• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2016

Background: The roots of Panax ginseng contain noble tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins derived from dammarenediol-II. Dammarene-type ginsenosides are classified into the protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) groups based on their triterpene aglycone structures. Two cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes (CYP716A47 and CYP716A53v2) are critical for the production of PPD and PPT aglycones, respectively. CYP716A53v2 is a protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase that catalyzes PPT production from PPD in P. ginseng. Methods: We constructed transgenic P. ginseng lines overexpressing or silencing (via RNA interference) the CYP716A53v2 gene and analyzed changes in their ginsenoside profiles. Result: Overexpression of CYP716A53v2 led to increased accumulation of CYP716A53v2 mRNA in all transgenic roots compared to nontransgenic roots. Conversely, silencing of CYP716A53v2 mRNA in RNAi transgenic roots resulted in reduced CYP716A53v2 transcription. HPLC analysis revealed that transgenic roots overexpressing CYP716A53v2 contained higher levels of PPT-group ginsenosides ($Rg_1$, Re, and Rf) but lower levels of PPD-group ginsenosides (Rb1, Rc, $Rb_2$, and Rd). By contrast, RNAi transgenic roots contained lower levels of PPT-group compounds and higher levels of PPD-group compounds. Conclusion: The production of PPD- and PPT-group ginsenosides can be altered by changing the expression of CYP716A53v2 in transgenic P. ginseng. The biological activities of PPD-group ginsenosides are known to differ from those of the PPT group. Thus, increasing or decreasing the levels of PPT-group ginsenosides in transgenic P. ginseng may yield new medicinal uses for transgenic P. ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.469-478
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• 2023

Background: Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. To support agricultural production and enhance crop yield, two major N sources, nitrate and ammonium, are applied as fertilizers to the soil. Although many studies have been conducted on N uptake and signal transduction, the molecular genetic mechanisms of N-mediated physiological roles, such as the secondary growth of storage roots, remain largely unknown. Methods: One-year-old P. ginseng seedlings treated with KNO₃ were analyzed for the secondary growth of storage roots. The histological paraffin sections were subjected to bright and polarized light microscopic analysis. Genome-wide RNA-seq and network analysis were carried out to dissect the molecular mechanism of nitrate-mediated promotion of ginseng storage root thickening. Results: Here, we report the positive effects of nitrate on storage root secondary growth in Panax ginseng. Exogenous nitrate supply to ginseng seedlings significantly increased the root secondary growth. Histological analysis indicated that the enhancement of root secondary growth could be attributed to the increase in cambium stem cell activity and the subsequent differentiation of cambium-derived storage parenchymal cells. RNA-seq and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that the formation of a transcriptional network comprising auxin, brassinosteroid (BR)-, ethylene-, and jasmonic acid (JA)-related genes mainly contributed to the secondary growth of ginseng storage roots. In addition, increased proliferation of cambium stem cells by a N-rich source inhibited the accumulation of starch granules in storage parenchymal cells. Conclusion: Thus, through the integration of bioinformatic and histological tissue analyses, we demonstrate that nitrate assimilation and signaling pathways are integrated into key biological processes that promote the secondary growth of P. ginseng storage roots.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1987.06a
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• pp.75-80
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• 1987

Over twelve alkaloids were detected in the ether-soluble alkaloid fraction of Panax ginseng roots. Among them, three alkaloids were identified as N9-formylharman, ethyl $\beta$-carboline-1-carboxylate and perlolyrine on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic studies. And also spinacine was isolated from the water-soluble fraction of the roots.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1999

The experiments were carried out to determine the optimum conditions for the induction of hairy roots in ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) by Agrobacterium spp. We were examined the antibiotics resistance of Agrobacterium spp and various ginseng parts, and the media for induction of hairy roots. The optimum concentration of NaOCl for sterilization of ginseng root segments without tissue damage with reduce of contamination was 7% NaOCl for 15-20 min and 9% NaOCl for 5 min, respectively. The more ginseng ages, the more contamination of ginseng root segment by sterilized in 7% NaOCl for 20 min, and especially in ginseng root segments with epidermis in six-year old roots. The growth of Agrobacterium spp were inhibited, but ginseng root segments was death in 30mg/L tetracycline. In 500mg/L cefotaxime or 500mg/L carbenicillin, the growth of Agrobacterium sup were inhibited, and root segments was grown normally. The optimum conditions for induction of hairy roots were using the root segments of three-year old ginseng cultured in 1/2MS medium supplemented with 500mg/L cefotaxime, and inoculation of Agrobacterium to root segments were better co-culture than smear method. After 2 weeks co-culture, the callus induced in cambium of root segments cultured in 1/2MS solid medium with 500mg/L cefotaxime. And then after 2 weeks, ginseng hairy roots were induced in callus of root segments. PCR analysis of rot C gene fragment confirmed that hairy roots were transgenic tissues.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.13 no.2_3
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• pp.71-75
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• 1969

Chemical changes in components of ginseng roots by heat treatment were observed. We have let the roots of fresh ginseng, of steamed ginseng and the water soluble parts obtained from preparing steamed one be subject to our research. Acids, bases, neutral substances and genins from each one of the above came up to 12 fractions. Having the fractions through column chromatography and TLC test thereafter, we determined the Rf values of each spots presented. Among so many similar values of them, 15 spots of heterogenous component in the fresh ginseng and 6 spots in the steamed one, and 10 spots in that of water soluble parts wre detected. Considering this data obtained, we can assume that partialor all of some components of fresh ginseng might be passed into water parts while preparing steamed ginseng from fresh ones and also some components of the later (fresh ginseng) might have been converted into other substances while being heated.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2004

In order to investigate the effects of elicitors on the growth and ginsenosides biosynthesis of ginseng adventitious roots, chitosan and jasmonic acid were treated with various concentrations. The growth rate of adventitious roots was increased with the addition of chitosan at higher concentrations (10 mg/L), but the best accumulation of ginsenosides was observed at the lower concentration (5 mg/L). Jasmonic acid was an effective elicitor for ginsenosides biosynthesis in ginseng adventitious roots. The maximum accumulation of ginsenosides was observed at the treatment of 10 uM jasmonic acid. But the jasmonic acid was found to decrease the growth rate of adventitious roots.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.165-169
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• 2002

Experiments were carried out to select marker for rusty tolerance ginseng root using high rusty degree lines(HRL) and low rusty degree lines (LRL) in ginseng plant. A strong positive correlation was detected between degree of rusty-root in 4-year-root and that in 6-year-root. The contents of phenolic compounds among samples were not different in stele and branch & fine roots. The contents of phenolic compounds of rusty-roots was higher than that of healthy-roots in cortex, but those of high 겨sty degree lines (HRL) were not different compared with low rusty degree lines (LRL) in cortex using same rusty-degree samples. These suggest that phenolic compounds in cortex tissue were not adequate as a marker to select rusty tolerance ginseng roots. The contents of phenolic compounds of rusty-roots were higher than that of healthy-roots in epidermis, and those of HRL were higher than LRL in epidermis using same rusty-degree samples. These suggested that the contents of phenolic compounds in epidermis tissue might be a potent marker to select rusty tolerance ginseng roots.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.76-80
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• 2013

This study investigated the textural changes after the calcium-pectin bonding of ginseng roots and their vinegar and calcium solution immersion. The strength and breakdown of the ginseng roots increased according to the increase in the calcium carbonate concentration, with the highest in the 0.7~1.0% calcium carbonate. The hardest and softest ginseng roots were obtained in the 1.0% calcium carbonate concentration. The strength, brittleness and hardness of the ginseng roots that were soaked in 1% calcium carbonate and 5~6% acidity vinegar continued to increase with the long-term storage of the ginseng root drink. The softness of the ginseng root that was dipped in 5% acidity vinegar with 1.0% calcium carbonate decreased with the long-term storage of the ginseng root drink. Thus, calcium and vinegar immersion of ginseng roots could prevent softening and clouding during the long-term storage of the ginseng root drink.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.729-736
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using cultured wild ginseng roots as a natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of cultured wild ginseng roots were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 61.72%, 17.36%, 0.23% and 10.90%, respectively. Further, the calories of cultured wild ginseng roots were 323.97 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 82.13%. The protein contained a total of 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of amino acids were 16.15 g. The K was the largest mineral followed by P, Ca, and Mg, which means cultured wild ginseng roots is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids were 0.23 g, and 0.62 g, respectively. Crude saponine content was 25.87 mg/g. Total phenolic contents of cultured wild ginseng roots were 11.2mg/g, and total flavonoids contents were estimated as 4.2mg/g. The electron donating ability of cultured wild ginseng roots were 24.7~31.6%. The nitrite scavenging activity was pH dependent, and was highest at pH 1.2 and lowest at pH 6.0. The cultured wild ginseng roots extract showed the highest reducing power (0.06) at the concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Based on the above results, we deemed that the cultured wild ginseng roots might have potential antioxdant activities.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 2005

Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) roots have long been known as the best medicinal plant and its pharmaceutical bio-activities have been proven by scientific analyses of their components - ginsenosides, acidic polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, fatty acids and organic acids etc. Ginseng hairy roots and callus have been cultured in vitro for stable supply of ginseng material. In this study, the amount of ginsenosides, fatty acids, acidic polysaccharides, phenolic compounds and organic acids in ginseng hairy roots and callus were compared. Higher amount of ginsenoside was found in ginseng hairy roots than ginseng callus. Higher amount of saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) was found in callus and higher amount of unsaturated fatty acid (linoleic acid) was found in hairy roots. Acidic polysaccharide and phenolic compounds were contained by the same amount in both hairy roots and callus. Organic acids were found more in hairy roots.