• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 1986

To investigate the stability of ginseng saponin, various physical and chemical treatments for red ginseng alcohol extract (70% ethyl alcohol) were carried out, and then the variations of ginseng saponin in extract were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Irradiation of ${\gamma}$-ray, and ultraviolet ray, sonocatalysis by ultrasonicator, treatment of electronic range, catalytic ozonation did not or slightly affect degradation of ginseng saponins, but they were degraded by heat treatment.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.142-146
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• 1977

For the purpose of utilizing the saponins of the ground part of Panax ginseng, the studies on saponins isolated from the leaves, stems, and flowers of ginseng were Performed. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The crude saponin contents of ginseng loaves, stems, and flowers 12.8%, 1.6% and 6.9% respectively. 2. Infra-red spectrum of ginseng leaf saponin was identical with that of ginseng root.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.135-138
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• 1986

Ginseng total saponins(GS), protopanaxadiol saponins(PD) and protopanaxadiol saponins(PT) antagonized the analgesia in mice induced by morphine. The administrations of 2,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and 5-hydroxytryptophan reduced the GS, PD and PT antagonisms of morphine analgesia. Possible mechanisms involved in the antagonistic actions of GS, PD and PT on morphine analgesia were described.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.234-238
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• 1989

In the presence of a photosensitizer, rose bengal, phooxidatlon in serum total lipids has been studied and the effects of ginseng water extract and saponins on it have reviewed. In the presence of rose bengal, serum total lipids undergo photooxidation and produce lipid hydroperoxides. On the other hand, ginseng water extract and dial saponins largely inhibit photooxidation and decrease the amount of lipid hydroperoxides in serum total lipids.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 1980

In order to find out the inhibitors of acetic acid fermentation in Korean ginseng (Panax Sin son C. A. Meyer), total aglycone, panaxadiol, panaxadiol, oleanolic acid and ${\beta}$ -sitosterol were added to the basal medium, respectively, and a surface culture was carried out at 30$^{\circ}C$. The results were as follows: 1 . Saponins lost their activity to inhibit the acetic acid fermentation by hydrolysis. 2 Panaxadiol inhibited slightly, and the degree of inhibition was about 1/300 of that of free saponins. 3. Panaxadiol and oleanolic acid inhibited silighly similar to total aglycone. 4. Acetic acid fermentation was stimulated at the early stage when ${\beta}$-sitosterol was added to the media below the level of 0.000815%. But the fermentation was inhibited when media contained it more than that media 5. An over-oxidation of acetic acid was observed when the media contained total aglycone. panaxadiol, panaxatriol, oleanolic acid and ${\beta}$-sitosterol, respectively, while the media which contained sucrose, ginseng extracts ginseng saponins was shown not to be over-oxidized.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.188-204
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• 1977

The studies on the saponins of Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, were performed according to the cultivating locations, sampling seasons, plant parts, and growing stages. The changes in saponin content in the course of manufacturing Red ginseng and Ginseng extract were observed. In this paper, a new method for the determination of the total and the individual saponin glucosides was proposed and applied to the samples under study. The method employing Digital Densitorol DMU-33C (Toyo electric Co., Japan) followed the separation of the saponins by means of a preparative thin layer chromatography. The saponin contents and their fractional distribution were summarized as follows: 1. The average concentrations(% plant dry weight) of semi-purified saponins in the roots of Korean ginseng planted in the various locations were 5.0%(Keumsan), 6.0% (Kimpo), and 5.4% (Pocheon), respectively. 2. There were 3.3% saponins in White ginseng(Rhizome) and 12.7% saponins in Ginseng tail (Fibrous root). 3. Regarding the year of growth, the contents of saponins were 90.3mg (2-year-old ginseng), 254.4mg (3-year-old ginseng), 404.2mg (4-year-old ginseng). 999.6mg (5-year-old ginseng), and 1377.1mg (6-year-old ginseng) respectively, and the saponin factions containing panaxatriol as an aglycone increased. 4. Thin layer chromatography revealed that Red ginseng yielded many saponins which Shibata et al. designated as $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ (22.1%), $-Rb_2(15.4%)$, -Rc(12.6%), -Re (15.7%), and $-Rg_1$, (9.3%). 5. 29.9% of crude saponins were isolated from ethanolic extract of Panax ginseng fibrous root and their extraction yield was 94.2% of fibrous root saponin.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.278-284
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• 1992

This study was performed to investigate the effects of ginseng saponins on the cerebral energy metabolite's contents influenced by carbon monoxide(CO) intoxication. Each experimental group was divided young ($5{\sim}8$ weeks) and aged ($43{\sim}52$ weeks) rats, and they were exposed at 5,000 ppm CO (72%HbCO) for 30 min. One of the other groups was pretreated with ginseng saponins for 5 days before CO intoxication. The contents of cerebral energy metabolites in cerebral cortex, stratum and hypothalamus were measured. In cerebral cortex of both young and aged rats, the levels of ATP and creatine phosphate were significantly decreased, while those of lactate were significantly increased. There was no difference between the levels of cerebral energy metabolites of young and aged rats. Pretreatment of ginseng saponins before CO intoxication lowered decrease of the levels of cerebral energy metabolites and ATP levels were significantly recovered. On the other hands, contents of lactate in stratum and hypothalamus of young rats were significantly increased and the levels of ATP and creatine phosphate in stratum and hypothalamus were completely recovered at 2 weeks after CO intoxication. The results suggest that ginseng saponins have an ameliorating action against disturbance of the cerebral energy metabolites by CO intoxication.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.185-189
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• 1981

The quality inspection was made on commercial Korean ginseng extract (Company A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H), particularly on samples available in Seoul market area. The results were as follews: 1) Among the ginseng extract products out of eight different manufactures, the moisture content of D company's product showed 46.5%, and other companys' met with the moisture standard for ginseng extracts. And protein, fat, ash, fiber and total sugar were about $9.87{\sim}21.07%,\;0.46{\sim}1.62%,\;6.55{\sim}7.88%,\;0{\sim}0.15%\;and\;58.58{\sim}76.74%$, respectively. And residue of D and F company products showed 3.25% and 3.61% which exceed the standard, and other company products met with residue test specifications. 2) The contents of ginseng saponins were 16.16% and 13.12%, respectively, for the C and H company products. However, other company's showed below 9%. By fractional distribution of ginseng saponins, it is supposed to be white ginseng and lateral ginseng that were mostly used as raw materials for ginseng extract manufacturing.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 1981

For bioassay of the various extracts of ginseng, the growth determination method using Saccharomyces cerevisiae which was cultured with various doses of the extracts, was studied The water extract, Powder. and ethanol extract were more effective (about 45∼ 110% increase) than saponins or its fractions (about 20∼35% increase). The cold methanol residue showed a increase effect but it was not significant. The bioassay curves for the water extract, ethanol extract, the butanol extracted saponins and the cold methanol- residue were made from the experimental data. From these curves it is possible to find the relation between dose and effectiveness and the optimal doses of various ginseng extracts, and the amount of extract in a sample can be estimated The .angers of sample amount were 0.01% (100ppm) ∼0.32% (3200ppm) fo. the water extract, 0.025% (150ppm)∼0.1% (1000ppm) for the ethanol extract, and 0.008% (80ppm)∼0.016% (160ppm) for the saponins. It was impossible to determine the range for the cold methanol- residue, The acceleration effects on the cell proliferation by a only 0.0008% (8ppm) of the diol- and triol-saponin were measurable in earlier Period (24 hour treatment).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 1992

This study examined the Influence of ginseng total saponins (GTS) on the analgestic action and tolerance development of pentazocine in mice. Pentazocine prolonged the latency to response in the tail flick rather than in the tail pinch test. The analgesic effect of pentaEocine was antagonized by naloxone and completely eliminated by pretreatment u·ith f-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). GTS provented the pentasocine-incuced analgesia ann inhibited the development of tolerance to pentazocine. The antagonistic effect of GTS on the pentazocine-induced analgesia was abolished by 5-HTP, but not by L-DOPA. These results suggest that GTS inhibits the analgesic action of pentazocine by the interaction with serotonergic neuron.