• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.1660-1665
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• 2010

To obtain data for the standardization of manufacturing method of red ginseng extract pouch products, saponin and physico-chemical properties of 44 Korean red ginseng extract pouch products were analyzed. The concentration of total ginsenoside contents were 5.5~185.7 mg/100 mL. Distribution of the contents of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_2$, $Rh_1$, and $Rh_2$ known to have anticancer effect are as follows: $Rg_3$ is 1.6~46.3 mg/100 mL, $Rg_2$ is 0~22.0 mg/100 mL, $Rh_1$ is 0~4.3 mg/100 mL and that of $Rh_2$ is 0~20.4 mg/100 mL, respectively. The anti-diabetic effect of ginsenoside $Rb_2$ and Re distribution of contents were 0~10.8 mg/100 mL and 0~7.0 mg/100 mL, respectively. Among the other saponins, exhibited content to distribution of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ was 0~25.2 mg/100 mL, Rc was 0~12.5 mg/100 mL, Rd was 0~11.3 mg/100 mL, Rf was 0~5.9 mg/100 mL and $Rg_1$ was 0~4.4 mg/100 mL. Results of physicochemical characterization showed total sugar content of 226.6~3,102.9 mg/100 mL, total soluble solids content $1.4\sim9.5^{\circ}Bx$, turbidity 82.2~100.0%, pH in the range of 4.1 to 5.0, respectively. In approximately 50% of collected domestic ginseng extract pouch products (21~24 items), ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re and $Rg_1$ were not detected, and saponin content of each product appears to differ greatly. Results indicated that standardization of production methods and standards set for red ginseng extract pouch products in Korea is needed.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.623-628
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• 2012

The study was about to produce red ginsengs easily, using a household microwave oven to promote the consumption of fresh ginsengs in the home. Producing red ginsengs with a household microwave oven 'defrost function' takes 13 minutes (A), 'cook function' 6 minutes (B), and finally, 'defrost function' 44 minutes (C). For characteristics of microwave-produced red ginsengs, total saponin loss, color of powder, polyphenol content and saponin composition were compared with common red ginsengs. The color test for red ginseng powder showed that the color of household microwave-produced 6-minute cooked red ginseng (B) or 44-minute defrosted red ginseng (C) was closer to that of the common red ginsengs (E). The total saponin content in water eluted during red ginseng production showed that the saponin loss in microwave red ginseng was negligible compared to the common red ginsengs. Microwave red ginsengs showed no difference in phenol content that of the and higher total ginsenoside content than common red ginsengs. The ginsenoside $Rg_1$, Re, Rf, $Rg_2+Rh_1$, $Rb_1$, Rc, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rd and $Rg_3$ contents of microwave red ginsengs (A, B) were higher compared to that of the common red ginsengs; the ginsenoside Re, Rc, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rd and $Rg_3$ contents of 44-minute defrosted red ginseng (C) were higher compared to the common red ginsengs. It is considered that red ginseng production, using microwave oven at home, can be a fast and convenient way to produce highly functional red ginsengs with high ginsenoside content.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2003

Ginsenosides, major active ingredients of Panax ginseng, are known to regulate excitatory ligand-gated ion channel activity such as nicotinic acetylcholine and NMDA receptor channel activity. However, it is not known whether ginsenosides affect inhibitory ligand-gated ion channel activity. We investigated the effect of ginsenosides on human recombinant $GABA_A$ receptor (${\alpha}_1{\beta}_1{\gamma}_{2s}$) channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes using a two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. Among the eight individual ginsenosides examined, namely, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$ and $Rg_2$, we found that Rc most potently enhanced the GABA-induced inward peak current ($I_{GABA}$). Ginsenoside Rc alone induced an inward membrane current in certain batches of oocytes expressing the $GABA_A$ receptor. The effect of ginsenoside Rc on $I_{GABA}$ was both dose-dependent and reversible. The half-stimulatory concentration ($EC_{50}$) of ginsenoside Rc was 53.2$\pm$12.3 $\mu$M. Both bicuculline, a $GABA_A$ receptor antagonist, and picrotoxin, a $GABA_A$ channel blocker, blocked the stimulatory effect of ginsenoside Rc on $I_{GABA}$. Niflumic acid (NFA) and 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), both $CI^{-1}$ channel blockers, attenuated the effect of ginsenoside Rc on I$I_{GABA}$. This study suggests that ginsenosides regulated $GABA_A$ receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes and implies that this regulation might be one of the pharmacological actions of Panax ginseng.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 2008

We extracted red ginseng with various alcohol concentrations and evaluated total carbohydrate, uronic acid, polyphenols compounds and ginsenoside contents, and yields of alcohol extract. The water extraction (0% alcohol extraction) showed a high level of total carbohydrate content. 10% and 20% alcohol extraction showed the highest uronic acid contents (7,978.8 and $7,872.7\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract, respectively). The efficiency order of the red ginseng extract (RGE) preparations in liberating polyphenols was: $0{\sim}50%$ alcohol${\geq}\;60%$ alcohol> $70{\sim}90%$ alcohol. Solid contents in RGE were decreased with increased alcohol concentration; the same tendency as with the results of total carbohydrate content. Total ginsenoside contents in $20{\sim}50%$ alcohol extracts showed similar levels ($442,962.9{\sim}47,930.8\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). Water extraction showed the lowest ginsenoside content ($14,509.4\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). The ginsenoside contents at above 60% alcohol were decreased with increased alcohol concentration. Generally, ginsenoside (Rg2, Rg1, Rf, Re, Rd, Rb2, Rc and Rb1) contents were increased with increased alcohol concentrations. However, Rg3 content was decreased with increases in alcohol concentration.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.436-439
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• 1998

Ginseng saponins were analysed using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with several columns. The optimum conditions were as following : reverse phase column; Novapak $C_{18}$ ODS column ($3.9mm{\times}150mm$, $5{\mu}m$), acetonitrile/water binary mobile phase gradient controller system, solvent flow rate; 1.5 mL/min, and UV (203 nm) detector. The complete separation of ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and $Rg_1$ was achieved within 50 min. The regression coefficients of the calibration curves for seven ginsenosides were 0.98~0.99.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.215-219
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• 2007

This study was conducted to analyze not only for the quality guaranteed of red ginseng but also for the minor ginsenosides. Although several studies have reported to analyze ginseng saponins, those were focused to major saponins, including 6 to 7 ginsenosides. As increase of interest in medicinal effect of ginseng products, anasis of various ginsenosides in both red and white ginseng are strongly demanded. To perform optital condition of 12 ginsenoside analysis, We controlled HPLC conditions, such as the gradient elution of the mobile phase. We found the adequate separation method for 12 ginse-nosides. The optimum condition was as following : H$_2$O/CH$_3$CN ratios were 82/18, 70/30, 55/45 and 50/50, respectively. Sol-vent flow rate was 1.00 ma/min. Column temperature was kept to 35$^{\circ}$C. UV detector was set to 203 nm.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.115-126
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• 1998

Four new dammarnae-glycosides named ginsenosides Rgs, Rh4, RsB and Rf2 have been isolated 1'rom Korean red ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) and their chemical structures have been elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods, including'H-'H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, as 3-0- [$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl(1 ~2)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl] dammar-20(22) , B4-diene-3P,12P-diol (ginsenoside Rgs),6-0-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-dammar-20(22),24-diene-3P,6P, 12P-triol (ginsenoside Rh4),3-0- [6" -0-acetyl-D-glucopyranosyl(1 ~2)--D-glucopyranosyl] 20(5)- protopanaxadiol (ginsenoside Rs3) and 6-0- [u-L-rhamno-pyranosyl(1 ~2)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl] dammarane -3$\beta$, 6a, 12 $\beta$, 20(R),25-pentol(ginsenoslde Rfa). The absolute stereo structure of a double bond at C-20(22) was determined as entgegen type by applying NOESY.OESY.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.219-226
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of extrusion conditions (moisture content 20% and 30%, screw speed 200 and 250 rpm, barrel temperature $115^{\circ}C$ and $130^{\circ}C$) on the acidic polysaccharide, ginsenoside contents and antioxidant properties of extruded Korean red ginseng (KRG). Extruded KRGs showed relatively higher amounts of acidic polysaccharide (6.80% to 9.34%) than non-extruded KRG (4.34%). Increased barrel temperature and screw speed significantly increased the content of acidic polysaccharide. The major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg2s, Rg3s, Rh1, and Rg3r) of KRG increased through extrusion, while the ginsenoside (Rg1) decreased. The EX8 (moisture 30%, screw speed 250 rpm, and temperature $130^{\circ}C$) had more total phenolics and had a better scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals than those of extruded KRG samples. The extrusion cooking showed a significant increase (6.8% to 20.9%) in reducing power. Increased barrel temperature significantly increased the values of reducing power, the highest value was 1.152 obtained from EX4 (feed moisture 20%, screw speed 250 rpm, and temperature $130^{\circ}C$). These results suggest that extrusion conditions can be optimized to retain the health promoting compounds in KRG products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.194-198
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• 2009

The changes that would occur in a content of five phenolic ingredients and eight ginsenosides in acid-treatedred ginseng extracts were measured in this study. Acid-treated-red ginseng was prepared by treating with 1 M ascorbic acid or citric acid for 20 min. As a result, the contents of esculetin and quercetin in citric acid-treated-red ginseng increased by 3.5 times and 2.0 times, respectively, compared with control red ginseng. However, all phenolic ingredients decreased after treatment with ascorbic acid. In addition, the contents of ginsenoside Rg$_3$, Rh$_2$, Rd increased but those of Rb$_1$, Rc, Re, Rf, Rg$_1$ decreased after acid treatment. Although these tendency of results are similar, the rate of change of ginsenosides in citric acid-treated-red ginseng was higher than in ascorbic acid-treated-red ginseng. These results indicated that citric acid is more effective in the conversion of ginseng ingredients than ascorbic acid.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.513-518
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of yield, total phenolics, saponin content and composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of various fractions of fine ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) by maceration method in the order of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water). Butanol fraction showed the highest total saponin content compare to other fractions. Hexane fraction could harvest significantly high ginsenoside Rg2, Rg1, and Rf (p<0.05). And the contents of ginsenoside Rh1, Rg3, and Rg1 showed relatively higher in the fraction of ethyl acetate than other fractions. The system of hexane-chloroform-ethyl aceate-butanol showed relatively high content of ginsenoside Re, Rd, Rc, Rb3, and Rb1. However, the last fraction of water still remained lots of Rb2 content. The fraction of water was the highest phenolics. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazil, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of water fraction was higher than the other fractions. In antimicrobial activity, the fraction of hexane showed relatively high antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli. And the fractions of the chloroform and ethyl acetate showed higher antimicrobial activities than the other samples in against P. aeruginosa and S. typhimurium.