• Title/Summary/Keyword: Ginseng seed

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Effects of Sodium Hydroxide and Sulfuric Acid on the Embryo Growth of Ginseng Seed (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) (NaOH 및 $H_2SO_4$ 처리가 인삼 종자의 배생장에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, J.C.;Byen, J.S.;Park, H.;Proctor, J.T.A.
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.98-101
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    • 1984
  • Endorcarp inhibited the embryo growth of ginseng seeds. This inhibition is not due to impermeability to water, but is probably caused by mechanical resistance. The embryo growth rate was enhanced by endocarp injury by soaking for 10 to 30 minutes in 2.5% solution of sodium hydroxide. But sulfuric acid did not affect on the embryo growth of ginseng seed.

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Effect of seeding depth on seedling growth and dry matter partitioning in American ginseng

  • Proctor, John T.A.;Sullivan, J. Alan
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.37 no.2
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    • pp.254-260
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    • 2013
  • Greenhouse and field experiments with American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) stratified seed sown at depths of 10 to 100 mm were carried out to determine effects of seeding depth on seedling emergence, growth and development and to calculate optimum seeding depth. The time to 50% seedling emergence ($E_{50}$) in the field increased linearly from 17 d at 20 mm seeding depth to 42.5 d at 80 mm. Seedling emergence and root weight (economic yield) at the end of the first year each increased quadratically with the increase of seeding depth. Maximum emergence and root yields were produced at sowing depths of 26.9 and 30.6 mm respectively. In a greenhouse pot experiment, increasing seeding depth from 10 to 100 mm increased partitioning of dry matter to leaves from 23.6% to 26.1%, to stems from 6.9% to 14.2%, and decreased dry matter to roots from 69.5% to 59.7%. Optimum seeding depth was 31.1 mm for a corresponding maximum root weight of 119.9 mg. A predictor equation [X (seeding depth, mm)=Y (seed weight, mg)/9.1+20.96] for seeding depth for ginseng, based on data for ten vegetable crops, their seed weights and suggested seeding depths, predicted a seeding depth of 28.3 mm for ginseng similar to that reported above for most pot and field experiments.

Effect of Calcium Cyanamide Soil Fumigation on Sterilization of Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium sp., Soil Microbes and Plant Seed (석회질소 토양훈증의 라이족토니아 소라니, 피시움, 토양미생물과 씨앗의 사멸효과)

  • Lee, Byung-Dae;Park, Roan
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.139-142
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    • 2009
  • The effect of calcium cyanamide (China-made) soil fumigation on the growth of the ginseng pathogen Rhizoctonia, Pythium), soil microbes, and seed germination of lettuce and radish was investigated. At twice the recommended level (2S0-ppm $CaCN_2$), the growth of Rhizoctonia and Pythium, and the seed germination, were not inhibited. Rather, the effective level was 10,000 ppm. The powder form was more effective than the granular form in inhibiting pathogen growth and seed germination. The lettuce seed was also more sensitive than the radish seed. Calcium cyanamide appearedto decrease the fungi population and to increase Actinomycetes in the soil.

Studies on the Germination of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer) Seed II. Influences of Temperature and Seed Treatment on Embryo Growth and Germination (인삼 종자의 발아에 관한 연구 II. 온도 및 종자처리가 배생장 및 발아에 미치는 영향)

  • 원준연;조재성;김현호
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.59-63
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    • 1988
  • Freshly harvested and depulped Korean ginseng seeds were subjected to the seed treatment of removing endocarp plus surface sterilization with sodium hypocloride, surface sterilization only, and nontreated control. These seeds were stratified at temperatures of 5$^{\circ}$, 10$^{\circ}$, 15$^{\circ}$ and 20$^{\circ}C$ for 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days. Embryo growth of the ginseng seeds of which endocarp was removed was most rapid in each stratification temperature and that of sterilized seeds was slower than unsterilized seeds after 80 days stratification at 15$^{\circ}$ and 20$^{\circ}C$. About 15$^{\circ}C$ was an optimal stratification temperature for embry growth in ginseng seeds. Chilling treatment at 5$^{\circ}C$ for 100 days was needed for better germination of dehisced ginseng seeds. An optimal germination temperature for the ginseng seed following chilling treatment was about 15$^{\circ}C$.

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Studies on the Germination Characters of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Seed (고려인삼종자(高麗人蔘種子)의 발아특성(發芽特性)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Won, Jun Yeon;Jo, Jae Seong
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.47-68
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    • 1988
  • This study was conducted to define the optimal conditions for embryo growth during seed stratification and for breaking dormancy as well as seed germination of stratified ginseng seeds. The experiments were also carried out to detect some materials which were expected to induce seed dormancy in the ginseng seeds. The results summarized as follows; 1. The growth of embryo during seed stratification was significantly inhibited by the existence of endocarp. The fastest embryo growth was resulted at $15^{\circ}C$ and an estimated optimal temperature for embryo growth was about $18^{\circ}C$. 2. There was no significant difference between the embryo growth and germination ratio of ginseng seeds which were sown in seed bed at Aug-5 without seed stratification and that of artificial seed stratification. 3. Embryo growth and germination ratio was significantly inhibited by high temperature treatment at $30^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours or respiration stress by immersing seeds in water for 10 days or more. 4. When the seed stratification was started at $10^{\circ}C$, growth of embryo in the ginseng seeds were almost stopped. But, when the seeds were stratified first at $20^{\circ}C$ for 50 days and next at $10^{\circ}C$ for 50 days, the embryo growth was significantly promoted compared with the embryo growth in the seeds which were stratified at $20^{\circ}C$ for 100 days. 5. The successive embryo growth after seed stratification was significantly accelerated at $10^{\circ}C$ but the seeds chilled at $5^{\circ}C$ for 100 days were resulted in the highest germination ratio as well as the shortest days for germination. 6. The successive embryo growth during chilling treatment and seed germination were significantly inhibited by immersing seeds in water just before chilling treatment or during chilling treatment and by interruption of chilling treatment with raising temperature to $20^{\circ}C$ for 20 days during chilling treatment. 7. The germination ratio of ginseng seeds which finished chilling treatment was highest at $10^{\circ}C$ and 62.5% was the estimated soil moisture for the best germination of ginseng seeds. The ginseng seeds were found to require high amount of oxygen for germination. 8. Only water soluble material in homogenized ginseng seeds showed a significant inhibiting effect on the seed germination of sesame, millet and soybean. Water soluble material dissolved from undehisced ginseng seeds showed stronger inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame than material from dehisced ginseng seeds. Extraction temperature did not influence the inhibiting effect of the material dissolved from ginseng seeds on the seedling growth of sesame. 9. Water soluble materials dissolved from the berry pulps, leaves, fresh roots and dried roots also showed a significant inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame. 10. Water soluble materials dissolved from the ginseng seeds, leaves and fresh roots showed a significant inhibiting effect on the germination of true fungi and the growth of spawn but the growth of phytopathogenic bacteria was not. 11. Among the water soluble materials dissolved from ginseng seeds, the materials of low molecular weight less than 3,000 were resulted a significant inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame and the materials of high molecular weight also showed an inhibiting effect.

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Cloning of CAB cDNA encoding chlorophyll a/b binding protein of photosystem II in Korean ginseng and Use in Plant (고려인삼 광계 II Chlorophyll a/b binding Protein 유전자(CAB)의 cloning 및 식물에의 활용연구)

  • 김갑식;이기원;이종철;여운형;채순용;박은경
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.152-159
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    • 1999
  • A CAB cDNA clone(pKGCAB) encoding the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein of the semi-shade plant, Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) was isolated by the one-way path random sequencing of ginseng cDNA library clones and transgenic tobacco plants(Nicotiana tabacum NC82) were produced by the transformation of this ginseng CAB gene in use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. The CAB gene showed type 1 structure of LHCP-II, 84% similarity in nucleotide sequence and 92% in amino acid sequence to that of Nicotiana tabacum CAB40, respectively. Seed germination and initial growth of the transgenic tobacco plants transformed with the cDNA fragment were accelerated under low light intensity compared with those of normal tobacco plant, that may result from the higher light sensitivity of the transgenic plants than that of the normal.

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Seed and Root Rots of Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) Caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium spp.

  • Reeleder, R.D.;Roy, R.;Capell, B.
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.151-158
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    • 2002
  • Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has become one of the most valuable herb crops grown in North America. However, traditional cropping practices are favourable to disease and significant losses due to root disease are common, despite frequent use of fungicides. Seedlots are often contaminated with pathogens, however, little is known about the causes of seed decay and the role of seed pathogens as incitants of root rots. It was shown that both Fusarium spp. and Cylindrocarpon destructans were able to rot seeds and that C. destructans was more virulent than Fusarium spp. on seedling roots. A modified rose bengal agar MRBA) medium (1 g KH$_2$PO$_4$; 0.5 g MgSO$_4$; 50 mg rose bengal; 10 g dextrose; 5 g Bacto peptone; 15 g Bacto agar; 30 mg streptomycin sulfate; 250 mg ampicillin; 10 mg rifampicin; 500mg pentachloronitrobenzene; 500 mg dicloran; and 1 L distilled water) was superior to potato dextrose agar in detecting C. destuctans in diseased roots. Isolation of C. destructans from diseased seedlings arising from seeds sown in replant soil supported the hypothesis that this pathogen is a cause of ginseng replant failure in North America.

Dynamic Studies on Physiology and Biochemistry in American Ginseng Seed During Stratification - Part II. Contents of Soluble Carbohydrate, Crude Fat, Fatty Acid and Soluble Protein - (충적과정중 미국인삼 종자의 생리 및 생화학적 지표에 관한 동태학적 연구 I)

  • Huang, Yao-Ge;Li, Xiang-Gao;Cui, Shu-Yu;Yu, Wen-Bo;Kuang, Ya-Lan;Yan, Jie-kun;Yang, Ji-Xiang;Liu, Ren-Song;Kim, Hack-Seang
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.39-42
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    • 1997
  • Dynamic parameters of biochemistry including the contents of soluble carbohydrate (SC) , crude fat (CF) , fatty arid (FA) and soluble protein (SP) in American send (Panax qufnquelolium L.) seed are reported in the present paper. When embryo ratio (ER) increased from 7.31 to 20.48%, the SC content decreased from 4.08 to 1.16%. After that, SC content changed little. The CF content decreased successively from 34.50 to 14.40% from the beginning to the end during the embryo afterripening. The changes of FA content did not correlate with that of ER and the changing range of SP content was not large during the seed stratification. All of these may provide some information for understanding the dormancy mechanisms of American seng seed.

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Studies on Incompatibility in Interspecific Hybrid Between Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Panax quinquefolium L. (고려인삼과 미국삼의 종간 잡종식물체 불화합성에 관한 연구)

  • 이성식;정열영
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.85-90
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    • 1997
  • This study was carried out to clarify the cause of incompatibility in interspecific hybrid plant between Panax ginseng and p. quinquefolium. The floral structure of F,(p.g. x p.q.) hybrid was normal because the redundant anther was 0.2 mm longer than pistil in Fl hybrid and the size and structure of redundant carpel in F, hybrid were similar to P. ginseng and p. quiquefolium Pollens of $F_1$ hybrid did not germinate on stigma of P-quinquefolium but germinated well on stigma of P. ginseng. Pollen tube was able to penetrate styles completely and seed harvest rate was 16.8% in field. However on stigma of $F_1$ hybrid, Pollen did not germinate when P. ginseng was used as male Parent. In addition, the growth of pollen tube was halted on style and seed was not set when P qlfinquefoEi2a was used as male Parent. These suggest that the inhibitor of pollen germination present on stigma caused $F_1$ hybrid sterility. It took 5 hours for pollen grains to germinate, 12 hours to arrive at in trance of ovule, 16 hours to penetrate micropyles in Panax ginseng.

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Cell migration and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Red Ginseng Extracts Fermented with Laetiporus Sulphureus (붉은덕다리버섯 균사체로 발효한 홍삼 배양액의 cell migration 및 항염 효능에 관한 연구)

  • Oh, Seong-Hwa;Choi, Soo-Yeon;Lee, Nu Rim;Lee, Jung No;Kim, Dong-Seok;Lee, Sang-Hwa;Park, Sung-Min
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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    • v.40 no.3
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    • pp.297-305
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    • 2014
  • Red ginseng (RG) contains specific ginsenosides (Rg2, Rg3) which show various pharmacological effects and absorption rate in the body better than panax ginseng. Therefore many people have been used it for health for a long time. Furthermore, many researchers have been studying its biological activities for a long times because fermentation generates lots of beneficial small molecules good for health. In this study, we fermented red ginseng with mycelium of Leatiporus sulphures var. miniatus for 7 days. As a result, we found that three ginsenosides Rg1, Re and Rb2 were decreased from 0.24, 0.25, 0.16 mg/g to 0.12, 0.1, 0.03 mg/g respectively HPLC analysis. In addition, we studied biological activities of fermented red ginseng (FRG) about skin ageing such as anti-inflammation, cell migration, anti-oxidation, collagen type 1 synthesis, and MMP-1 inhibition activities. As a result, FRG were shown higher anti-inflammatory and cell migration promoting activities than RG. FRG inhibited production of nitric oxide (NO) and mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and decreased interleukin (IL)-6 induced by LPS stimulation in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, this study suggest that FRG could be a potential source as a new natural anti-inflammatory agent.