• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.64-71
• /
• 2018

Background: The cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in greenhouses could reduce the use of pesticides and result in higher yield; however, construction costs are problematic. The adaptation of direct-sowing culture in greenhouses could reduce the cost of ginseng production. Methods and Results: To improve seedling establishment in direct-sowing culture, effects of sowing density (SD), number of seeds sown per hole (SN), and thinning (TH) treatment on the root yield were investigated after 3 years of seeding. The emergence rate was significantly influenced by SD, but not by SN or TH. Damping-off and rusty roots increased with an increase in SN with diminishing effects of SN on seedling establishment. Root weight and diameter were affected by SD, SN, and TH, however, there were no statistical significances. The total number of roots harvested per unit area increased with increasing SD and SN, and the weight of roots was affected by SD, but not by SN or TH. Conclusions: Multi-seed sowing per hole and/or thinning might not be an efficient method for the direct-sowing culture of ginseng. The SD for direct seeding culture in greenhouses should be approximately $33-42seeds/m^2$ for an optimum yield of 3-year-old ginseng.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.220-225
• /
• 1986

This study was conducted to know the effects of temperature and gibberellic acid on the dormancy block-ing of ginseng seeds at different embryo growth stage. Optimum temperature for embryo growth appeared to be I soc at the beginning stage of post ripening (up to dehiscent time), 1$0^{\circ}C$ at middle stage (for 30 days after dehiscence) and 5$^{\circ}C$ at last stage (between 30 and 92 days after dehiscence). And optimum temperature for dehiscence is about 17$^{\circ}C$, also the optimum temperature for dehiscence is higher than that of embryo growth. Germination of ginseng seed with full grown embryo was accelerated at high temperature (25-3$0^{\circ}C$). Germina-tion percentage was 80% at 105th date after dehiscence under 5$^{\circ}C$, 28% at 147th date under 1$0^{\circ}C$, but no germination under the over 15$^{\circ}C$. Gibberellic acid increased the dehiscent rate, whereas the gibberellic acid treatment may not be substituted for effect of low temperature on the germination. Low temperature may be reguired to finish the embryo growth in thickness.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.123-128
• /
• 1986

The characteristics such as characters of seed, fruit and endosperm, development of embryo, dehisced and germination rate of seeds which harvested at 10 days intervals from 20 days to 60 days after pollination were determined to clarify the optimum time for seed production of ginseng. The sizes of length, width and thickness of fruits, seeds and endosperms investigated on 20 days after pollination were not largely different from those that harvested after 60 days. But the weights of fruits and seeds were increased along with the delay of harvesting time. The seeds which harvested from 30 to 60 days showed comparatively high dehisced and germinated rates, especially 40 days in dehisced rates and 50 days in germinated rates. The embryos were rapidly grown in early stage. Lengths of the embryo on 20 days after pollination were approximately grown to 30 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. And after 30 days pollinated, embryos were not only more rapidly grown to 213 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ but also cotyledon premodia were developed in this time and completely formed after 40 days.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.52-59
• /
• 2011

Recently, new ginseng cultivars having superior agricultural traits have been developed in Korea. For newly developed plant cultivars, the identification of distinctiveness is very important factors not only in plant cultivar management but also in breeding programs. Thus, eighty-five inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were applied to detect polymorphisms among six major Korean ginseng cultivars and two foreign ginsengs. A total of 197 polymorphic bands with an average 5.8 polymorphic bands and 2.9 banding patterns per assay unit across six Korean ginseng cultivars and foreign ginsengs from 236 amplified ISSR loci with an average 6.9 loci per assay unit were generated by 34 out of 85 ISSR primers. Three species of Panax ginseng including the Korean ginseng cultivars, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng, could be readily discriminated using most tested primers. UBC-821, UBC-868, and UBC-878 generated polymorphic bands among the six Korean ginseng cultivars, and could distinguish them from foreign ginsengs. Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker system was introduced in order to increase the reproducibility of the polymorphism. One SCAR marker, PgI821C650, was successfully converted from the randomly amplified polymorphism by UBC-821. It showed the expected dominant polymorphism among ginseng samples. In addition, the specific polymorphism for Sunwon was generated by treating Taq I restriction enzyme to polymerase chain reaction products of PgI821C650. These results will serve as useful DNA markers for identification of Korean ginseng, especially Sunwon cultivar, seed management, and molecular breeding program supplemented with marker-assisted selection.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.215-218
• /
• 2004

This study were conducted to investigate the viability and germination of dehisced Panax ginseng seeds stored for long period in the storage chamber with $5^{\circ}C\;and\;30{\%}$ humudity. The staining reaction times for viability test were 150 min, 90 in, 60 min at $0.1{\%},\;0.5{\%}\;and\;1{\%}$ triphenyltetrazolim chloride(TTC), respectively. the more the storage period, the less the healthy seeds ratio. It was $96.6{\%},\;89.2{\%},\;63.4{\%}$ for 1-year storage, 7-years storage, 9-years storage, respectively. Germination ratio were $84.0{\%},\;80.5{\%},\;73.5{\%},\;2.5{\%}$ for 1-year stroage, 6-years storage, 7-years storage and 9-years storage, respectively. Therefore it was confirmed that ginseng seed can be stored up to 6-7 years.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.201-204
• /
• 2001

Acyl-CoA binding proteins (ACBP) are small highly-conserved cytosolic proteins that bind long-chain acyl-CoAs. A cDNA encoding ACBP was identified from cDNA library constructed from hairy root poly $A^{＋}$ RNA in expressed sequence tags (EST) analysis. The cDNA clone was 453 bp long and carried an open reading frame of 264 bp (10 kDa). The ginseng ACBP amino acid sequence was compared with other reported plant ACBPs using the CLUSTALW. Ginseng ACBP is 89%, 81%, 80%, and 73% identical with ACBP from castor bean, lilly, Digitalis and Arabidopsis, respectively. However, ginseng ACBP is 5 amino acids smaller than Arabidopsis and rape seed ACBPs. Also there is no any known signal peptide sequence in ginseng ACBP.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.145-152
• /
• 1988

Correlations between various morphological characteristics of Panax quinquefolium plants grown in Lytton, British Columbia, Canada were assessed for 1-through 4-year old plants. Root dry weight, the dependent variable, was found to be strongly related to leaf dry weight, leaf length and root length for 1-and 2-year old plants during the middle of the growing season. For 1- and 2-year old plants at the end of the growing season, root dry weight was found to be related to leaf dry weight, leaf length and stem dry weight. For 3 and 4-year old plants, root dry weight was found to be related to leaf dry weight, leaf length and stem dry weight. For 3- and 4-year old plants, root dry weight was found to be related to leaf dry weight. For practical considerations, this latter relationship provides a simple method for selecting superior plants from which seed can be harvested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.227-231
• /
• 1998

To furnish basic data for the utilizatin of camellia(Camellia japonica L.) seeds as a raw material of industrial products, major chemical components of camellia and defatted camellia seeds were investigated. The moisture, crude ash, crude fat and crude protein contents of camellia seeds were 4.06%, 1.83%, 65.75% and 8.44%, respectively. Defatted camellia seeds indicates that it contains 10.31% moisture, 5.28% crude ash and 17.49% crude protein while no crude fat was detected. The curde ginseng saponin, crude saikosaponin and red ginseng saponin contents of camellia seeds were 108.0mg%, 0.4mg% and 40.3mg%, respectively. Total amino acid contents of camellia seeds and defatted camellia seeds were 7,851mg% and 13,002mg%, respectively, and the major amino acids were glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic acid and leucine. The ratio of essential/total amino acid of camellia seeds was 0.29.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.249-256
• /
• 2013

The objectives of this study were to investigate the quality characteristic of the nutrition bar with various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20%) of defatted ginseng seed meal(DGSM). Specific gravity and pH of bar batters were lower in bars containing DGSM. Specific volume, loss rate and leavening rate of bars were decreased as DGSM increased. In color of bar crust and crumb, the L and bcolor values decreased according to the level of DGSM added, whereas the a color valuesand ${\triangle}$ increased. The bars with 5, 10 and 20% DGSM had significantly higher hardness value than control bar (p < 0.05). The result of sensory evaluation showed that intensity scores for color, flavor, taste, after taste and texture were highest for the nutrition bar substituted with 20% DGSM. The nutrition bar with 10% DGSM attained the highest overall acceptability score. Results indicated that optimal concentration of DGSM into the nutrition bar was 10%.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.119-126
• /
• 2016

Skin is the largest organ that protects the body from the external environmental factors such as smog, cigarette smoke, UV. Protective skin barrier is composed with keratinizational keratinocytes and intercellular lipids such as ceramides, cholesterols and fatty acids combined by the lamellar liquid crystal structure. In this research, we confirmed that the Jeju wild ginseng (JWG) extracts dose-dependently increased the expression of serine-palmitoyltransferase (SPT) protein which is associated with ceramide biosynthesis. In addition, emulsion containing 5% JWG extract was applied on skin of human volunteers for 2 weeks and then significantly reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL) compared to that of control group. As a results, JWG extract increased the biosynthesis of ceramides that is the key components of the skin lipid through enhancing expression of SPT. In addition, JWG extract reduced TEWL resulting in improvement of skin barrier function. In this context, we suggest that JWG extract could be used as a skin barrier enhancer and moisturing agents in cosmetic fileds.