• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 1996

This paper gives a description about the germination inhibition of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) seed coat. The existence of seed coat is one of the inhibitory factors which inhibit the embryo growth, particularly during the morphological after-ripening stage. The seed coat can obstruct the water absorption at the beginning of seed stratification, but it can not threaten seed germination. The inhibition of seed coat is not caused by the mechanical fetter neither. However, before splitting the seed coat, the inhibition of seed coat comes from both air-tight character and inhibitors, and after splitting the seed coat, the inhibition may come mainly from the inhibitors.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.350-353
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• 1996

The effects of acid hydrolysis product of Panax ginseng and MeOH extract of Euphorbia humifusa on the growth of human brain tumor cells were evaluated using U-373 MG human astrocytoma and SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cells as model cellular systems. These plant extracts induced cytotoxicity in both cells in a dose-dependent manner. These cytotoxic effects were significantly inhibited by GSH, an antioxidant, in both cells. BAPTA/AM, an intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ chelator, significantly blocked the cytotoxic effects of these extracts in U-373 cells, but enhanced these effects in SK-N-MC cells. These results suggest that the plant extracts may be a valuable choice for the studies on the treatment of human brain tumors.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 1978

A procedure of $^3H$-radio labeling synthesis for the dammarane triterpene glycosides of Korean ginseng was established by using the ginsenoside $Rg_1$ as starting material. The protons in $C-{11}$ and $C_{13}$ of the aglycone moiety of the glycoside were exchanged with tritium by keto-enol tautomerization of 12-keto-ginsenoside $Rg_1$ which was prepared by partial acetylation, Sarett oxidation and saponification, producing nona-acetate, nonaside $Rg_1$. The acety1-ketone and 12-keto-derivative of ginsenotritated ketone was reduced by metallic sodium and isoproponol to produce the end product $^3H$-ginsenoside $Rg_1$ with 3% radio-chemical recovery in one experiment.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.384-389
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• 2007

Treatment of mice with Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) changed glutamic acid and GABA content in the mouse brain tissue with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsion. KRG were orally administered at a dose of 50, 100 mg/kg for two weeks. The electroconvulsions (MES) and PTZ-induced convulsion were reduced but those induced by strychnine, bicuculine and picrotoxin were not. PTZ-induced convulsion decreased the $\~{a}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in brain compared to control group while the content was increased in KRG-treated group compared to PTZ group. In the PTZ-treated group, the GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) activity was increased by 59.6%, while no effect was observed on glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity. These results support that the KRG decreased the GABA contents and modulated the glutamic acid contents in the brain.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.505-510
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• 2014

This research investigated growth of ginseng regard to sunshade materials and micro metrological phenomena under the sunshade material to product high quality ginseng. Followings are results of investigation of active ingredient from raw ginseng producted under the sunshade materials. The highest temperature under the sunshade material from June to August was measured from a Three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBFN) followed by a aluminium-coated polyethylene sheet (ACPS) and blue polyethylene sheet (BPS). The highest light penetration of $381.7{\mu}mol/s/m^2$ was obtained from the BPS at August, also the temperature was highest at the ginseng field. Growth of above ground part of 2~3 year old ginseng under the ACPS was the highest, followed by the ACPS and the BPS. In case of 4 year old ginseng, the ACPS and the BPS was the same, followed by the TBOBPN. Root length and diameter of 2~3 year old ginseng showed difference among treatments, but 4 year old ginseng was not showed difference. Meanwhile, the highest amount of root of 4 year old ginseng of $896g/m^2$ was obtained from ACPS. The total amount of ginsenocide of 4 year old ginseng under the ACPS was highest, followed by the BPS and the TBOBPN. Chromaticity of ginseng root under the TBOBPN was highest, followed by the ACPS and the BPS.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.540-547
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• 2017

Background: In general, after Panax ginseng is administered orally, intestinal microbes play a crucial role in its degradation and metabolization process. Studies on the metabolism of P. ginseng by microflora are important for obtaining a better understanding of their biological effects. Methods: In vitro biotransformation of P. ginseng extract by rat intestinal microflora was investigated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 h, and the simultaneous determination of the metabolites and metabolic profile of P. ginseng saponins by rat intestinal microflora was achieved using LC-MS/MS. Results: A total of seven ginsenosides were detected in the P. ginseng extract, including ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd. In the transformed P. ginseng samples, considerable amounts of deglycosylated metabolite compound K and Rh1 were detected. In addition, minimal amounts of deglycosylated metabolites (ginsenosides Rg2, F1, F2, Rg3, and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides) and untransformed ginsenosides Re, Rg1, and Rd were detected at 24 h. The results indicated that the primary metabolites are compound K and Rh1, and the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides were more easily metabolized than protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides. Conclusion: This is the first report of the identification and quantification of the metabolism and metabolic profile of P. ginseng extract in rat intestinal microflora using LC-MS/MS. The current study provided new insights for studying the metabolism and active metabolites of P. ginseng.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 2015

The root of Panax ginseng, is a Korea traditional medicine, which is used in both raw and processed forms due to their different pharmacological activities. As part of a continued chemical investigation of ginseng, the focus of this research is on the isolation and identification of compounds from Panax ginseng root by open column chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, semi-preparative-high performance liquid chromatography, Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins were isolated from Panax ginseng root by open column chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, and semi-preparative-high performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were identified as protopanaxadiol ginsenosides [gypenoside-V (1), ginsenosides-Rb1 (2), -Rb2 (3), -Rb3 (4), -Rc (5), and -Rd (6)], protopanaxatriol ginsenosides [20(S)-notoginsenoside-R2 (7), notoginsenoside-Rt (8), 20(S)-O-glucoginsenoside-Rf (9), 6-O-[$\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1$\rightarrow$2-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-$3\beta$,$12\beta$, 20(S)-dihydroxy-dammar-25-en-24-one (10), majoroside-F6 (11), pseudoginsenoside-Rt3 (12), ginsenosides-Re (13), -Re5 (14), -Rf (15), -Rg1 (16), -Rg2 (17), and -Rh1 (18), and vinaginsenoside-R15 (19)], and oleanene ginsenosides [calenduloside-B (20) and ginsenoside-Ro (21)] through the interpretation of spectroscopic analysis. The configuration of the sugar linkages in each saponin was established on the basic of chemical and spectroscopic data. Among them, compounds 1, 8, 10, 11, 12, 19, and 20 were isolated for the first time from P. ginseng root.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.338-344
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• 2013

The study was conducted to set up the criteria of judgement that could be utilized for cultivated wild ginseng, easy and well-defined for consumers to understand. For the purpose, the study examined consumers' perception and valuation on each attribute of cultivated wild ginseng that was related to the product quality through a choice experiment. Attributes used in the experiment were based on exterior characteristics of cultivated wild ginseng including ages, planting methods, external dimension, length of fibrous roots, and hue and color. Residents in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province were interviewed and a total of 173 questionnaires were acquired for the analysis. According to the result, respondents valued the highest score on ginseng grown by direct sowing, while they valued rather lower scores on ginseng's external dimension. In general, the hypothetical model was shown to exist within the stable range.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.35-42
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to make an empirical analysis of the influencing factors of consumer purchase intention of ginseng products, one of the specialties of jilin province in china, on the basis of expanding the theoretical model of planned action at the level of perceived value, so as to better grasp consumer purchase behavior of ginseng products. In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted among ginseng product consumers living in jilin, and 360 valid samples were statistically analyzed using SPSS 23.0.The analysis results show that behavioral attitude, subjective norms, cognitive behavior control, price value, emotional value and social value have considerable influence on consumers' intention to buy ginseng products, and the influence of perceived value is significantly greater than the three factors of planned action theory. Moreover, the functional value has little influence on consumers' intention to buy ginseng products.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.408-423
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• 2013

As the word 'creation and innovation' has been the keyword in success, there has been an increasing interest in TRIZ (Theory of inventive problem solving). So far, TRIZ has been applied to electronics and mechanics as the prime mover of product innovation. This study is to explore the applicability of TRIZ to the biotechnology sector, a future emerging technologies, especially to problem solving and innovative research and development. This study was focused on red ginseng processing. Problem causes and contradictions were identified with regard to processing-related problems, and 'the 40 principles of invention' were applied to problem solving. Steamed fresh ginseng is called 'Red ginseng'. Cracks in red ginseng cause the loss of active ingredients and also are not of merchantable quality. In the 40 principles of invention, applicable ones were finally selected through contradiction matrix and brainstorming, the tools of TRIZ. With experiments, effective methods were suggested to prevent red ginseng from cracking in a steaming process.