• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2018

The Panax ginseng Mayer is used in conventional medicine in Asia owing to its preventing effects on thrombosis, hypertension, atherosclerosis, vasorelaxation and myocardial infarction. Because platelets are crucial mediators of cardiovascular diseases, many studies have investigated its functions. The previous study showed the antiplatelet effects of crude ginseng fraction and two of its components, ginsenoside Rg3 (20S and 20R). In addition, ginsenoside Rg3-enriched fraction shows an inhibitory effect on collagen-activated rat platelets. However, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. Thus, I investigated the inhibitory action of ginsenoside Rg3 (20S, G-Rg3) on the regulation of signaling molecules involved in ${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}_3$ activation. I found that G-Rg3, in a cyclic AMP dependent manner, inhibited thrombin-induced activation of human platelets and affinity of fibrinogen and fibronectin with ${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}_3$. Thus, in the present study, G-Rg3 showed an inhibitory effect on glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}_3$) activation, suggesting its potential use for preventing platelet-mediated thrombotic disease.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.221-225
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• 2004

인삼(Panax ginseng C. A Meyer)의 뿌리는 전통적인 항-노화 및 항-주름제로 동양에서 사용되어 왔다. 그러나 인삼의 어떤 성분이 주름 형성을 억제하는데 효과적인지는 아직 밝혀지지 않았다. 최근 인삼의 주요 활성 성분으로 생각되는 ginsenosides가 20가지 이상 분리되었다. 이들 중 본 연구원들은 인삼에 의한 항-주름의 작용기작을 밝히기 위해 세포간질(extracellular matrix, ECM) 물질대사에 있어 ginsenoside Rg3의 진피에서의 효과를 시험하였다. 본 연구에서, ginsenoside Rg3의 항-주름 효과를 연구하기 위해 진피의 세포간질 구성 성분과 성장 인자를 ELISA (enzyme-1in14ed immunosorbent assay) 측정법으로 평가하였다. Ginsenoside Rg3은 human dermal fibroblasts 배양에서 type I procollagen과 fibronectin(FN) 생합성을 농도 증가에 비례하여 촉진시키고(p < 0.05, n=3), 농도에 비례하여 TGF-$\beta$1 수준을 증가 (p < 0.05, n=3) 시키는 것으로 밝혀졌다. RT-PCR 분석에서 AP-1 전사 인자(transcription factor)의 일부인 c-Jun의 mRNA 수준이 human dermal fibroblasts에서 ginsenoside Rg3에 의해 감소되었다. 이들 결과들은 ginsenoside Rg3이 fibroblasts에서 TGF-$\beta$1과 AP-1의 발현을 변화시킴으로써 type I collagen과 FN합성을 촉진시킴을 보여준다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.536-539
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• 2003

백삼 가공품과 홍삼 가공품의 사포닌 분포 내용과 함량을 비교하기 위하여 시판되고 있는 백삼 농축액(WGC)과 홍삼 농축액(RGC)을 각각 1종 선정하여 조 사포닌의 함량과 개별 ginsenoside의 함량분포를 조사하였다. Shibata의 방법과 우리나라 식품공전에 따라 측정한 조 사포닌의 양은 WGC가 각각 10.65와 21.77%이었으며 RGC는 5.80와 10.94%이였고, HPLC에 의한 총 사포닌의 양은 WGC가 7.40와 10.64%, RGC는 3.31와 3.13%로서 백삼 농축액의 사포닌 함량이 홍삼 농축액의 경우 보다 전반적으로 높았다. HPLC로 분석한 인삼 사포닌, ginsenoside $Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Rc,\;Rd,\;Re,\;Rf,\;Rg_1,\;20(S)\;Rg_3,\;20(R)Rg_3,\;20(S)\;Rh_1$ 그리고 $20(R)\;Rh_1$ 이었으며 대부분 홍삼농축액 보다는 백삼농축액의 함량이 높았으며, 특히 ginsenoside $Rb_1,\;Rg_1$ 그리고 $Rb_2$은 백삼 농축액에 3배 이상 더 함유되어 있었다. 또한 protopanaxadiol group과 protopanaxatriol group의 비율(PD/PT)에 있어서는 농축액간의 차이는 크지 않았다. 홍삼의 특유 사포닌으로 알려진 20(S)- 및 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$가 WGC와 RGC에 비슷하게 분포하는 것으로 확인되었다. 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$의 조 사포닌 조제법에 따라 RGC에서 0.48과 0.47% WGC에 0.40와 0.53%, 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$도 RGC에 0.10과 0.11%, WGC에 0.14와 0.22%이었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.391-396
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• 2018

It is well known that Korean red ginseng has various biological activities. However, there is little knowledge about the antiviral activity of Korean red ginseng and its ginsenosides. In this study, we addressed whether oral administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 and -Rg3 is able to protect against rotavirus (RV) infection. The protective effect of ginsenosides against RV infection was examined using an in vivo experiment model in which newborn mice (10-day-old) were inoculated perorally (p.o.) with $1.5{\times}10^6$ plaque-forming units/mouse of RV strain SA11. When various dosages of ginsenoside-Rb2 (25-250 mg/kg) were administered 3days, 2 days, or 1 day before virus challenge, treatment with this ginsenoside at the dosage of 75 mg/kg 3days before virus infection most effectively reduced RV-induced diarrhea. In addition, consecutive administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 (75 mg/kg) at 3 days, 2 days, and 1 day before virus infection was more effective than single administration on day -3. The consecutive administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 also reduced virus titers in the bowels of RV-infected mice. In an experiment to compare the protective activity between ginsenoside-Rb2 and its two hydrolytic products (20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3), 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, but not 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3, prevented RV infection. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rb2 and its hydrolytic product, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, are promising candidates as an antiviral agent to protect against RV infection.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.375-383
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• 2023

최근 다양한 피부 기능 개선 효과로 기능성 소재로서 활용도가 높은 홍삼 사포닌의 한 종류인 진세노사이드 Rg3를 위한 사과산(malic acid)활용 전환 방법을 확인하였다. 실험 계획법인 반응 표면 분석법(RSM)을 활용하여 진세노사이드 Rg3로의 전환에 영향을 주는 요인을 최적화하기 위한 실험 조건을 설계 및 검증하였다. 주요 독립변수는 사과산 농도, 반응 온도와 반응 시간이었고 Box-Behnken design (BBD)법에 따라 설계된 실험 조건으로 진세노사이드 Rg3로 전환을 수행하고 최적화 조건을 분석하였다. 전환된 진세노사이드 Rg3의 농도는 1.548 mg/L에서 최대 4.558 mg/L까지 확인되었고 사과산 1%, 50℃, 9 h에서 가장 높은 양의 진세노사이드 Rg3생성량을 보였다. 결론적으로, 진세노사이드 Rg3의 생성에 가장 영향을 미치는 요인은 사과산의 농도, 반응 시간, 온도 순이었다. 또한, 사과산의 농도와 반응 시간의 교호작용이 반응 온도 요인보다 영향도가 큰 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.139-143
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• 2006

고기능성 홍삼사포닌성분의 함량을 증대시키기 위한 목적으로 홍삼엑스에 열처리, 산(acid)처리하여 그 가능성을 조사하였다. 산도를 조정하지 않은 무처리구(control, pH 4.4)에 $120^{\circ}C$ 열처리한 경우 ginsenoside-$Rg_3$의 함량이 약 2배 정도 증가였다. 구연산으로 pH 2.0으로 조정하고 온도처리한 처리구에서는 2.8배나 많은 ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ 성분이 증가하였으나 다른 유효한 사포닌의 파괴가 두드러져 처음 홍삼엑스에 함유되어 있던 총사포닌의 65% 정도가 소실되었다. $80^{\circ}C$에서 12시간 처리를 한 경우에는 pH를 2.5와 2.0로 조정한 처리구에서는 11.20 mg과 12.50 mg으로 홍삼엑스의 3.3 mg보다 3.3배 이상 ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ 성분이 변환되었다. Ginsenoside-$Rb_1,\;Rb_2$, Rc, Re, $Rg_1$의 함량이 산도가 높아짐에 따라서 급격히 소실되었고 홍삼 특이성분(ginsenoside-$Rg_3,\;Rh_2,\;Rh_1$)의 함량은 현저히 증가되었다. 매실엑스로 pH를 2.5로 조정한 처리구에서는 13.34 mg으로 홍삼엑스의 3.3 mg보다 4배 이상 변환된 것으로 분석되었다. 비록 31%정도의 total saponin의 감소가 있었으나 $120^{\circ}C$의 고온처리에서 처럼 다른 유효한 사포닌의 큰 손실 없이 $60^{\circ}C$에 12시간 처리하는 것만으로도 다량의 ginsenoside-$Rg_3$를 생산하는 것을 확인하였다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.509-513
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop a new preparation process of ginseng extract using high concentrations of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, a special component in red ginseng. From when the ginseng saponin glycosides transformed into the prosapogenins chemically, they were analyzed using the HPLC method. The ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with several treatment conditions of an edible brewing vinegar. The results indicated that ginsenoside $Rg_3$ quantities increased over 4% at the pH 2-4 level of vinegar treatment. This occurred at temperatures above $R90^{\circ}C$, but not occurred at other pH and temperature condition. In addition, the ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with the twice-brewed vinegar (about 14% acidity). This produced about 1.5 times more ginsenoside $Rg_3$ than those processed with regular amounts of brewing vinegar (about 7% acidity) and persimmon vinegar (about 3% acidity). Though the white ginseng extract was processed with the brewing vinegar over four hr, there was no change for ginsenoside $Rg_3$. However, the VG8-7 was the highest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (4.71%) in the white ginseng extract, which was processed with the twice-brewed vinegar for nine hr. These results indicate that ginseng treated with vinegar had 10 times the quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, compared to the amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in the generally commercial red ginseng, while ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was not found in raw and white ginseng.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.774-782
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• 2024

This study aimed to elucidate the anti-colon cancer mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 in vitro and in vivo. Cell viability rate was detected using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) tetrazolium assay. The inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg1 against CT26 cell proliferation gradually increased with increasing concentration. The in vivo experiments also demonstrated an antitumor effect. The monodansylcadaverine (MDC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and expression of autophagy marker proteins confirmed that ginsenoside Rg1 induced autophagy in vitro. Ginsenoside Rg1 induced autophagy death of CT26 cells, but this effect could be diminished by autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3-MA). Additionally, in a xenograft model, immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissues showed that the LC3 and Beclin-1 proteins were highly expressed in the tumors from the ginsenoside Rg1-treated nude mice, confirming that ginsenoside Rg1 also induced autophagy in vivo. Furthermoer, both in vivo and in vitro, the protein expressions of p-Akt, p-mTOR, and p-p70S6K were inhibited by ginsenoside Rg1, which was verified by Akt inhibitors. These results indicated that the mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 against colon cancer was associated with autophagy through inhibition of the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2007

Ginsenosides are one of the most well-known traditional herbal medicines frequently used for the treatment of cardiovascular symptoms in korea. The anti-ischemic effects of the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, and CK on ischemia-induced isolated rat heart were investigated through analyses of changes in hemodynamics ; blood pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output. The subjects in this study were divided into four groups: normal control, the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK, an ischemia-induced group without any treatment, and an ischemia-induced group treated with the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK. There were no significant differences in perfusion pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow and cardiac output between them before ischemia was induced. The supply of oxygen and buffer was stopped for five minutes to induce ischemia in isolated rat hearts, and the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK was administered during ischemia induction. Treatments of the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK significantly prevented decreases in perfusion pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output under ischemic conditions. In addition, hemodynamics (except heart rate) of the group treated with the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK significantly recovered 60 minutes after reperfusion compared to the control group (mixture+ischemia vs ischemia - average perfusion pressure: 74.4${\pm}$2.97% vs. 85.1${\pm}$3.01%, average aortic flow volume: 49.11${\pm}$2.72% vs. 59.97${\pm}$2.93%, average coronary flow volume: 58.50${\pm}$2.81% vs. 72.72${\pm}$2.99%, and average cardiac output: 52.47${\pm}$2.78% vs. 63.11${\pm}$2.76%, p<0.01, respectively). These results suggest that treatment of the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK has distinct anti-ischemic effects in ex vivo model of ischemia-induced rat heart.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.636-645
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• 2022

Background: Ginsenoside Rg3 and gemcitabine have mutual enhancing antitumor effects. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. This study explored the influence of ginsenoside Rg3 on Zinc finger protein 91 homolog (ZFP91) expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) and their regulatory mechanisms on gemcitabine sensitivity. Methods: RNA-seq and survival data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-PAAD and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) were used for in-silicon analysis. PANC-1, BxPC-3, and PANC-1 gemcitabine-resistant (PANC-1/GR) cells were used for in vitro analysis. PANC-1 derived tumor xenograft nude mice model was used to assess the influence of ginsenoside Rg3 and ZFP91 on tumor growth in vivo. Results: Ginsenoside Rg3 reduced ZFP91 expression in PAAD cells in a dose-dependent manner. ZFP91 upregulation was associated with significantly shorter survival of patients with PAAD. ZFP91 overexpression induced gemcitabine resistance, which was partly conquered by ginsenoside Rg3 treatment. ZFP91 depletion sensitized PANC-1/GR cells to gemcitabine treatment. ZFP91 interacted with Testis-Specific Y-Encoded-Like Protein 2 (TSPYL2), induced its poly-ubiquitination, and promoted proteasomal degradation. Ginsenoside Rg3 treatment weakened ZFP91-induced TSPYL2 poly-ubiquitination and degradation. Enforced TSPYL2 expression increased gemcitabine sensitivity of PAAD cells and partly reversed induced gemcitabine resistance in PANC-1/GR cells. Conclusion: Ginsenoside Rg3 can increase gemcitabine sensitivity of pancreatic adenocarcinoma at least via reducing ZFP91 mediated TSPYL2 destabilization.