but also suppressed M1 marker genes, such as inducible NO synthase, and NO levels. The proresolving activity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was also observed in vivo in a zymosan-induced peritonitis model. Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ accelerated the resolution process when administered at peak inflammatory response into the peritoneal cavity. Conclusion: These results suggest that ginsenoside $Rg_3$ induces the M2 polarization of macrophages and accelerates the resolution of inflammation. This finding opens a new avenue in ginseng pharmacology.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2014

Background: Research has been conducted with regard to the development of methods for improving the pharmaceutical effect of ginseng by conversion of ginsenosides, which are the major active components of ginseng, via high temperature or high-pressure processing. Methods: The present study sought to investigate the anticancer effect of heat-processed American ginseng (HAG) in human gastric cancer AGS cells with a focus on assessing the role of apoptosis as an important mechanistic element in its anticancer actions. Results and Conclusion: HAG significantly reduced the cancer cell proliferation, and the contents of ginsenosides Rb1 and Re were markedly decreased, whereas the peaks of less-polar ginsenosides [20(S,R)-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5] were newly detected. Based on the activity-guided fractionation of HAG, ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 played a key role in inducing apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells, and it was generated mainly from ginsenoside Rb1. Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 induced apoptosis through activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, as well as regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that heat-processing serves as an increase in the antitumor activity of American ginseng in AGS cells, and ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3, the active component produced by heat-processing, induces the activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, which contributes to the apoptotic cell death.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.757-764
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• 2015

홍삼의 신규 추출 방법으로 아임계수 추출(subcritical water extraction, SWE)을 적용하여 홍삼 추출물의 이화화적 특성 및 진세노사이드 추출 특성을 조사함으로써 최적 아임계수 추출 조건을 결정하고 기존 추출 방법과 비교함으로써 산업적 이용 효율을 평가하였다. 아임계수 추출에 의한 홍삼 추출물의 당도, 고형분 함량, 색차 및 탁도는 추출 온도가 높아지고 추출 시간이 길어질수록 증가하였고 pH는 낮아졌으며, 조 사포닌은 $120^{\circ}C$, 20분에서 최대였다. TLC 및 HPLC 분석 결과, 총 및 극성 진세노사이드 농도는 $120^{\circ}C$, 20분에서 최대였고 홍삼 특유의 저극성 진세노사이드 Rg3, Rh1 등은 $150^{\circ}C$, 15분에서 최대 농도였다. 또한 최적 아임계수 추출과 열수, 에탄올 및 메탄올을 용매로 환류 냉각 추출하여 비교한 결과, 저극성 진세노사이드의 추출 이행률은 $150^{\circ}C$, 15분의 아임계수 추출에서 가장 높았고 특히 Rg3는 3.5-5배, Rh1은 2-2.5배의 높은 농도로 나타났다. 홍삼의 특이 사포닌으로 극미량 존재하는 Rg3 및 Rh1은 강력한 항암 효과 등이 보고되면서 최근 화학적, 물리적, 생물학적 방법에 의한 전환연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으나 낮은 선택성과 생산성의 저하, 부 반응으로 인한 환경 공해 및 대량 생산의 한계 등으로 산업적 적용에 제약이 존재하여 왔다. 본 연구에서는 아임계 상태에서의 물의 특성 변화를 이용한 아임계수 추출을 적용하여 홍삼으로부터 특히 저극성 진세노사이드의 선택적 추출 및 전환에 효과적인 대체 기술로서 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.198-206
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• 1986

정제인삼(精製人蔘)사포닌의 수용액을 분자투석막(分子透析膜)(분자량(分子量) 12000)을 통(通)하여 투석(透析)하거나 Bio-Gel P-2(분자량(分子量) $200{\sim}2000$)gel을 통과시켜 분취(分取)하고 HPLC로 ginsenoside를 분석(分析)하였다. Ginsenoside는 분자결합양상(分子結合樣相)과 분자내(分子內) 친수성기(親水性基)의 공간배열(空間配列)에 따라 3군(群)으로 분류(分類)되었다. 제(第) I 군(群)은 거대(巨大)미셀 형성자(形成者)로 결합분자수(結合分子數)가 10이상이며 I면친수기형(面親水基形)이고 panaxadiol인 $Ginsenoside\;Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc 및 Rd가 포함된다. 제(第)II군(群)은 소(小)미셀형성자(形成者)로 결합분자수(結合分子數)가 10이상(以上)에서 1까지이고 불완전(不完全) 양면친수기형(兩面親水基形)이며 triol인 $Rg_2$와 Rf 및 diol인 $Rg_3$가 포함된다. 제(第)III군(群)은 단분자(單分子)로 존재(存在)하며 양면친수기형(兩面親水基形)이고 triol인 Re와 $Rg_1$을 포함한다.